Zinc–bromine rechargeable batteries(ZBRBs)are one of the most powerful candidates for next-generation energy storage due to their potentially lower material cost,deep discharge capability,non-flammable electrolytes,r...Zinc–bromine rechargeable batteries(ZBRBs)are one of the most powerful candidates for next-generation energy storage due to their potentially lower material cost,deep discharge capability,non-flammable electrolytes,relatively long lifetime and good reversibility.However,many opportunities remain to improve the efficiency and stability of these batteries for long-life operation.Here,we discuss the device configurations,working mechanisms and performance evaluation of ZBRBs.Both non-flow(static)and flow-type cells are highlighted in detail in this review.The fundamental electrochemical aspects,including the key challenges and promising solutions,are discussed,with particular attention paid to zinc and bromine half-cells,as their performance plays a critical role in determining the electrochemical performance of the battery system.The following sections examine the key performance metrics of ZBRBs and assessment methods using various ex situ and in situ/operando techniques.The review concludes with insights into future developments and prospects for high-performance ZBRBs.展开更多
Passive daytime radiative cooling(PDRC) is useful for thermal management because it allows an object to emit terrestrial heat into space without the use of additional energy.To produce sub-ambient temperatures under d...Passive daytime radiative cooling(PDRC) is useful for thermal management because it allows an object to emit terrestrial heat into space without the use of additional energy.To produce sub-ambient temperatures under direct sunlight,PDRC materials are designed to reduce their absorption of solar energy and to enhance their long-wavelength infrared(LWIR) emissivity.In recent years,many photonic structures and polymer composites have been studied to improve the cooling system of buildings.However,in cold weather(i.e. during winter in cold climates),buildings need to be kept warm rather than cooled due to heat loss.To overcome this limitation,temperature-responsive radiative cooling is a promising alternative.In the present study,adaptive radiative cooling(ARC) film fabricated from a polydimethylsiloxane/hollow SiO_(2) microsphere/thermochromic pigment composite was investigated.We found that the ARC film absorbed solar radiation under cold conditions while exhibiting radiative cooling at ambient temperatures above 40℃.Thus,in outdoor experiments,the ARC film achieved sub-ambient temperatures and had a theoretical cooling power of 63.2 W/m~2 in hot weather.We also demonstrated that radiative cooling with an energy harvesting system could be used to improve the energy management of buildings,with the thermoelectric module continuously generating output power using the ARC film.Therefore,we believe that our proposed ARC film can be employed for efficient thermal management of buildings and all-season energy harvesting in the near future.展开更多
Breakage patterns, residual stress, and fractured surfaces on tempered glasses are investigated to find the correlation among glass thickness, tempered level, and the number of fragments, particularly when the glass t...Breakage patterns, residual stress, and fractured surfaces on tempered glasses are investigated to find the correlation among glass thickness, tempered level, and the number of fragments, particularly when the glass thickness is less than 4 mm. Relatively thin glasses require high compressive stress for producing fragments, and the required compressive stress is increased with decreasing glass thickness (3.2 to 2.1 mm). By analyzing the residual stress of glasses before and after the fragmentation test, we observe that a relatively thin glass spends more stored energy to generate a new fracture surface and stores less energy for the second cracking as compared to thick glasses. Fractography shows that all glasses have a similar characterization on the fractured surface irrespective of glass thickness. However, the only dif- ference is the depth of the compressive layer. By reducing the depth of the compressive layer to less than approx. 20% of the glass thickness, it is observed that the possibility of producing small fragments is dramatically decreased. There- fore, this study confirms that the compressive stress and its depth are essential as key factors contributing to the achievement of a relatively high fragmentation using a thin glass.展开更多
Transistor size is constantly being reduced to improve performance as well as power consumption. For the channel length to be reduced, the corresponding gate dielectric thickness should also be reduced. Unfortunately,...Transistor size is constantly being reduced to improve performance as well as power consumption. For the channel length to be reduced, the corresponding gate dielectric thickness should also be reduced. Unfortunately, graphene devices are more complicated due to an extra capacitance called quantum capacitance （CQ） which limits the effective gate dielectric reduction. In this work, we analyzed the effect of CQ on device-scaling issues by extracting it from scaling of the channel length of devices. In contrast to previous reports for metal-insulator- metal structures, a practical device structure was used in conjunction with direct radio-frequency field-effect transistor measurements to describe the graphene channels. In order to precisely extract device parameters, we reassessed the equivalent circuit, and concluded that the on-state model should in fact be used. By careful consideration of the underlap region, our device modeling was shown to be in good agreement with the experimental data. CQ contributions to equivalent oxide thickness were analyzed in detail for varying impurity concentrations in graphene. Finally, we were able to demonstrate that despite contributions from CQ, graphene＇s high mobility and low-voltage operation allows for ~raphene channels suitable for next generation transistors.展开更多
Rechargeable aqueous zinc ion hybrid capacitors(ZIHCs),as an up-and-comer aqueous electrochemical energy storage system,endure in their infancy because of the substandard reversibility of Zn anodes,structural deterior...Rechargeable aqueous zinc ion hybrid capacitors(ZIHCs),as an up-and-comer aqueous electrochemical energy storage system,endure in their infancy because of the substandard reversibility of Zn anodes,structural deterioration of cathode materials,and narrow electrochemical stability window.Herein,a scalable approach is described that addresses Zn-anode/electrolyte interface and cathode materials associated deficiencies and boosts the electrochemical properties of ZIHCs.The Zn-anode/electrolyte interface is self-regulated by alteration of the traditional Zn2+electrolyte with Na-based supporting salt without surrendering the cost,safety,and green features of the Zn-based system which further validates the excellent reversibility over 1100 h with suppressed hydrogen evolution.The deficits of cathode materials were overcome by using a high-mass loaded,oxygen-rich,3D,multiscaled graphene-like carbon(3D MGC)cathode.Due to the multiscaled texture,high electronic conductivity,and oxygen-rich functional groups of 3D MGC,reversible redox capacitance was obtained with a traditional adsorption/desorption mechanism.Prototype ZIHCs containing the modified electrolyte and an oxygen-rich 3D MGC cathode resulted in battery-like specific energy(203 Wh kg1 at 1.6 A g^(-1))and supercapacitor-type power capability(4.9 kW kg1 at 8 A g^(-1))with outstanding cycling durability(96.75%retention over 30000 cycles at 10 A g^(-1)).These findings pave the way toward the utilization of highly efficient ZIHCs for practical applications.展开更多
基金flnancial support from Australian Research Council through its Discovery,Future Fellowship ProgramsImam Mohammad Ibn Saud Islamic University (IMSIU) in Riyadh,Saudi Arabia,for flnancial support of this work.
文摘Zinc–bromine rechargeable batteries(ZBRBs)are one of the most powerful candidates for next-generation energy storage due to their potentially lower material cost,deep discharge capability,non-flammable electrolytes,relatively long lifetime and good reversibility.However,many opportunities remain to improve the efficiency and stability of these batteries for long-life operation.Here,we discuss the device configurations,working mechanisms and performance evaluation of ZBRBs.Both non-flow(static)and flow-type cells are highlighted in detail in this review.The fundamental electrochemical aspects,including the key challenges and promising solutions,are discussed,with particular attention paid to zinc and bromine half-cells,as their performance plays a critical role in determining the electrochemical performance of the battery system.The following sections examine the key performance metrics of ZBRBs and assessment methods using various ex situ and in situ/operando techniques.The review concludes with insights into future developments and prospects for high-performance ZBRBs.
基金supported by the Industrial-linked Low-carbon Process Conversion Core Technology Development Program (RS2022-00155175)the Materials/Parts Technology Development Program (20022507) funded by the Ministry of Trade, Industry & Energy (MOTIE, Republic of Korea)the Korea Research Institute of Chemical Technology (KRICT) core project (SS2221-20)。
文摘Passive daytime radiative cooling(PDRC) is useful for thermal management because it allows an object to emit terrestrial heat into space without the use of additional energy.To produce sub-ambient temperatures under direct sunlight,PDRC materials are designed to reduce their absorption of solar energy and to enhance their long-wavelength infrared(LWIR) emissivity.In recent years,many photonic structures and polymer composites have been studied to improve the cooling system of buildings.However,in cold weather(i.e. during winter in cold climates),buildings need to be kept warm rather than cooled due to heat loss.To overcome this limitation,temperature-responsive radiative cooling is a promising alternative.In the present study,adaptive radiative cooling(ARC) film fabricated from a polydimethylsiloxane/hollow SiO_(2) microsphere/thermochromic pigment composite was investigated.We found that the ARC film absorbed solar radiation under cold conditions while exhibiting radiative cooling at ambient temperatures above 40℃.Thus,in outdoor experiments,the ARC film achieved sub-ambient temperatures and had a theoretical cooling power of 63.2 W/m~2 in hot weather.We also demonstrated that radiative cooling with an energy harvesting system could be used to improve the energy management of buildings,with the thermoelectric module continuously generating output power using the ARC film.Therefore,we believe that our proposed ARC film can be employed for efficient thermal management of buildings and all-season energy harvesting in the near future.
文摘Breakage patterns, residual stress, and fractured surfaces on tempered glasses are investigated to find the correlation among glass thickness, tempered level, and the number of fragments, particularly when the glass thickness is less than 4 mm. Relatively thin glasses require high compressive stress for producing fragments, and the required compressive stress is increased with decreasing glass thickness (3.2 to 2.1 mm). By analyzing the residual stress of glasses before and after the fragmentation test, we observe that a relatively thin glass spends more stored energy to generate a new fracture surface and stores less energy for the second cracking as compared to thick glasses. Fractography shows that all glasses have a similar characterization on the fractured surface irrespective of glass thickness. However, the only dif- ference is the depth of the compressive layer. By reducing the depth of the compressive layer to less than approx. 20% of the glass thickness, it is observed that the possibility of producing small fragments is dramatically decreased. There- fore, this study confirms that the compressive stress and its depth are essential as key factors contributing to the achievement of a relatively high fragmentation using a thin glass.
文摘Transistor size is constantly being reduced to improve performance as well as power consumption. For the channel length to be reduced, the corresponding gate dielectric thickness should also be reduced. Unfortunately, graphene devices are more complicated due to an extra capacitance called quantum capacitance （CQ） which limits the effective gate dielectric reduction. In this work, we analyzed the effect of CQ on device-scaling issues by extracting it from scaling of the channel length of devices. In contrast to previous reports for metal-insulator- metal structures, a practical device structure was used in conjunction with direct radio-frequency field-effect transistor measurements to describe the graphene channels. In order to precisely extract device parameters, we reassessed the equivalent circuit, and concluded that the on-state model should in fact be used. By careful consideration of the underlap region, our device modeling was shown to be in good agreement with the experimental data. CQ contributions to equivalent oxide thickness were analyzed in detail for varying impurity concentrations in graphene. Finally, we were able to demonstrate that despite contributions from CQ, graphene＇s high mobility and low-voltage operation allows for ~raphene channels suitable for next generation transistors.
基金the National Research Foundation of South Korea(NRF)grant funded by the Korea government(MSIT)(2020R1A4A3079710and 2022M3J7A106294).DeepakP.Dubal acknowledges QUT's start-upgrant—323000-0424/07and financial support from Centre for Materials Science and Centre for Waste Free World,QUT,Australia.
文摘Rechargeable aqueous zinc ion hybrid capacitors(ZIHCs),as an up-and-comer aqueous electrochemical energy storage system,endure in their infancy because of the substandard reversibility of Zn anodes,structural deterioration of cathode materials,and narrow electrochemical stability window.Herein,a scalable approach is described that addresses Zn-anode/electrolyte interface and cathode materials associated deficiencies and boosts the electrochemical properties of ZIHCs.The Zn-anode/electrolyte interface is self-regulated by alteration of the traditional Zn2+electrolyte with Na-based supporting salt without surrendering the cost,safety,and green features of the Zn-based system which further validates the excellent reversibility over 1100 h with suppressed hydrogen evolution.The deficits of cathode materials were overcome by using a high-mass loaded,oxygen-rich,3D,multiscaled graphene-like carbon(3D MGC)cathode.Due to the multiscaled texture,high electronic conductivity,and oxygen-rich functional groups of 3D MGC,reversible redox capacitance was obtained with a traditional adsorption/desorption mechanism.Prototype ZIHCs containing the modified electrolyte and an oxygen-rich 3D MGC cathode resulted in battery-like specific energy(203 Wh kg1 at 1.6 A g^(-1))and supercapacitor-type power capability(4.9 kW kg1 at 8 A g^(-1))with outstanding cycling durability(96.75%retention over 30000 cycles at 10 A g^(-1)).These findings pave the way toward the utilization of highly efficient ZIHCs for practical applications.
