Fisheries are complex systems comprised of scientific,management,fishing fleet,and ecological sub-systems.Although the composition,behavior,and functions of these sub-systems vary considerably,a review of case studies...Fisheries are complex systems comprised of scientific,management,fishing fleet,and ecological sub-systems.Although the composition,behavior,and functions of these sub-systems vary considerably,a review of case studies,research,and theory illustrates that one positive and pervasive influence across all can be at-sea monitoring of fishing activity and catch.At-sea monitoring provides reliable and high-resolution data on spatial and temporal patterns in effort and total catch,and the taxonomic and life stage composition of catch,thereby improving the science underlying management decisions.Those decisions can draw upon a wider range of approaches,such as rights-based management and finer scale spatial,temporal,and catch restrictions,that require the greater oversight facilitated by monitoring.Improved science and implementation can in turn increase confidence in management among the fishing fleet,bolstered by the knowledge that other fishers are equally accountable for their actions.This series of positive outcomes represent a self-reinforcing virtuous cycle in the fishery.Conversely,breakdowns in science,management,and fishing behavior can create an‘accountability cascade’of blame,distrust,and dysfunction.Therefore,effective at-sea monitoring,in combination with other reforms,can move fisheries away from overexploitation and toward sustainability.Critical to this transformation is a growing toolkit of technological innovations that increasingly make at-sea monitoring more feasible in fleets spanning diverse ecological,economic,political,and operational gradients.展开更多
Fisheries monitoring in the United States exists in many forms and serves many functions due to geographically varying objectives,practices,technology,institutional structures,and funding.In the U.S and abroad,diverse...Fisheries monitoring in the United States exists in many forms and serves many functions due to geographically varying objectives,practices,technology,institutional structures,and funding.In the U.S and abroad,diverse catch methods commonly exist for the same stock,thus monitoring and reporting strategies need to be tailored to unique operational needs.Common management challenges include funding limitation,survey design,coverage,and implementation.We describe three innovative examples of fisheries monitoring in the United States.These stories of success and failure can inform the design and implementation of new monitoring pilots and aid crafting both regional and national policies.We explore the innovative vessel monitoring and electronic logbook practices across multiple sectors for Gulf of Mexico red snapper(Lutjanus campechanus).Then,we examine a unique monitoring program that produces critical,near real-time genetic and population surveys for sockeye salmon(Oncorhynchus nerka)in Bristol Bay,Alaska.Our final case study describes the many fishery-dependent and-independent data streams for American lobster(Homarus americanus)in New England.Across all monitoring cases exists an explicit focus on the most critical aspects of organism life history.We find strong cross-institutional working relationships and adept agency coordination are imperatives in instances of stocks occupying multiple state or federal boundaries.Our results suggest the most effective approaches address the unique data needs of a fishery,and for this,thorough understanding of both biological and socioeconomic aspects of the fishery is a prerequisite.Ultimately,the monitoring program should jointly incentivize compliance while promoting continued and evolving interaction between resources users,scientists,and management.展开更多
文摘Fisheries are complex systems comprised of scientific,management,fishing fleet,and ecological sub-systems.Although the composition,behavior,and functions of these sub-systems vary considerably,a review of case studies,research,and theory illustrates that one positive and pervasive influence across all can be at-sea monitoring of fishing activity and catch.At-sea monitoring provides reliable and high-resolution data on spatial and temporal patterns in effort and total catch,and the taxonomic and life stage composition of catch,thereby improving the science underlying management decisions.Those decisions can draw upon a wider range of approaches,such as rights-based management and finer scale spatial,temporal,and catch restrictions,that require the greater oversight facilitated by monitoring.Improved science and implementation can in turn increase confidence in management among the fishing fleet,bolstered by the knowledge that other fishers are equally accountable for their actions.This series of positive outcomes represent a self-reinforcing virtuous cycle in the fishery.Conversely,breakdowns in science,management,and fishing behavior can create an‘accountability cascade’of blame,distrust,and dysfunction.Therefore,effective at-sea monitoring,in combination with other reforms,can move fisheries away from overexploitation and toward sustainability.Critical to this transformation is a growing toolkit of technological innovations that increasingly make at-sea monitoring more feasible in fleets spanning diverse ecological,economic,political,and operational gradients.
基金This research was supported through the High Meadows Foundation,Kravis Scientific Research Fund.
文摘Fisheries monitoring in the United States exists in many forms and serves many functions due to geographically varying objectives,practices,technology,institutional structures,and funding.In the U.S and abroad,diverse catch methods commonly exist for the same stock,thus monitoring and reporting strategies need to be tailored to unique operational needs.Common management challenges include funding limitation,survey design,coverage,and implementation.We describe three innovative examples of fisheries monitoring in the United States.These stories of success and failure can inform the design and implementation of new monitoring pilots and aid crafting both regional and national policies.We explore the innovative vessel monitoring and electronic logbook practices across multiple sectors for Gulf of Mexico red snapper(Lutjanus campechanus).Then,we examine a unique monitoring program that produces critical,near real-time genetic and population surveys for sockeye salmon(Oncorhynchus nerka)in Bristol Bay,Alaska.Our final case study describes the many fishery-dependent and-independent data streams for American lobster(Homarus americanus)in New England.Across all monitoring cases exists an explicit focus on the most critical aspects of organism life history.We find strong cross-institutional working relationships and adept agency coordination are imperatives in instances of stocks occupying multiple state or federal boundaries.Our results suggest the most effective approaches address the unique data needs of a fishery,and for this,thorough understanding of both biological and socioeconomic aspects of the fishery is a prerequisite.Ultimately,the monitoring program should jointly incentivize compliance while promoting continued and evolving interaction between resources users,scientists,and management.
