Inflammatory bowel diseases(IBDs), including Crohn's disease and ulcerative colitis are complex disorders with undetermined etiology. Several hypotheses suggest that IBDs result from an abnormal immune response ag...Inflammatory bowel diseases(IBDs), including Crohn's disease and ulcerative colitis are complex disorders with undetermined etiology. Several hypotheses suggest that IBDs result from an abnormal immune response against endogenous flora and luminal antigens in genetically susceptible individuals. The dysfunction of the mucosal immune response is implicated in the pathogenesis of IBD. The balance between pro-inflammatory cytokines [tumor necrosis factor(TNF)-α, interleukin(IL)-1b, IL-8, and IL-17A], anti-inflammatory cytokines(IL-4 and IL-13), and immunoregulatory cytokines(IL-10 and transforming growth factors b) is disturbed. Moreover, evidence from animal and clinical studies demonstrate a positive correlation between an increased concentration of nitric oxide(NO) and the severity of the disease. Interestingly, proinflammatory cytokines are involved in the up-regulation of inducible oxide synthase(iN OS) expression in IBD. However, anti-inflammatory and immunoregulatory cytokines are responsible for the negative regulation of iN OS. A positive correlation between NO production and increased pro-inflammatory cytokine levels(TNF-α, IL-6, IL-17, IL-12, and interferon-γ) were reported in patients with IBD. This review focuses on the role of cytokines in intestinal inflammation and their relationship with NO in IBD.展开更多
Objective:To investigate the effect of pomegranate peel aqueous extract(PGE) on the development of secondary experimental echinococcosis and on the viability of Echinococcux granulosus protoscoleces,and the immunomodu...Objective:To investigate the effect of pomegranate peel aqueous extract(PGE) on the development of secondary experimental echinococcosis and on the viability of Echinococcux granulosus protoscoleces,and the immunomodulatory properties of PGE.Methods:Swiss mice were inoculated intraperitoneally with viable protoscoleces.Then,PGE was orally administered daily during cystic echinococcosis development.Cyst development and hepatic damage were macroscopically and histologically analyzed.The production of nitric oxide and TNF-α was assessed in plasma and the hepatic expression of iNOS.TNF-α,NF-κB and CD68 was examined.Moreover,protoscoleces were cultured and treated with different concentrations of PGE.Results:It was observed that in vitro treatment of protoscoleces caused a significant decrease in viability in a PGE-dose-dependent manner.In vivo,after treatment of cystic echinococcosis infected mice with PGE,a significant decrease in nitric oxide levels(P<0.000 1)and TNF-α levels(P<0.001) was observed.This decline was strongly related to the inhibition of cyst development(rate of hydatid cyst growth inhibition=63.08%) and a decrease in CD68 expression in both the pericystic layer of hepatic hydatid cysts and liver tissue(P<0.000 1).A significant diminution of iNOS,TNF-α and NF-κB expression was also observed in liver tissue of treated mice(P<0.000 1).Conclusions:Our results indicate an antihydatic scolicidal effect and immunomodulatory properties of PGE,suggesting its potential therapeutic role against Echinococcuss granulosus infection.展开更多
文摘Inflammatory bowel diseases(IBDs), including Crohn's disease and ulcerative colitis are complex disorders with undetermined etiology. Several hypotheses suggest that IBDs result from an abnormal immune response against endogenous flora and luminal antigens in genetically susceptible individuals. The dysfunction of the mucosal immune response is implicated in the pathogenesis of IBD. The balance between pro-inflammatory cytokines [tumor necrosis factor(TNF)-α, interleukin(IL)-1b, IL-8, and IL-17A], anti-inflammatory cytokines(IL-4 and IL-13), and immunoregulatory cytokines(IL-10 and transforming growth factors b) is disturbed. Moreover, evidence from animal and clinical studies demonstrate a positive correlation between an increased concentration of nitric oxide(NO) and the severity of the disease. Interestingly, proinflammatory cytokines are involved in the up-regulation of inducible oxide synthase(iN OS) expression in IBD. However, anti-inflammatory and immunoregulatory cytokines are responsible for the negative regulation of iN OS. A positive correlation between NO production and increased pro-inflammatory cytokine levels(TNF-α, IL-6, IL-17, IL-12, and interferon-γ) were reported in patients with IBD. This review focuses on the role of cytokines in intestinal inflammation and their relationship with NO in IBD.
文摘Objective:To investigate the effect of pomegranate peel aqueous extract(PGE) on the development of secondary experimental echinococcosis and on the viability of Echinococcux granulosus protoscoleces,and the immunomodulatory properties of PGE.Methods:Swiss mice were inoculated intraperitoneally with viable protoscoleces.Then,PGE was orally administered daily during cystic echinococcosis development.Cyst development and hepatic damage were macroscopically and histologically analyzed.The production of nitric oxide and TNF-α was assessed in plasma and the hepatic expression of iNOS.TNF-α,NF-κB and CD68 was examined.Moreover,protoscoleces were cultured and treated with different concentrations of PGE.Results:It was observed that in vitro treatment of protoscoleces caused a significant decrease in viability in a PGE-dose-dependent manner.In vivo,after treatment of cystic echinococcosis infected mice with PGE,a significant decrease in nitric oxide levels(P<0.000 1)and TNF-α levels(P<0.001) was observed.This decline was strongly related to the inhibition of cyst development(rate of hydatid cyst growth inhibition=63.08%) and a decrease in CD68 expression in both the pericystic layer of hepatic hydatid cysts and liver tissue(P<0.000 1).A significant diminution of iNOS,TNF-α and NF-κB expression was also observed in liver tissue of treated mice(P<0.000 1).Conclusions:Our results indicate an antihydatic scolicidal effect and immunomodulatory properties of PGE,suggesting its potential therapeutic role against Echinococcuss granulosus infection.
