Prostate cancer(PCa)is the most common cause of malignancy in males and the second leading cause of cancer mortality in United States.Current treatments for PCa include surgery,radiotherapy,and androgen-deprivation th...Prostate cancer(PCa)is the most common cause of malignancy in males and the second leading cause of cancer mortality in United States.Current treatments for PCa include surgery,radiotherapy,and androgen-deprivation therapy.Eventually,PCa relapses to an advanced castration-resistant PCa(CRPC)that becomes a systematic disease and incurable.Therefore,identifying cellular components and molecular mechanisms that drive aggressive PCa at early stage is critical for disease prognosis and therapeutic intervention.One potential strategy for aggressive PCa is to target cancer stem cells(CSCs)that are identified by several unique characteristics such as immortal,self-renewal,and pluripotency.Also,CSC is believed to be a major factor contributing to resistance to radiotherapy and conventional chemotherapies.Moreover,CSCs are thought to be the critical cause of metastasis,tumor recurrence and cancer-related death of multiple cancer types,including PCa.In this review,we discuss recent progress made in understanding prostate cancer stem cells(PCSCs).We focus on the therapeutic strategies aimed at targeting specific surface markers of CSCs,the key signaling pathways in the maintenance of self-renewal capacity of CSCs,ATP-binding cassette(ABC)transporters that mediate the drug-resistance of CSCs,dysregulated microRNAs expression profiles in CSCs,and immunotherapeutic strategies developed against PCSCs surface markers.ª2016 Editorial Office of Asian Journal of Urology.Production and hosting by Elsevier B.V.This is an open access article under the CC BY-NC-ND license(http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/).展开更多
Prostate cancer (PCa) is the most common cause of malignancy in males and the third leading cause of cancer mortality in the United States. The standard care for primary PCa with local invasive disease mainly is surge...Prostate cancer (PCa) is the most common cause of malignancy in males and the third leading cause of cancer mortality in the United States. The standard care for primary PCa with local invasive disease mainly is surgery and radiation. For patients with distant metastases, androgen deprivation therapy (ADT) is a gold standard. Regardless of a favorable outcome of ADT, patients inevitably relapse to an end-stage castration-resistant prostate cancer (CRPC) leading to mortality. Therefore, revealing the mechanism and identifying cellular components driving aggressive PCa is critical for prognosis and therapeutic intervention. Cancer stem cell (CSC) phenotypes characterized as poor differentiation, cancer initiation with self-renewal capabilities, and therapeutic resistance are proposed to contribute to the onset of CRPC. In this review, we discuss the role of CSC in CRPC with the evidence of CSC phenotypes and the possible underlying mechanisms.展开更多
文摘Prostate cancer(PCa)is the most common cause of malignancy in males and the second leading cause of cancer mortality in United States.Current treatments for PCa include surgery,radiotherapy,and androgen-deprivation therapy.Eventually,PCa relapses to an advanced castration-resistant PCa(CRPC)that becomes a systematic disease and incurable.Therefore,identifying cellular components and molecular mechanisms that drive aggressive PCa at early stage is critical for disease prognosis and therapeutic intervention.One potential strategy for aggressive PCa is to target cancer stem cells(CSCs)that are identified by several unique characteristics such as immortal,self-renewal,and pluripotency.Also,CSC is believed to be a major factor contributing to resistance to radiotherapy and conventional chemotherapies.Moreover,CSCs are thought to be the critical cause of metastasis,tumor recurrence and cancer-related death of multiple cancer types,including PCa.In this review,we discuss recent progress made in understanding prostate cancer stem cells(PCSCs).We focus on the therapeutic strategies aimed at targeting specific surface markers of CSCs,the key signaling pathways in the maintenance of self-renewal capacity of CSCs,ATP-binding cassette(ABC)transporters that mediate the drug-resistance of CSCs,dysregulated microRNAs expression profiles in CSCs,and immunotherapeutic strategies developed against PCSCs surface markers.ª2016 Editorial Office of Asian Journal of Urology.Production and hosting by Elsevier B.V.This is an open access article under the CC BY-NC-ND license(http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/).
文摘Prostate cancer (PCa) is the most common cause of malignancy in males and the third leading cause of cancer mortality in the United States. The standard care for primary PCa with local invasive disease mainly is surgery and radiation. For patients with distant metastases, androgen deprivation therapy (ADT) is a gold standard. Regardless of a favorable outcome of ADT, patients inevitably relapse to an end-stage castration-resistant prostate cancer (CRPC) leading to mortality. Therefore, revealing the mechanism and identifying cellular components driving aggressive PCa is critical for prognosis and therapeutic intervention. Cancer stem cell (CSC) phenotypes characterized as poor differentiation, cancer initiation with self-renewal capabilities, and therapeutic resistance are proposed to contribute to the onset of CRPC. In this review, we discuss the role of CSC in CRPC with the evidence of CSC phenotypes and the possible underlying mechanisms.
