The general objective of the work is to compare the effect of the addition of synthetic citric acid compared to the addition of natural fruit juice of Citrus aurantiifolia on the conservation of drink based on red cha...The general objective of the work is to compare the effect of the addition of synthetic citric acid compared to the addition of natural fruit juice of Citrus aurantiifolia on the conservation of drink based on red chalice H. sabdariffa. The tests were carried out over a period of 5 weeks at 4°C and 37°C with seven batches of beverage samples prepared at the rate of a calyx/water ratio of 1/40 (kg·kg<sup>-1</sup>) and added respectively citric acid at 1, 2 and 4 g·L<sup>-1</sup> and lemon juice at 10, 20 and 40 mL·L<sup>-1</sup>. The characterization of the different batches of beverages was carried out from day one. A follow-up of the residual anthocyanin content and the intensity of the red coloring were carried out over five weeks. The anthocyanin concentration was determined by the pH-differential method. The red color degradation index is determined based on the CIELAB color system (L*, a*, b* and L*). R and Minitab 18 software was used for data processing. The results of the monitoring of the parameters showed that the concentration of 1 g AC L<sup>-1</sup> retains 2.7 mg more of the anthocyanins than adding 10 mL JC L<sup>-1</sup> and longer maintains red color when stored at 4°C and 37°C/5 weeks. The 2 g AC L<sup>-1</sup> and 4 g AC L<sup>-1</sup> ratios have the same effects as the addition of 20 and 40 mL of lemon juice, all accelerating the degradation of anthocyanins and the red color. After 5 weeks of storage at 37°C, the effect of the temperature combined with the increase in the acidity of the samples (2 to 4 g AC L<sup>-1</sup> and 20 to 40 ml JC L<sup>-1</sup>), have accelerated the total disappearance of the red color on all samples.展开更多
The coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), dates back to December 29, 2019, in Wuhan, China. It quickly spreads like wildfire to all continents in ...The coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), dates back to December 29, 2019, in Wuhan, China. It quickly spreads like wildfire to all continents in the following months. In Guinea, the first case of COVID-19 and death were all reported respectively on March 12 and April 16, 2020. Since then, several studies have found a relationship between certain environmental conditions such as the meteorological factors to have the potential of contributing to the spread of the virus. Thus, this study aims at examining the extent to which observed meteorological factors might have contributed to the spread of the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) cases in Conakry, from March 1 to May 31, 2020. Meteorological factors such as temperature (T</span><sub><span style="font-family:Verdana;">min</span></sub><span style="font-family:Verdana;">, T</span><sub><span style="font-family:Verdana;">mean</span></sub><span style="font-family:Verdana;"> and T</span><sub><span style="font-family:Verdana;">max</span></sub><span style="font-family:Verdana;">) and relative humidity (RH</span><sub><span style="font-family:Verdana;">min</span></sub><span style="font-family:Verdana;">, RH</span><sub><span style="font-family:Verdana;">mean</span></sub><span style="font-family:Verdana;"> and RH</span><sub><span style="font-family:Verdana;">max</span></sub><span style="font-family:Verdana;">) were analyzed together with the data on the COVID-19. The dynamic of the COVID-19 in Guinea was analyzed along with that of some west African countries. The analysis on the dynamic of the COVID-19 pandemic in West Africa indicated Guinea as one of the most affected countries by the pandemic after Nigeria and Ghana. The study found that in general an increase in the temperature is linked to a decline in the COVID-19 number of cases and deaths, while an increase in the humidity is positively correlated to the number of cases and deaths. Nevertheless, from this study it was also observed that low temperature, mild diurnal temperature and high humidity are likely to favor its transmission. The study therefore, recommends that habitations and hospital rooms should be kept in relatively low humidity and relatively higher temperature to minimize the spread of the (SARS-CoV-2).展开更多
The Confluent and Niandouba dams were built in 1984 and 1997 respectively to better control water resources, increase agricultural production and promote local development. This article studies their evolution on the ...The Confluent and Niandouba dams were built in 1984 and 1997 respectively to better control water resources, increase agricultural production and promote local development. This article studies their evolution on the Kayanga/Geba River, a transboundary river between Guinea, Senegal and Guinea-Bissau, from its impoundment to the present day. The topographic characteristics analysed through the DTMs (Digital Terrain Models) show a flat shape for the Confluent Dam Lake and long plateaus for the Niandouba Dam Lake. The cross-sections present a variety of morphologies ranging from wide U-shaped valleys with sinuous bottoms to deep V-shaped valleys. The homogenisation and reconstruction of missing values were carried out using the regional vector me<span>thod. The application of Pettitt’s statistical test on annual rainfall (1932-2019) indicates breaks of stationarity in 1967 or 1969. The post-breakage deficits range from 11.4% to 19.4%. The segmentation method corroborates the results of the Pettitt test. The variations of the surface area of the Confluent and Niandouba water bodies are linked to rainfall, evaporation and withdrawals for different uses. Their monitoring would allow for better management of ava</span>ilable water resources but also for good planning of off-season crops.展开更多
<strong>Background: </strong>Type 2 diabetes mellitus, beyond its well-known cardiovascular and neurological complications, is now increasingly recognized as having deleterious effects on bone tissue. It’...<strong>Background: </strong>Type 2 diabetes mellitus, beyond its well-known cardiovascular and neurological complications, is now increasingly recognized as having deleterious effects on bone tissue. It’s thus presented as an independent risk factor for bone fragility with a considerable fracture risk relating to many more or less intricate parameters. The general objective of our study is to assess bone mass during type 2 diabetes in Senegalese women. <strong>Methodology:</strong> We had carried out a cross-sectional and descriptive study. Socio-demographic characteristics were collected on the basis of a questionnaire. Then each of the subjects had undergone a complete clinical examination followed by a blood sample for a biological assessment of certain cardiovascular risk factors. Bone mass was measured using a bio-impedancemeter. <strong>Results:</strong> We recruited 88 women with type 2 diabetes and 83 healthy control women. The mean age of diabetic subjects was 52.7 years ± 6.8 (with extremes of 39 and 74 years). In control, the mean age was 51.0 ± 8.5 years (with extremes of 35 and 72 years). Among the diabetic subjects, 22 subjects or 25% practiced a regular walk against 27 (32.5%) in the control. Forty-three among the diabetic subjects (48.8%) were known hypertensive and followed. According to the body mass index, 71 patients (80.7%) were overweight compared to 59 (71.1%) controls. According to the waist size, 80 (90.9%) diabetic subjects had an elevated waist size compared to 69 control women (83.1%). Among diabetic subjects, 41 patients (46.5%) were hyperglycemic imbalance according to fasting blood glucose and 59 patients (67%) according to glycated hemoglobin level. Thirty-seven diabetics (42%), had both high fasting blood glucose and elevated glycated hemoglobin. The mean duration of diabetes was 8.68 ± 7.18 years. We found significantly higher bone mass in type 2 diabetic subjects (p = 0.03). Among diabetics, 27.3% had low bone mass compared to 36.1% of control. It’s noted that the subjects of the “low bone mass” group among the control subjects also have a significant drop in other anthropometric parameters (weight, body mass index, waist size, muscle mass). It should also be noted that the fat mass is significantly higher in diabetic subjects with normal or even high bone mass. In control subjects, bone mass was positively correlated with weight (r = 0.36;p = 0.001), muscle mass (r = 0.93;p < 0.0001) and fasting blood glucose (r = 0.26;p = 0.02);and negatively correlate with age (r = 0.22;p = 0.04). On the other hand, in type 2 diabetic subjects, bone mass is positively correlated with age (r = 0.22;p = 0.04), muscle mass (r = 0.89;p < 0.0001) and the diabetes duration (r = 0.44;p = 0.001). <strong>Conclusion: </strong>Bone mass is higher in type 2 diabetics compared to healthy controls. Chronic hyperglycemia and the diabetes duration are believed to be responsible for the increase in bone mass. In addition, an increase in muscle mass would lead to an increase in bone mass.展开更多
Observed rainfall data of the National Meteorological Service of Guinea (NMS) exhibit that synoptic station usually records the largest rainfall amount in Guinea. Only few studies have been done on this rainfall peak ...Observed rainfall data of the National Meteorological Service of Guinea (NMS) exhibit that synoptic station usually records the largest rainfall amount in Guinea. Only few studies have been done on this rainfall peak observed in Conakry. This work better analyses the atmospheric dynamics leading to rainfall particularity. Using NMS data from 1981 to 2010, the monthly contribution and mean seasonal cycle of each station has been done. These findings of the study show that between July and August (rainfall season peak), the coastline particularly Conakry records the largest amount of rainfall. Using Era Interim data for the common period (1981-2010), we also investigate the rainfall dynamics in the lower level (1000 hPa - 850 hPa) from precipitable water, divergence, and moisture flow transport. There is a west and southwest moisture flow transport explained by a strong moisture convergence in the coastal region (Lower-Guinea). Furthermore, values of precipitable water in the same region are found, in agreement with the high moisture flow transport gradient. These incoming flow (west and south-west) undergo a return by blocking’s Kakoulima range (foehn effect) and Fouta Djallon massif to initiate convection clouds on the Guinean coast. These processes enhance a convergence of moisture associated with orographic origin convection. This has an important effect by increasing the rainfall amount in Conakry.展开更多
文摘The general objective of the work is to compare the effect of the addition of synthetic citric acid compared to the addition of natural fruit juice of Citrus aurantiifolia on the conservation of drink based on red chalice H. sabdariffa. The tests were carried out over a period of 5 weeks at 4°C and 37°C with seven batches of beverage samples prepared at the rate of a calyx/water ratio of 1/40 (kg·kg<sup>-1</sup>) and added respectively citric acid at 1, 2 and 4 g·L<sup>-1</sup> and lemon juice at 10, 20 and 40 mL·L<sup>-1</sup>. The characterization of the different batches of beverages was carried out from day one. A follow-up of the residual anthocyanin content and the intensity of the red coloring were carried out over five weeks. The anthocyanin concentration was determined by the pH-differential method. The red color degradation index is determined based on the CIELAB color system (L*, a*, b* and L*). R and Minitab 18 software was used for data processing. The results of the monitoring of the parameters showed that the concentration of 1 g AC L<sup>-1</sup> retains 2.7 mg more of the anthocyanins than adding 10 mL JC L<sup>-1</sup> and longer maintains red color when stored at 4°C and 37°C/5 weeks. The 2 g AC L<sup>-1</sup> and 4 g AC L<sup>-1</sup> ratios have the same effects as the addition of 20 and 40 mL of lemon juice, all accelerating the degradation of anthocyanins and the red color. After 5 weeks of storage at 37°C, the effect of the temperature combined with the increase in the acidity of the samples (2 to 4 g AC L<sup>-1</sup> and 20 to 40 ml JC L<sup>-1</sup>), have accelerated the total disappearance of the red color on all samples.
文摘The coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), dates back to December 29, 2019, in Wuhan, China. It quickly spreads like wildfire to all continents in the following months. In Guinea, the first case of COVID-19 and death were all reported respectively on March 12 and April 16, 2020. Since then, several studies have found a relationship between certain environmental conditions such as the meteorological factors to have the potential of contributing to the spread of the virus. Thus, this study aims at examining the extent to which observed meteorological factors might have contributed to the spread of the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) cases in Conakry, from March 1 to May 31, 2020. Meteorological factors such as temperature (T</span><sub><span style="font-family:Verdana;">min</span></sub><span style="font-family:Verdana;">, T</span><sub><span style="font-family:Verdana;">mean</span></sub><span style="font-family:Verdana;"> and T</span><sub><span style="font-family:Verdana;">max</span></sub><span style="font-family:Verdana;">) and relative humidity (RH</span><sub><span style="font-family:Verdana;">min</span></sub><span style="font-family:Verdana;">, RH</span><sub><span style="font-family:Verdana;">mean</span></sub><span style="font-family:Verdana;"> and RH</span><sub><span style="font-family:Verdana;">max</span></sub><span style="font-family:Verdana;">) were analyzed together with the data on the COVID-19. The dynamic of the COVID-19 in Guinea was analyzed along with that of some west African countries. The analysis on the dynamic of the COVID-19 pandemic in West Africa indicated Guinea as one of the most affected countries by the pandemic after Nigeria and Ghana. The study found that in general an increase in the temperature is linked to a decline in the COVID-19 number of cases and deaths, while an increase in the humidity is positively correlated to the number of cases and deaths. Nevertheless, from this study it was also observed that low temperature, mild diurnal temperature and high humidity are likely to favor its transmission. The study therefore, recommends that habitations and hospital rooms should be kept in relatively low humidity and relatively higher temperature to minimize the spread of the (SARS-CoV-2).
文摘The Confluent and Niandouba dams were built in 1984 and 1997 respectively to better control water resources, increase agricultural production and promote local development. This article studies their evolution on the Kayanga/Geba River, a transboundary river between Guinea, Senegal and Guinea-Bissau, from its impoundment to the present day. The topographic characteristics analysed through the DTMs (Digital Terrain Models) show a flat shape for the Confluent Dam Lake and long plateaus for the Niandouba Dam Lake. The cross-sections present a variety of morphologies ranging from wide U-shaped valleys with sinuous bottoms to deep V-shaped valleys. The homogenisation and reconstruction of missing values were carried out using the regional vector me<span>thod. The application of Pettitt’s statistical test on annual rainfall (1932-2019) indicates breaks of stationarity in 1967 or 1969. The post-breakage deficits range from 11.4% to 19.4%. The segmentation method corroborates the results of the Pettitt test. The variations of the surface area of the Confluent and Niandouba water bodies are linked to rainfall, evaporation and withdrawals for different uses. Their monitoring would allow for better management of ava</span>ilable water resources but also for good planning of off-season crops.
文摘<strong>Background: </strong>Type 2 diabetes mellitus, beyond its well-known cardiovascular and neurological complications, is now increasingly recognized as having deleterious effects on bone tissue. It’s thus presented as an independent risk factor for bone fragility with a considerable fracture risk relating to many more or less intricate parameters. The general objective of our study is to assess bone mass during type 2 diabetes in Senegalese women. <strong>Methodology:</strong> We had carried out a cross-sectional and descriptive study. Socio-demographic characteristics were collected on the basis of a questionnaire. Then each of the subjects had undergone a complete clinical examination followed by a blood sample for a biological assessment of certain cardiovascular risk factors. Bone mass was measured using a bio-impedancemeter. <strong>Results:</strong> We recruited 88 women with type 2 diabetes and 83 healthy control women. The mean age of diabetic subjects was 52.7 years ± 6.8 (with extremes of 39 and 74 years). In control, the mean age was 51.0 ± 8.5 years (with extremes of 35 and 72 years). Among the diabetic subjects, 22 subjects or 25% practiced a regular walk against 27 (32.5%) in the control. Forty-three among the diabetic subjects (48.8%) were known hypertensive and followed. According to the body mass index, 71 patients (80.7%) were overweight compared to 59 (71.1%) controls. According to the waist size, 80 (90.9%) diabetic subjects had an elevated waist size compared to 69 control women (83.1%). Among diabetic subjects, 41 patients (46.5%) were hyperglycemic imbalance according to fasting blood glucose and 59 patients (67%) according to glycated hemoglobin level. Thirty-seven diabetics (42%), had both high fasting blood glucose and elevated glycated hemoglobin. The mean duration of diabetes was 8.68 ± 7.18 years. We found significantly higher bone mass in type 2 diabetic subjects (p = 0.03). Among diabetics, 27.3% had low bone mass compared to 36.1% of control. It’s noted that the subjects of the “low bone mass” group among the control subjects also have a significant drop in other anthropometric parameters (weight, body mass index, waist size, muscle mass). It should also be noted that the fat mass is significantly higher in diabetic subjects with normal or even high bone mass. In control subjects, bone mass was positively correlated with weight (r = 0.36;p = 0.001), muscle mass (r = 0.93;p < 0.0001) and fasting blood glucose (r = 0.26;p = 0.02);and negatively correlate with age (r = 0.22;p = 0.04). On the other hand, in type 2 diabetic subjects, bone mass is positively correlated with age (r = 0.22;p = 0.04), muscle mass (r = 0.89;p < 0.0001) and the diabetes duration (r = 0.44;p = 0.001). <strong>Conclusion: </strong>Bone mass is higher in type 2 diabetics compared to healthy controls. Chronic hyperglycemia and the diabetes duration are believed to be responsible for the increase in bone mass. In addition, an increase in muscle mass would lead to an increase in bone mass.
文摘Observed rainfall data of the National Meteorological Service of Guinea (NMS) exhibit that synoptic station usually records the largest rainfall amount in Guinea. Only few studies have been done on this rainfall peak observed in Conakry. This work better analyses the atmospheric dynamics leading to rainfall particularity. Using NMS data from 1981 to 2010, the monthly contribution and mean seasonal cycle of each station has been done. These findings of the study show that between July and August (rainfall season peak), the coastline particularly Conakry records the largest amount of rainfall. Using Era Interim data for the common period (1981-2010), we also investigate the rainfall dynamics in the lower level (1000 hPa - 850 hPa) from precipitable water, divergence, and moisture flow transport. There is a west and southwest moisture flow transport explained by a strong moisture convergence in the coastal region (Lower-Guinea). Furthermore, values of precipitable water in the same region are found, in agreement with the high moisture flow transport gradient. These incoming flow (west and south-west) undergo a return by blocking’s Kakoulima range (foehn effect) and Fouta Djallon massif to initiate convection clouds on the Guinean coast. These processes enhance a convergence of moisture associated with orographic origin convection. This has an important effect by increasing the rainfall amount in Conakry.
