Background Optimal gut health is important to maximize growth performance and feed efficiency in broiler chickens.A total of 1,365 one-day-old male Ross 308 broiler chickens were randomly divided into 5 treatments gro...Background Optimal gut health is important to maximize growth performance and feed efficiency in broiler chickens.A total of 1,365 one-day-old male Ross 308 broiler chickens were randomly divided into 5 treatments groups with 21 replicates,13 birds per replicate.The present research investigated effects of microbial muramidase or a precision glycan alone or in combination on growth performance,apparent total tract digestibility,total blood carotenoid content,intestinal villus length,meat quality and gut microbiota in broiler chickens.Treatments included:NC:negative control(basal diet group);PC:positive control(basal diet+0.02%probiotics);MR:basal diet+0.035%microbial muramidase;PG:basal diet+0.1%precision glycan;and MRPG:basal diet+0.025%MR+0.1%PG,respectively.Results MRPG group increased the body weight gain and feed intake(P<0.05)compared with NC group.Moreover,it significantly increased total serum carotenoid(P<0.05)and MRPG altered the microbial diversity in ileum contents.The MRPG treatment group increased the abundance of the phylum Firmicutes,and family Lachnospiraceae,Ruminococcaceae,Oscillospiraceae,Lactobacillaceae,Peptostreptococcaceae and decreased the abundance of the phylum Campilobacterota,Bacteroidota and family Bacteroidaceae.Compared with the NC group,the chickens fed MRPG showed significantly increased in duodenum villus length at end the trial.Conclusion In this study,overall results showed that the synergetic effects of MR and PG showed enhancing growth performance,total serum carotenoid level and altering gut microbiota composition of broilers.The current research indicates that co-supplementation of MR and PG in broiler diets enhances intestinal health,consequently leading to an increased broiler production.展开更多
Pigs are exposed to various challenges such as weaning,environmental stressors,unhealthy diet,diseases and infections during their lifetime which adversely affects the gut microbiome.The inability of the pig microbiom...Pigs are exposed to various challenges such as weaning,environmental stressors,unhealthy diet,diseases and infections during their lifetime which adversely affects the gut microbiome.The inability of the pig microbiome to return to the pre-challenge baseline may lead to dysbiosis resulting in the outbreak of diseases.Therefore,the maintenance of gut microbiome diversity,robustness and stability has been influential for optimum intestinal health after perturbations.Nowadays human and animal researches have focused on more holistic approaches to obtain a robust gut microbiota that provides protection against pathogens and improves the digestive physiology and the immune system.In this review,we present an overview of the swine gut microbiota,factors affecting the gut microbiome and the importance of microbial stability in promoting optimal intestinal health.Additionally,we discussed the current understanding of nutritional interventions using fibers and pre/probiotics supplementation as non-antibiotic alternatives to maintain microbiota resilience to replace diminished species.展开更多
AIM: To evaluate the prevalence of preoperative and postoperative malnutrition and the relationships between objective and subjective nutritional assessment of gastric cancer patients. METHODS: From October 2005 to Ju...AIM: To evaluate the prevalence of preoperative and postoperative malnutrition and the relationships between objective and subjective nutritional assessment of gastric cancer patients. METHODS: From October 2005 to July 2006, we studied 80 patients with no evidence of recurrent disease and no loss to follow-up after curative surgery for gastric cancer. In this group, 9 patients underwent total gastrectomy and 71 patients subtotal gastrectomy. At admission, 6 and 12 mo after surgery, the patients were assessed on the subjective global assessment (SGA), nutritional risk screening (NRS-2002), nutritional risk index (NRI) and by anthropometric measurements and laboratory data. Differences between the independent groups were assessed with the Student's t test and oneway analysis of variance. Spearman's rank correlation coefficients were calculated to evaluate the association between the scores and variables. RESULTS: The prevalence of malnutrition at admissionwas 31% by SGA and 43% by NRS-2002. At admission, the anthropometric data were lower in the malnourished groups defined by the SGA and NRS-2002 assessments, but did not differ between the groups using the NRI assessment. Body weight (BW), body mass index (BMI), triceps skin fold and midarm circumference were significantly reduced, but the total lymphocyte count, albumin, protein, cholesterol and serum iron levels did not decrease during the postoperative period. Six months after surgery, there was a good correlation between the nutritional assessment tools (SGA and NRS-2002) and the other nutritional measurement tools (BW, BMI, and anthropometric measurements). However, 12 mo after surgery, most patients who were assessed as malnourished by SGA and NRS-2002 had returned to their preoperative status, although their BW, BMI, and anthropometric measurements still indicated a malnourished status. CONCLUSION: A combination of objective and subjective assessments is needed for the early detection of the nutritional status in case of gastric cancer patients after gastrectomy.展开更多
Background:Effective antibiotic alternatives are urgently needed in the poultry industry to control disease outbreaks.Phage therapy mainly utilizes lytic phages to kill their respective bacterial hosts and can be an a...Background:Effective antibiotic alternatives are urgently needed in the poultry industry to control disease outbreaks.Phage therapy mainly utilizes lytic phages to kill their respective bacterial hosts and can be an attractive solution to combating the emergence of antibiotic resistance in livestock.Methods:Five hundred and four,one-day-old broilers(Ross 308)were allotted to 1 of 4 treatment groups in a completely randomized design.Treatments consisted of CON(basal diet),PC(CON+0.025%Avilamax®),BP 0.05(CON+0.05%bacteriophage),and BP 0.10(CON+0.10%bacteriophage).Results:A significant linear effect on body weight gain(BWG)was observed during days 1–7,days 22–35,and cumulatively in bacteriophage(BP)supplemented groups.The BWG tended to be higher(P=0.08)and the feed intake(FI)was increased(P=0.017)in the PC group over CON group.A greater(P=0.016)BWG and trends in increased FI(P=0.06)were observed in the experiment in birds fed PC than CON diet.At the genus level,the relative abundance of Lactobacillus was decreased in PC(65.28%),while it was similar in BP 0.05 and BP 0.10(90.65%,86.72%)compared to CON(90.19%).At the species level,the relative abundance of Lactobacillus salivarus was higher in BP 0.05(40.15%)and BP 0.10(38.58%)compared to the CON(20.04%)and PC(18.05%).A linear reduction in the weight of bursa of Fabricius(P=0.022)and spleen(P=0.052)was observed in birds fed graded level of BP and an increase(P=0.059)in the weight of gizzard was observed in birds fed PC over BP diets.Linear and quadratic responses were observed in redness of breast muscle color in birds fed graded level of BP.Conclusions:The inclusion of the 0.05%and 0.1%BP cocktail linearly improved broiler weight during the first 7 days,22–35 days and cumulatively,whereas 0.05%BP addition was sufficient for supporting immune organs,bursa and spleen as well as enhancing gut microbiome,indicating the efficacy of 0.05%BP as a substitute antibiotic growth promoter in broiler diets.展开更多
Clays are crystalline, hydrated aluminosilicate molecules composed of alkali and alkaline earth cations along with small amounts of various other elements. The best-known are montmorillonite, smectite, illite, kaolini...Clays are crystalline, hydrated aluminosilicate molecules composed of alkali and alkaline earth cations along with small amounts of various other elements. The best-known are montmorillonite, smectite, illite, kaolinite, biotite and clinoptilolite. The molecules in these clays are arranged in three-dimensional structures creating internal voids and channels capable of trapping a wide variety of molecules. As a result of this structure, clay minerals are regarded as a simple and effective tool for the prevention of the negative effects of many toxic compounds. Dietary supplementation with clays has been shown to improve weight gain and feed conversion in pigs. Where improvements in performance have been noted, one of the most likely explanations for the improvement is the fact clays increase nutrient digestibility. Clays reduce the speed of passage of feed along the digestive tract which allows more time for digestion. Feeding clays also causes morphological changes in the intestina mucosa such as an increase in villus height and an increase in the villus height to crypt depth ratio. These changes increase the surface area of the gastrointestinal tract thus increasing nutrient digestibility, Several studies have indicated that feeding clay reduces the incidence, severity and duration of diarrhea in pigs. The mechanism for the reduction in diarrhea is likely due to increases in the numbers of Bifidobacteria and Lactobacillus and decreases in Clostridia and E. coil in the small intestine of pigs fed clays. In addition, the numbers of pigs born alive and weaned, birth weight and weaning weight have been shown to be higher for sows fed clays. Several studies have indicated that clays can help mitigate the effects of mycotoxins. The aim of the present review is to focus on the various clays which have been given attention in recent research and to discuss their potential to improve pig performance.展开更多
Background： The chicken gastrointestinal tract contains a diverse microbiota whose composition and structure play important roles in gut functionality. In this study, microbial shifts resulting from feed supplementat...Background： The chicken gastrointestinal tract contains a diverse microbiota whose composition and structure play important roles in gut functionality. In this study, microbial shifts resulting from feed supplementation with Bacillus subtilis CSL2 were evaluated in broilers challenged and unchallenged with Salmonella Gallinarum. To analyse bacterial community composition and functionality, 454 GS-FLX pyrosequencing of 16 S r RNA gene amplicons was performed.Results： The Quantitative Insights into Microbial Ecology（QIIME） pipeline was used to analyse changes in the faecal microbiota over a 24-h period. A total of 718,204 sequences from broiler chickens were recorded and analysed. At the phylum level, Firmicutes, Bacteroidetes, and Proteobacteria were the predominant bacterial taxa. In Salmonellainfected chickens（SC）, Bacteroidetes were more highly abundant compared to control（NC） and Bacillus-treated（BT）chickens. At the genus level, in the NC and BT groups, Lactobacil us was present at high abundance, and the abundance of Turicibacter, unclassified Enterobacteriaceae, and Bacteroides increased in SC broilers. Furthermore, taxon-independent analysis showed that the SC and BT groups were compositional y distinct at the end of the 24-h period. Further analysis of functional properties showed that B. subtilis CSL2 administration increased gut-associated energy supply mechanisms（i.e. carbohydrate transport and metabolism） to maintain a stable microbiota and protect gut integrity.Conclusions： This study demonstrated that S. Gallinarum infection and B. subtilis CSL2 supplementation in the diet of broiler chickens influenced the diversity, composition, and functional diversity of the faecal microbiota. Moreover, the findings offer significant insights to understand potential mechanisms of Salmonel a infection and the mode of action of probiotics in broiler chickens.展开更多
This study aimed in the identification and quantification of phenolic compounds in different four varieties of rapeseeds (Brassica napus L.) using LC-MS and HPLC. LC-MS analysis guided to identify 12 phenolic compound...This study aimed in the identification and quantification of phenolic compounds in different four varieties of rapeseeds (Brassica napus L.) using LC-MS and HPLC. LC-MS analysis guided to identify 12 phenolic compounds including sinapine, sinapine(4-O-8')guaiacyl, feruloyl choline(4-O-8') guaiacyl, kaempferol-3-O-sinapoyl-sophoroside-7-O-glucoside, kaempferol-3-O-β-sophoroside, cyclic spermidine-alkaloid, feruloyl choline(5-8')guaiacyl, kaempferol-sinapoyl-trihexoside,1,2-di- O-sinapoyl-gentiobiose, 1,2-di-O-sinapoyl-glucose, feruloyl choline(4-O-8')guaiacyl-di-sinapoyl, and sinapine(4-O-8')guaiacyl-di-sinapoyl, respectively. Total phenolic compounds in rapeseed meals were ranged from 38.50 (2012 “Sunmang”) to 63.95 mg/g dry weight (DW) (2014 Jeju local cultivar). Main phenolic compositions were cyclic spermidine-alkaloid, kaempferol, feruloyl choline, and sinapine. Sinapine was predominant compound among all the samples ranged from 29.74 to 52.24 mg/g DW (mean 79% of total phenolic contents). This study provided the information for the variation of phenolic compounds between the varieties of rapeseeds and the cultivation periods. Furthermore, this information can be developed for bio-energy industry as a reducer of the cost of the bio-energy products.展开更多
Background There may be concerns over disbenefits to patients who have chosen to undergo laparoscopic gastrectomy by experts in open gastrectomy, considering the disparity between the level of proficiency in open gast...Background There may be concerns over disbenefits to patients who have chosen to undergo laparoscopic gastrectomy by experts in open gastrectomy, considering the disparity between the level of proficiency in open gastrectomy, at which they are already experts, and that in laparoscopic gastrectomy, at which they are beginners. The aim of this study was to compare surgical radicality and outcomes between laparoscopic gastrectomy and open gastrectomy during the learning period of laparoscopic gastrectomy for a senior surgeon who was already an expert in open gastrectomy. Methods Data of short-term surgical outcomes were obtained from patients following laparoscopy assisted distal gastrectomy （LADG） by a surgeon. The initial and following 30 experiences were grouped into LADG-I and LADG-II, respectively. Patients who underwent open distal subtotal gastrectomy （ODSG） and yet could have been candidates for LADG were grouped into ODSG. Known indicators of proficiency levels and the postoperative hospital course were compared. The consequences of extended lymphadenectomy, and the radicality of surgery by completing D2 lymphadenectomy were analyzed. Results The LADG group revealed longer operation time and less bleeding compared to the ODSG group （P 〈0.001）. The number of retrieved lymph nodes and the rate of complications were not significantly different. In the LADG-I group, the DI＋：D2 ratio was 4：1, showing significant differences from those in the LADG-II （0.36：1） and ODSG （0.16：1） groups （P 〈0.001）. The surgeon was able to complete D2 lymphadenectomy during LADG without significant change in the amount of bleeding and the rate of complications, but with a longer operation time （P=0.009）. The number of lymph nodes from the 12a station was not significantly different between the LADG and ODSG groups with D2 lymphadenectomy. Conclusions The surgical outcomes were comparable between LADG and ODSG even during the learning period of LADG, and the equivalence of radicality in lymphadenectomy was soon achieved. As long as the surgeon can accept a long operation time, an expert in open gastrectomy should not refrain from performing laparoscopic gastrectomy in well selected patients because of concerns about disbenefits to patients from choosing laparoscopic gastrectomy over open gastrectomy.展开更多
This review aims to highlight the effects of ochratoxin A(OTA)in the feed of meat-producing animals.The accumulation of OTA in feed and its distribution in various farm animals were compared and evaluated.Primarily,th...This review aims to highlight the effects of ochratoxin A(OTA)in the feed of meat-producing animals.The accumulation of OTA in feed and its distribution in various farm animals were compared and evaluated.Primarily,the oral administration of OTA-contaminated feed and the predisposition in an animal's vital organ were critically examined in this work.The collated reports show that OTA directly associated with endemic nephropathy and its high concentration leads to degeneration of liver cells,and necrosis of intestinal and lymphoid tissues.At present,limited reports are available in the recent liter-ature on the problems and consequences of OTA in feed.Therefore,this review focused on the OTA carryover from feed to farm animals and the interaction of its secondary metabolites on their biochemical parameters.Hence,this report provides greater insights into animal health related to OTA residues in meat and meat products.This article also explores mitigation strategies that can be used to prevent the carryover effects of OTA in livestock feeds and the effects in the food chain.展开更多
This study was conducted to evaluate the supplementation of glutamic acid(Glu)to reduced protein diets on the performance of weanling pigs.One hundred and eighty crossbred weanling pigs([YorkshireLandrace]Duroc,21 d o...This study was conducted to evaluate the supplementation of glutamic acid(Glu)to reduced protein diets on the performance of weanling pigs.One hundred and eighty crossbred weanling pigs([YorkshireLandrace]Duroc,21 d old)having similar body weight(BW)of 6.45 kg were randomly allotted to 1 of 6 dietary treatments(5 pigs per pen[2 barrows and 3 gilts];6 pens per treatment)based on BW and sex during a 6-week trial.Dietary treatments consisted of positive control(PC)diet formulated to have 226.9,205.6,and 188.8 g crude protein(CP)during phases 1,2,and 3,respectively,and negative control(NC)diets with 20 g CP reduction from PC diets and addition of Glu with increasing levels,resulting in the calculated Lys-to-Glu ratios of 1:2.25,1:2.30.1:2.35,1:2.40,and 1:2.45,designated as NC,NC1,NC2,NC3,and NC4,respectively.The BW of pigs receiving PC diet was higher(P<0.05)than those receiving NC diet at d 7,21 and 42.A higher(P<0.05)average daily gain(ADG)from d 1 to 7,8 to 21,22 to 42 and during the overall experiment period was observed in pigs fed PC than NC diet.Pigs fed NC diets including the graded level of Glu linearly increased(P<0.05)BW at d 42,ADG and gain-to-feed ratio(G:F)during the overall experimental period.In addition,trends in linear increase in BW(P=0.056)at d 7 and ADG from d 1 to 7 and d 22 to 42(linear effect,P=0.081,P=0.058 respectively)were observed.A tendency in the linear increment of NH3(P=0.082)at d 21 and linear reduction in methyl mercaptans(P=0.054)emission at d 42 was observed in pigs fed NC diets supplemented with graded level of Glu.In conclusion,supplementing the reduced protein diet with Glu enhanced the growth performance in weanling pigs suggesting that supplementation of Glu can compensate the reduction of 2%CP in the basal diets.展开更多
This study was conducted to evaluate the effect of flavor on reproductive performance and fecal microbiota of sows during late gestation and lactation.A total of 20 healthy Yorkshire sows were fed a corn-soybean basal...This study was conducted to evaluate the effect of flavor on reproductive performance and fecal microbiota of sows during late gestation and lactation.A total of 20 healthy Yorkshire sows were fed a corn-soybean basal diet unsupplemented or supplemented with 0.1%flavor compound from d 90 of gestation to 25 d post-farrowing,and then the piglets were weaned.The reproductive performance and the fecal microbiota of sows were analyzed.Compared with the controls,flavor supplementation in maternal diets increased(P<0.05)weaning litter weight,litter weight gain,weaning body weight,and average daily gain of piglets.There was a trend of increase in the average daily feed intake of sows(P=0.09)by maternal dietary flavor addition.The backfat thickness and litter size were not affected by flavor supplementation(P>0.05).The 16S rRNA analysis showed that flavor supplementation signifi-cantly increased the abundance of Phascolarctobacterium(P<0.05),but significantly decreased genera Terrisporobacter,Alloprevotella,Clostridium_sensu_stricto_1,and Escherichia-shigella(P<0.05).Spearman correlation analysis showed that Phascolarctobacterum was positively correlated with the average daily feed intake of sows(P<0.05),the litter weight gain and average daily gain of piglets(P<0.05).In contrast,Clostridium_sensu_stricto_1 and unclassified_f__Lachnospiraceae were negatively correlated with the litter weight gain and average daily gain of piglets(P<0.05).Taken together,dietary flavor sup-plementation improved the reproductive performance of the sows,which was associated with enhanced beneficial microbiota and decreased potentially pathogenic bacteria in the sows.展开更多
CONSPECTUS:Single-atomic catalyst(SAC)incorporated in graphene plays an increasingly significant role in many applications,including sustainable energy conversion/storage and environmental systems.Such a synergistic s...CONSPECTUS:Single-atomic catalyst(SAC)incorporated in graphene plays an increasingly significant role in many applications,including sustainable energy conversion/storage and environmental systems.Such a synergistic structure commonly consisting of atomic metal active sites stabilized on a robust graphene support,is breaking through the intrinsic limitations of precious-metalbased catalysts and broadening a spectrum of applications,while attaining high atom utilization,remarkable novel catalytic activity,and conformational flexibility.Motivated from the unprecedented attractive features of SAC in graphene,enormous research efforts have been devoted to the development of this ultimate catalytic system.For the further advance and eventual success in this field,a general rule for the rational design of SAC is the first prerequisite.Unfortunately,the research effort for the exploration of the fundamental reaction mechanism and rational design principle has been frequently overlooked in spite of the significantly accumulated research efforts thus far.In this Account,we highlight a new perspective for the rational design of SAC in graphene,conceptually centered on the atomistic level heteroelement dopants of graphene.To provide the intuitive viewpoint on the SAC from the scientific perspective,we suggest a new classification scheme for versatile SACs reported thus far into“dopant catalyst”and“dopant-assisted catalyst”,based on the detailed role of dopant in the catalyst system.Thereafter,we highlight the crucial influencing factors on the catalytic activity of the dopant-induced-catalyst system and toward rational designing rule for high performance catalysts.The recent progress in the dopantinduced-catalyst system for a wide spectrum of catalytic applications,including oxygen reduction,oxygen evolution,hydrogen evolution,and CO_(2)reduction is summarized.Finally,we briefly discuss the challenges and opportunities for the future research direction.The exciting expectation for the well-defined,specifically tailored,high performance dopant-induced-catalyst system is anticipated to address global challenges,including climate change,energy crisis and worldwide pandemics.展开更多
基金supported by Basic Science Research Program through the National Research Foundation of Korea(NRF)funded by the Ministry of Education(NRF-RS-2023-00275307)。
文摘Background Optimal gut health is important to maximize growth performance and feed efficiency in broiler chickens.A total of 1,365 one-day-old male Ross 308 broiler chickens were randomly divided into 5 treatments groups with 21 replicates,13 birds per replicate.The present research investigated effects of microbial muramidase or a precision glycan alone or in combination on growth performance,apparent total tract digestibility,total blood carotenoid content,intestinal villus length,meat quality and gut microbiota in broiler chickens.Treatments included:NC:negative control(basal diet group);PC:positive control(basal diet+0.02%probiotics);MR:basal diet+0.035%microbial muramidase;PG:basal diet+0.1%precision glycan;and MRPG:basal diet+0.025%MR+0.1%PG,respectively.Results MRPG group increased the body weight gain and feed intake(P<0.05)compared with NC group.Moreover,it significantly increased total serum carotenoid(P<0.05)and MRPG altered the microbial diversity in ileum contents.The MRPG treatment group increased the abundance of the phylum Firmicutes,and family Lachnospiraceae,Ruminococcaceae,Oscillospiraceae,Lactobacillaceae,Peptostreptococcaceae and decreased the abundance of the phylum Campilobacterota,Bacteroidota and family Bacteroidaceae.Compared with the NC group,the chickens fed MRPG showed significantly increased in duodenum villus length at end the trial.Conclusion In this study,overall results showed that the synergetic effects of MR and PG showed enhancing growth performance,total serum carotenoid level and altering gut microbiota composition of broilers.The current research indicates that co-supplementation of MR and PG in broiler diets enhances intestinal health,consequently leading to an increased broiler production.
基金supported by the Department of Animal Resources&Science through the Research Focused Department Promotion Project as a part of the University Innovation Support Program for Dankook University in 2022。
文摘Pigs are exposed to various challenges such as weaning,environmental stressors,unhealthy diet,diseases and infections during their lifetime which adversely affects the gut microbiome.The inability of the pig microbiome to return to the pre-challenge baseline may lead to dysbiosis resulting in the outbreak of diseases.Therefore,the maintenance of gut microbiome diversity,robustness and stability has been influential for optimum intestinal health after perturbations.Nowadays human and animal researches have focused on more holistic approaches to obtain a robust gut microbiota that provides protection against pathogens and improves the digestive physiology and the immune system.In this review,we present an overview of the swine gut microbiota,factors affecting the gut microbiome and the importance of microbial stability in promoting optimal intestinal health.Additionally,we discussed the current understanding of nutritional interventions using fibers and pre/probiotics supplementation as non-antibiotic alternatives to maintain microbiota resilience to replace diminished species.
基金Supported by The Bisa Research Grant of Keimyung University in 2006
文摘AIM: To evaluate the prevalence of preoperative and postoperative malnutrition and the relationships between objective and subjective nutritional assessment of gastric cancer patients. METHODS: From October 2005 to July 2006, we studied 80 patients with no evidence of recurrent disease and no loss to follow-up after curative surgery for gastric cancer. In this group, 9 patients underwent total gastrectomy and 71 patients subtotal gastrectomy. At admission, 6 and 12 mo after surgery, the patients were assessed on the subjective global assessment (SGA), nutritional risk screening (NRS-2002), nutritional risk index (NRI) and by anthropometric measurements and laboratory data. Differences between the independent groups were assessed with the Student's t test and oneway analysis of variance. Spearman's rank correlation coefficients were calculated to evaluate the association between the scores and variables. RESULTS: The prevalence of malnutrition at admissionwas 31% by SGA and 43% by NRS-2002. At admission, the anthropometric data were lower in the malnourished groups defined by the SGA and NRS-2002 assessments, but did not differ between the groups using the NRI assessment. Body weight (BW), body mass index (BMI), triceps skin fold and midarm circumference were significantly reduced, but the total lymphocyte count, albumin, protein, cholesterol and serum iron levels did not decrease during the postoperative period. Six months after surgery, there was a good correlation between the nutritional assessment tools (SGA and NRS-2002) and the other nutritional measurement tools (BW, BMI, and anthropometric measurements). However, 12 mo after surgery, most patients who were assessed as malnourished by SGA and NRS-2002 had returned to their preoperative status, although their BW, BMI, and anthropometric measurements still indicated a malnourished status. CONCLUSION: A combination of objective and subjective assessments is needed for the early detection of the nutritional status in case of gastric cancer patients after gastrectomy.
文摘Background:Effective antibiotic alternatives are urgently needed in the poultry industry to control disease outbreaks.Phage therapy mainly utilizes lytic phages to kill their respective bacterial hosts and can be an attractive solution to combating the emergence of antibiotic resistance in livestock.Methods:Five hundred and four,one-day-old broilers(Ross 308)were allotted to 1 of 4 treatment groups in a completely randomized design.Treatments consisted of CON(basal diet),PC(CON+0.025%Avilamax®),BP 0.05(CON+0.05%bacteriophage),and BP 0.10(CON+0.10%bacteriophage).Results:A significant linear effect on body weight gain(BWG)was observed during days 1–7,days 22–35,and cumulatively in bacteriophage(BP)supplemented groups.The BWG tended to be higher(P=0.08)and the feed intake(FI)was increased(P=0.017)in the PC group over CON group.A greater(P=0.016)BWG and trends in increased FI(P=0.06)were observed in the experiment in birds fed PC than CON diet.At the genus level,the relative abundance of Lactobacillus was decreased in PC(65.28%),while it was similar in BP 0.05 and BP 0.10(90.65%,86.72%)compared to CON(90.19%).At the species level,the relative abundance of Lactobacillus salivarus was higher in BP 0.05(40.15%)and BP 0.10(38.58%)compared to the CON(20.04%)and PC(18.05%).A linear reduction in the weight of bursa of Fabricius(P=0.022)and spleen(P=0.052)was observed in birds fed graded level of BP and an increase(P=0.059)in the weight of gizzard was observed in birds fed PC over BP diets.Linear and quadratic responses were observed in redness of breast muscle color in birds fed graded level of BP.Conclusions:The inclusion of the 0.05%and 0.1%BP cocktail linearly improved broiler weight during the first 7 days,22–35 days and cumulatively,whereas 0.05%BP addition was sufficient for supporting immune organs,bursa and spleen as well as enhancing gut microbiome,indicating the efficacy of 0.05%BP as a substitute antibiotic growth promoter in broiler diets.
文摘Clays are crystalline, hydrated aluminosilicate molecules composed of alkali and alkaline earth cations along with small amounts of various other elements. The best-known are montmorillonite, smectite, illite, kaolinite, biotite and clinoptilolite. The molecules in these clays are arranged in three-dimensional structures creating internal voids and channels capable of trapping a wide variety of molecules. As a result of this structure, clay minerals are regarded as a simple and effective tool for the prevention of the negative effects of many toxic compounds. Dietary supplementation with clays has been shown to improve weight gain and feed conversion in pigs. Where improvements in performance have been noted, one of the most likely explanations for the improvement is the fact clays increase nutrient digestibility. Clays reduce the speed of passage of feed along the digestive tract which allows more time for digestion. Feeding clays also causes morphological changes in the intestina mucosa such as an increase in villus height and an increase in the villus height to crypt depth ratio. These changes increase the surface area of the gastrointestinal tract thus increasing nutrient digestibility, Several studies have indicated that feeding clay reduces the incidence, severity and duration of diarrhea in pigs. The mechanism for the reduction in diarrhea is likely due to increases in the numbers of Bifidobacteria and Lactobacillus and decreases in Clostridia and E. coil in the small intestine of pigs fed clays. In addition, the numbers of pigs born alive and weaned, birth weight and weaning weight have been shown to be higher for sows fed clays. Several studies have indicated that clays can help mitigate the effects of mycotoxins. The aim of the present review is to focus on the various clays which have been given attention in recent research and to discuss their potential to improve pig performance.
基金supported by a grant from the Next-Generation Bio Green 21Program(PJ01115903),Rural Development Administration,Republic of Korea
文摘Background： The chicken gastrointestinal tract contains a diverse microbiota whose composition and structure play important roles in gut functionality. In this study, microbial shifts resulting from feed supplementation with Bacillus subtilis CSL2 were evaluated in broilers challenged and unchallenged with Salmonella Gallinarum. To analyse bacterial community composition and functionality, 454 GS-FLX pyrosequencing of 16 S r RNA gene amplicons was performed.Results： The Quantitative Insights into Microbial Ecology（QIIME） pipeline was used to analyse changes in the faecal microbiota over a 24-h period. A total of 718,204 sequences from broiler chickens were recorded and analysed. At the phylum level, Firmicutes, Bacteroidetes, and Proteobacteria were the predominant bacterial taxa. In Salmonellainfected chickens（SC）, Bacteroidetes were more highly abundant compared to control（NC） and Bacillus-treated（BT）chickens. At the genus level, in the NC and BT groups, Lactobacil us was present at high abundance, and the abundance of Turicibacter, unclassified Enterobacteriaceae, and Bacteroides increased in SC broilers. Furthermore, taxon-independent analysis showed that the SC and BT groups were compositional y distinct at the end of the 24-h period. Further analysis of functional properties showed that B. subtilis CSL2 administration increased gut-associated energy supply mechanisms（i.e. carbohydrate transport and metabolism） to maintain a stable microbiota and protect gut integrity.Conclusions： This study demonstrated that S. Gallinarum infection and B. subtilis CSL2 supplementation in the diet of broiler chickens influenced the diversity, composition, and functional diversity of the faecal microbiota. Moreover, the findings offer significant insights to understand potential mechanisms of Salmonel a infection and the mode of action of probiotics in broiler chickens.
文摘This study aimed in the identification and quantification of phenolic compounds in different four varieties of rapeseeds (Brassica napus L.) using LC-MS and HPLC. LC-MS analysis guided to identify 12 phenolic compounds including sinapine, sinapine(4-O-8')guaiacyl, feruloyl choline(4-O-8') guaiacyl, kaempferol-3-O-sinapoyl-sophoroside-7-O-glucoside, kaempferol-3-O-β-sophoroside, cyclic spermidine-alkaloid, feruloyl choline(5-8')guaiacyl, kaempferol-sinapoyl-trihexoside,1,2-di- O-sinapoyl-gentiobiose, 1,2-di-O-sinapoyl-glucose, feruloyl choline(4-O-8')guaiacyl-di-sinapoyl, and sinapine(4-O-8')guaiacyl-di-sinapoyl, respectively. Total phenolic compounds in rapeseed meals were ranged from 38.50 (2012 “Sunmang”) to 63.95 mg/g dry weight (DW) (2014 Jeju local cultivar). Main phenolic compositions were cyclic spermidine-alkaloid, kaempferol, feruloyl choline, and sinapine. Sinapine was predominant compound among all the samples ranged from 29.74 to 52.24 mg/g DW (mean 79% of total phenolic contents). This study provided the information for the variation of phenolic compounds between the varieties of rapeseeds and the cultivation periods. Furthermore, this information can be developed for bio-energy industry as a reducer of the cost of the bio-energy products.
文摘Background There may be concerns over disbenefits to patients who have chosen to undergo laparoscopic gastrectomy by experts in open gastrectomy, considering the disparity between the level of proficiency in open gastrectomy, at which they are already experts, and that in laparoscopic gastrectomy, at which they are beginners. The aim of this study was to compare surgical radicality and outcomes between laparoscopic gastrectomy and open gastrectomy during the learning period of laparoscopic gastrectomy for a senior surgeon who was already an expert in open gastrectomy. Methods Data of short-term surgical outcomes were obtained from patients following laparoscopy assisted distal gastrectomy （LADG） by a surgeon. The initial and following 30 experiences were grouped into LADG-I and LADG-II, respectively. Patients who underwent open distal subtotal gastrectomy （ODSG） and yet could have been candidates for LADG were grouped into ODSG. Known indicators of proficiency levels and the postoperative hospital course were compared. The consequences of extended lymphadenectomy, and the radicality of surgery by completing D2 lymphadenectomy were analyzed. Results The LADG group revealed longer operation time and less bleeding compared to the ODSG group （P 〈0.001）. The number of retrieved lymph nodes and the rate of complications were not significantly different. In the LADG-I group, the DI＋：D2 ratio was 4：1, showing significant differences from those in the LADG-II （0.36：1） and ODSG （0.16：1） groups （P 〈0.001）. The surgeon was able to complete D2 lymphadenectomy during LADG without significant change in the amount of bleeding and the rate of complications, but with a longer operation time （P=0.009）. The number of lymph nodes from the 12a station was not significantly different between the LADG and ODSG groups with D2 lymphadenectomy. Conclusions The surgical outcomes were comparable between LADG and ODSG even during the learning period of LADG, and the equivalence of radicality in lymphadenectomy was soon achieved. As long as the surgeon can accept a long operation time, an expert in open gastrectomy should not refrain from performing laparoscopic gastrectomy in well selected patients because of concerns about disbenefits to patients from choosing laparoscopic gastrectomy over open gastrectomy.
基金National Research Foundation(NRF)of South Korea(Grant No:2018R1C1B5086232)funded by Korean Government(MEST).
文摘This review aims to highlight the effects of ochratoxin A(OTA)in the feed of meat-producing animals.The accumulation of OTA in feed and its distribution in various farm animals were compared and evaluated.Primarily,the oral administration of OTA-contaminated feed and the predisposition in an animal's vital organ were critically examined in this work.The collated reports show that OTA directly associated with endemic nephropathy and its high concentration leads to degeneration of liver cells,and necrosis of intestinal and lymphoid tissues.At present,limited reports are available in the recent liter-ature on the problems and consequences of OTA in feed.Therefore,this review focused on the OTA carryover from feed to farm animals and the interaction of its secondary metabolites on their biochemical parameters.Hence,this report provides greater insights into animal health related to OTA residues in meat and meat products.This article also explores mitigation strategies that can be used to prevent the carryover effects of OTA in livestock feeds and the effects in the food chain.
基金This work was carried out with the support of Cooperative Research Program for Agriculture Science and Technology Development(Project No.PJ014485012020)of the Rural Development Administration,Republic of Korea and was also supported by the Department of Animal Resources&Science through the Research Focused Department Promotion Project as a part of the University Innovation Support Program for Dankook University in 2021.
文摘This study was conducted to evaluate the supplementation of glutamic acid(Glu)to reduced protein diets on the performance of weanling pigs.One hundred and eighty crossbred weanling pigs([YorkshireLandrace]Duroc,21 d old)having similar body weight(BW)of 6.45 kg were randomly allotted to 1 of 6 dietary treatments(5 pigs per pen[2 barrows and 3 gilts];6 pens per treatment)based on BW and sex during a 6-week trial.Dietary treatments consisted of positive control(PC)diet formulated to have 226.9,205.6,and 188.8 g crude protein(CP)during phases 1,2,and 3,respectively,and negative control(NC)diets with 20 g CP reduction from PC diets and addition of Glu with increasing levels,resulting in the calculated Lys-to-Glu ratios of 1:2.25,1:2.30.1:2.35,1:2.40,and 1:2.45,designated as NC,NC1,NC2,NC3,and NC4,respectively.The BW of pigs receiving PC diet was higher(P<0.05)than those receiving NC diet at d 7,21 and 42.A higher(P<0.05)average daily gain(ADG)from d 1 to 7,8 to 21,22 to 42 and during the overall experiment period was observed in pigs fed PC than NC diet.Pigs fed NC diets including the graded level of Glu linearly increased(P<0.05)BW at d 42,ADG and gain-to-feed ratio(G:F)during the overall experimental period.In addition,trends in linear increase in BW(P=0.056)at d 7 and ADG from d 1 to 7 and d 22 to 42(linear effect,P=0.081,P=0.058 respectively)were observed.A tendency in the linear increment of NH3(P=0.082)at d 21 and linear reduction in methyl mercaptans(P=0.054)emission at d 42 was observed in pigs fed NC diets supplemented with graded level of Glu.In conclusion,supplementing the reduced protein diet with Glu enhanced the growth performance in weanling pigs suggesting that supplementation of Glu can compensate the reduction of 2%CP in the basal diets.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(No.31625025,31572412,31272451)the Zhengzhou 1125 Talent Program+1 种基金Jingxinnong Animal Science Development Foundationthe“111 Project”(B16044)
文摘This study was conducted to evaluate the effect of flavor on reproductive performance and fecal microbiota of sows during late gestation and lactation.A total of 20 healthy Yorkshire sows were fed a corn-soybean basal diet unsupplemented or supplemented with 0.1%flavor compound from d 90 of gestation to 25 d post-farrowing,and then the piglets were weaned.The reproductive performance and the fecal microbiota of sows were analyzed.Compared with the controls,flavor supplementation in maternal diets increased(P<0.05)weaning litter weight,litter weight gain,weaning body weight,and average daily gain of piglets.There was a trend of increase in the average daily feed intake of sows(P=0.09)by maternal dietary flavor addition.The backfat thickness and litter size were not affected by flavor supplementation(P>0.05).The 16S rRNA analysis showed that flavor supplementation signifi-cantly increased the abundance of Phascolarctobacterium(P<0.05),but significantly decreased genera Terrisporobacter,Alloprevotella,Clostridium_sensu_stricto_1,and Escherichia-shigella(P<0.05).Spearman correlation analysis showed that Phascolarctobacterum was positively correlated with the average daily feed intake of sows(P<0.05),the litter weight gain and average daily gain of piglets(P<0.05).In contrast,Clostridium_sensu_stricto_1 and unclassified_f__Lachnospiraceae were negatively correlated with the litter weight gain and average daily gain of piglets(P<0.05).Taken together,dietary flavor sup-plementation improved the reproductive performance of the sows,which was associated with enhanced beneficial microbiota and decreased potentially pathogenic bacteria in the sows.
基金supported by the National Creative Research Initiative(CRI)Center for Multi-Dimensional Directed Nanoscale Assembly(2015R1A3A2033061)through the National Research Foundation of Korea(NRF)funded by the Ministry of Science,ICT and Future Planning.
文摘CONSPECTUS:Single-atomic catalyst(SAC)incorporated in graphene plays an increasingly significant role in many applications,including sustainable energy conversion/storage and environmental systems.Such a synergistic structure commonly consisting of atomic metal active sites stabilized on a robust graphene support,is breaking through the intrinsic limitations of precious-metalbased catalysts and broadening a spectrum of applications,while attaining high atom utilization,remarkable novel catalytic activity,and conformational flexibility.Motivated from the unprecedented attractive features of SAC in graphene,enormous research efforts have been devoted to the development of this ultimate catalytic system.For the further advance and eventual success in this field,a general rule for the rational design of SAC is the first prerequisite.Unfortunately,the research effort for the exploration of the fundamental reaction mechanism and rational design principle has been frequently overlooked in spite of the significantly accumulated research efforts thus far.In this Account,we highlight a new perspective for the rational design of SAC in graphene,conceptually centered on the atomistic level heteroelement dopants of graphene.To provide the intuitive viewpoint on the SAC from the scientific perspective,we suggest a new classification scheme for versatile SACs reported thus far into“dopant catalyst”and“dopant-assisted catalyst”,based on the detailed role of dopant in the catalyst system.Thereafter,we highlight the crucial influencing factors on the catalytic activity of the dopant-induced-catalyst system and toward rational designing rule for high performance catalysts.The recent progress in the dopantinduced-catalyst system for a wide spectrum of catalytic applications,including oxygen reduction,oxygen evolution,hydrogen evolution,and CO_(2)reduction is summarized.Finally,we briefly discuss the challenges and opportunities for the future research direction.The exciting expectation for the well-defined,specifically tailored,high performance dopant-induced-catalyst system is anticipated to address global challenges,including climate change,energy crisis and worldwide pandemics.
