Macrophages are typically identified as classically activated(M1) macrophages and alternatively activated(M2) macrophages,which respectively exhibit pro-and anti-inflammatory phenotypes,and the balance between these t...Macrophages are typically identified as classically activated(M1) macrophages and alternatively activated(M2) macrophages,which respectively exhibit pro-and anti-inflammatory phenotypes,and the balance between these two subtypes plays a critical role in the regulation of tissue inflammation,injury,and repair processes.Recent studies indicate that tissue cells and macrophages interact via the release of small extracellular vesicles(EVs) in processes where EVs released by stressed tissue cells can promote the activation and polarization of adjacent macrophages which can in turn release EVs and factors that can promote cell stress and tissue inflammation and injury and vice versa.This review discusses the roles of such EVs in resulating such interactions to influence tissue inflammation and injury in a number of acute and chronic inflammatory disease conditions,and the potential applications,advantage and concerns for using EV-based therapeutic approaches to treat such conditions,including their potential role of drug carriers for the treatment of infectious diseases.展开更多
Identification of epitopes targeted following virus infection or vaccination can guide vaccine design and development of therapeutic interventions targeting functional sites,but can be laborious.Herein,we employed pep...Identification of epitopes targeted following virus infection or vaccination can guide vaccine design and development of therapeutic interventions targeting functional sites,but can be laborious.Herein,we employed peptide microarrays to map linear peptide epitopes(LPEs)recognized following SARS-CoV-2 infetion and vaccination.LPEs detected by nonhuman primate(NHP)and patient IgMs after SARS-CoV-2 infection extensively overlapped,localized to functionally important virus regions,and aligned with reported neutralizing antibody binding sies.Similar LPE overlap occurred atfter infection and vaccination,with LPE clusters specifc to each stimulus,where strong and conserved LPEs mapping to sites known or likely to inhibit spike protein function.Vaccine-specifc LPEs tended to map to sites known or likely to be afected by structural changes induced by the proline substitutions in the mRNA vaccine's S protein.Mapping LPEs to regions of known functional importance in this manner may acelerate vaccine evaluation and discovery of targets for sile secific therapeutic interventions.展开更多
基金the support from Weatherhead Presidential Endowment Fund (USA)。
文摘Macrophages are typically identified as classically activated(M1) macrophages and alternatively activated(M2) macrophages,which respectively exhibit pro-and anti-inflammatory phenotypes,and the balance between these two subtypes plays a critical role in the regulation of tissue inflammation,injury,and repair processes.Recent studies indicate that tissue cells and macrophages interact via the release of small extracellular vesicles(EVs) in processes where EVs released by stressed tissue cells can promote the activation and polarization of adjacent macrophages which can in turn release EVs and factors that can promote cell stress and tissue inflammation and injury and vice versa.This review discusses the roles of such EVs in resulating such interactions to influence tissue inflammation and injury in a number of acute and chronic inflammatory disease conditions,and the potential applications,advantage and concerns for using EV-based therapeutic approaches to treat such conditions,including their potential role of drug carriers for the treatment of infectious diseases.
基金supported by the Department of Defense(grant number W8IxwH19i0926)National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases contract(grant number_HHSN2722017000331)+1 种基金National Institute of Child Health and Human Development grant(grant numbers R01HD090927 and R01HDi03511)National Center for Research Resources and the Ofice of Research Infrastructure Programs(grant numbers OD011104).
文摘Identification of epitopes targeted following virus infection or vaccination can guide vaccine design and development of therapeutic interventions targeting functional sites,but can be laborious.Herein,we employed peptide microarrays to map linear peptide epitopes(LPEs)recognized following SARS-CoV-2 infetion and vaccination.LPEs detected by nonhuman primate(NHP)and patient IgMs after SARS-CoV-2 infection extensively overlapped,localized to functionally important virus regions,and aligned with reported neutralizing antibody binding sies.Similar LPE overlap occurred atfter infection and vaccination,with LPE clusters specifc to each stimulus,where strong and conserved LPEs mapping to sites known or likely to inhibit spike protein function.Vaccine-specifc LPEs tended to map to sites known or likely to be afected by structural changes induced by the proline substitutions in the mRNA vaccine's S protein.Mapping LPEs to regions of known functional importance in this manner may acelerate vaccine evaluation and discovery of targets for sile secific therapeutic interventions.
