Bone formation and deposition are initiated by sensory nerve infiltration in adaptive bone remodeling. Here, we focused on the role of Semaphorin 3A(Sema3A), expressed by sensory nerves, in mechanical loads-induced bo...Bone formation and deposition are initiated by sensory nerve infiltration in adaptive bone remodeling. Here, we focused on the role of Semaphorin 3A(Sema3A), expressed by sensory nerves, in mechanical loads-induced bone formation and nerve withdrawal using orthodontic tooth movement(OTM) model. Firstly, bone formation was activated after the 3rd day of OTM,coinciding with a decrease in sensory nerves and an increase in pain threshold. Sema3A, rather than nerve growth factor(NGF),highly expressed in both trigeminal ganglion and the axons of periodontal ligament following the 3rd day of OTM. Moreover, in vitro mechanical loads upregulated Sema3A in neurons instead of in human periodontal ligament cells(hPDLCs) within 24 hours.Furthermore, exogenous Sema3A restored the suppressed alveolar bone formation and the osteogenic differentiation of hPDLCs induced by mechanical overload. Mechanistically, Sema3A prevented overstretching of F-actin induced by mechanical overload through ROCK2 pathway, maintaining mitochondrial dynamics as mitochondrial fusion. Therefore, Sema3A exhibits dual therapeutic effects in mechanical loads-induced bone formation, both as a pain-sensitive analgesic and a positive regulator for bone formation.展开更多
Oxalate is an organic dicarboxylic acid that is a common component of plant foods.The kidneys are essential organs for oxalate excretion,but excessive oxalates may induce kidney stones.Jupiter microtubule associated h...Oxalate is an organic dicarboxylic acid that is a common component of plant foods.The kidneys are essential organs for oxalate excretion,but excessive oxalates may induce kidney stones.Jupiter microtubule associated homolog 2(JPT2)is a critical molecule in Ca^(2+)mobilization,and its intrinsic mechanism in oxalate exposure and kidney stones remains unclear.This study aimed to reveal the mechanism of JPT2 in oxalate exposure and kidney stones.Genetic approaches were used to control JPT2 expression in cells and mice,and the JPT2 mechanism of action was analyzed using transcriptomics and untargeted metabolomics.The results showed that oxalate exposure triggered the upregulation of JPT2,which is involved in nicotinic acid adenine dinucleotide phosphate(NAADP)-mediated Ca^(2+)mobilization.Transcriptomic analysis revealed that cell adhesion and macrophage inflammatory polarization were inhibited by JPT2 knockdown,and these were dominated by phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase(PI3K)/AKT signaling,respectively.Untargeted metabolomics indicated that JPT2 knockdown inhibited the production of succinic acid semialdehyde(SSA)in macrophages.Furthermore,JPT2 deficiency in mice inhibited kidney stones mineralization.In conclusion,this study demonstrates that oxalate exposure facilitates kidney stones by promoting crystal-cell adhesion,and modulating macrophage metabolism and inflammatory polarization via JPT2/PI3K/AKT signaling.展开更多
Leaf functional traits are adaptations that enable plants to live under different environmental conditions. This study aims to evaluate the differences in leaf functional traits between red and green leaves of two eve...Leaf functional traits are adaptations that enable plants to live under different environmental conditions. This study aims to evaluate the differences in leaf functional traits between red and green leaves of two evergreen shrubs Photinia × fraseri and Osrnanthus fragrans. Specific areas of red leaves are higher than that of green leaves in both species. Thus, the material investment per unit area and per lamina of red leaves is significantly lower than that of green leaves, implying an utmost effort of red leaves to increase light capture and use efficiency because of their low leafchlorophyll concentration. The higher petiole length of green leaves compared with that of red leaves indicates that adult green leaves may have large fractional biomass allocation to support the lamina structures in capturing light with maximum efficiency and obtaining a high growth rate. The high range of the phenotypic plasticity of leaf size, leaf thickness, single-leaf wet and dry weights, and leaf moisture of green leaves may be beneficial in achieving efficient control of water loss and nutrient deprivation. The high range of phenotypic plasticity of leaf chlorophyll concentration of red leaves may be advantageous in increasing resource （especially light） capture anduse efficiency because this leaf type is juvenile in the growth stage and has low leaf-chlorophyll concentration.展开更多
Dear Editor, Parkinson＇s disease （PD） is the second most common neurodegenerative disease after Alzheimer＇s disease （AD）. Although treatments for PD may be beneficial in the early stages of disease, accurate dia...Dear Editor, Parkinson＇s disease （PD） is the second most common neurodegenerative disease after Alzheimer＇s disease （AD）. Although treatments for PD may be beneficial in the early stages of disease, accurate diagnosis during these stages remains a challenge. An ideal diagnosis for PD should be highly specific and sensitive, as well as be able to predict disease progression. Currently, diagnosis of PD relies mainly on the evaluation of clinical features, specifically cardinal signs.展开更多
The bystin-like （BYSL） gene was previously characterized to encode an accessory protein for cell adhesion that participates in early embryo implantation. It is also involved in 40S ribosomal subunit biogenesis and i...The bystin-like （BYSL） gene was previously characterized to encode an accessory protein for cell adhesion that participates in early embryo implantation. It is also involved in 40S ribosomal subunit biogenesis and is found to be expressed in rapidly growing embryo and cancer cell lines. In order to explore the role of BYSL in cancer cell proliferation and growth, we used hepatocellular carcinoma （HCC） as a model. Here, we report that BYSL is crucial for HCC cell growth both in vitro and in vivo. Expression levels of BYSL mRNA and protein in human HCC specimens were markedly increased compared with those seen in adjacent non-cancerous tissue. In vitro, inhibition of BYSL by short hairpin RNA decreased HCC cell proliferation, induced apoptosis and partially arrested the cell cycle in the G2/M phase. In vivo, HCC cells treated with BYSL siRNA failed to form tumors in nude mice after subcutaneous implantation. To determine the cellular basis for BYSL RNAi-induced cell growth arrest, BYSL subcellular localization in mitotic and interphase HepG2 cells was examined. BYSL was present at multiple stages during nucleologenesis, including in nucleolus-derived foci （NDF）, perichromosomal regions and the prenucleolar body （PNB） during mitosis. BYSL depletion remarkably suppressed NDF and PNB formation, and disrupted nucleoli assembly after mitosis, resulting in increased apoptosis and reduced tolerance of HCC cells to serum starvation. Taken together, our studies indicate that upregulated BYSL expression plays a role in hepatocarcinogenesis.展开更多
Leaf functional traits are adaptations that enable plants to live under various environmental conditions. This study aims to determine the differences in leaf functional traits among plants grouped by growth habit, le...Leaf functional traits are adaptations that enable plants to live under various environmental conditions. This study aims to determine the differences in leaf functional traits among plants grouped by growth habit, leaf life span,leaf lifestyle, leaf form, and origin. Specific leaf area（SLA） of perennial or evergreen species was lower than that of annual or deciduous species because longer-lived leaves of perennial or evergreen species require more investment in structural integrity and/or defense against disturbances, especially with any resource constraint. SLA of large individuals was lower than that of small individuals. The low SLA in large individuals can improve their response to changing light and water conditions because increasing plant height is advantageous for light competition, but it can also impose a cost in terms of structural support and water transport. Petioles of plants with compound leaves were significantly longer than those of simple leaves because branching is expensive in terms of gaining height. SLA of plants increased with increasing invasiveness accordingly, and SLA of invasive plants was higher than that of their native congeners because invasive plants should invest more biomass on leaf growth rather than leaf structures per unit area to achieve a higher growth rate.Overall, variation in leaf functional traits among different groups may play an adaptive role in the successful survival of plants under diverse environments because leaf functional traits can lead to pronounced effects on leaf function,especially the acquisition and use of light. Plant species with different growth and leaf traits balance resource acquisition and leaf construction to minimize trade-offs and achieve fitness advantages in their natural habitat.展开更多
Smart energy is the foundation and important component of smart cities, and it is the source of energy that guarantees the efficient and reliable operation of each subsystem of the city. Based on the practical experie...Smart energy is the foundation and important component of smart cities, and it is the source of energy that guarantees the efficient and reliable operation of each subsystem of the city. Based on the practical experience in the exploration of the construction of smart energy at home and abroad, and the goal of achieving “three transformations and one center”, the basic principles of the frame construction as well as display construction and physical construction of smart energy have been proposed. Four main tasks of the construction of smart energy have been discussed: infrastructure, energy supply, energy consumption, and management services.展开更多
Diet/sugar-free soft drinks are considered to be healthier than regular soft drinks.However,few studies have examined the relationship between the types of soft drinks(regular and diet/sugar-free)and lung cancer(LC)/a...Diet/sugar-free soft drinks are considered to be healthier than regular soft drinks.However,few studies have examined the relationship between the types of soft drinks(regular and diet/sugar-free)and lung cancer(LC)/all-cancer(AC)risk.In this study,we comprehensively assessed the influence of the type of soft drink consumption on LC/AC risk based on the Prostate,Lung,Colorectal,and Ovarian(PLCO)Cancer Screening Trial.Multivariable Cox proportional hazards and competing risks Fine-Gray regression models adjusted for relevant confounders were used to estimate hazard ratios(HRs)and subdistribution HRs for different types of soft drink consumption.In the PLCO population,female subgroup,and the ever/current smoker subgroup,consumption of both regular and diet soft drinks was associated with a significantly reduced risk of LC compared with no soft drinks at all.For the non-lung cancer(NLC)risk,consumption of only diet soft drinks had a significant positive association for the total population and female subgroup.Based on our findings,it was suggested that partial replacement of regular soft drinks with diet soft drinks might be beneficial to LC prevention,especially for females and ever/current smokers.Additionally,completely replacing regular soft drinks with diet soft drinks might be detrimental to NLC prevention,especially for females.展开更多
Biotoxicity assessment results of environmental waters largely depend on the sample extraction protocols that enrich pollutants to meet the effect-trigger thresholds of bioassays.However,more chemical mixture does not...Biotoxicity assessment results of environmental waters largely depend on the sample extraction protocols that enrich pollutants to meet the effect-trigger thresholds of bioassays.However,more chemical mixture does not necessarily translate to higher combined biotoxicity.Thus,there is a need to establish the link between chemical extracting efficiency and biotoxicity outcome to standardize extraction methods for biotoxicity assessment of environmental waters.This study compares the performance of five different extraction phases in solid phase extraction(SPE),namely HLB,HLB+Coconut,C18 cartridge,C18 disk and Strata-X,and evaluated their chemical extracting efficiencies and biotoxicity outcomes.We quantitatively assessed cytotoxicity,acute toxicity,genotoxicity,estrogenic activity,and neurotoxicity of the extracts using in vitro bioassays and characterized the chemical extracting efficiencies of the SPE methods through chemical recoveries of 23 model compounds with different polarities and total organic carbon.Using Pareto ranking,we identified HLB+Coconut as the optimal SPE method,which exhibited the highest level of water sample biotoxicity and recovered the most chemicals in water samples.We found that the biotoxicity outcomes of the extracted water samples significantly and positively correlated with the chemical extracting efficiencies of the SPE methods.Moreover,we observed synchronous changing patterns in biotoxicity outcome and chemical extracting efficiencies in response to increasing sample volumes per cartridge(SVPC)during SPE.Our findings underscore that higher chemical extracting efficiency of SPE corresponds to higher biotoxicity outcome of environmental water samples,providing a scientific basis for standardization of SPE methods for adequate assessment of biotoxicities of environmental waters.展开更多
The complex air pollution driven by both Ozone(O_(3))and fine particulate matter(PM2.5)sig nificantly influences the air quality in the Sichuan Basin(SCB).Understanding the O_(3)for mation during autumn and winter is ...The complex air pollution driven by both Ozone(O_(3))and fine particulate matter(PM2.5)sig nificantly influences the air quality in the Sichuan Basin(SCB).Understanding the O_(3)for mation during autumn and winter is necessary to understand the atmospheric oxidative capacity.Therefore,continuous in-site field observations were carried out during the late summer,early autumn and winter of 2020 in a rural area of Chongqing.The total volatile organic compounds(VOCs)concentration reported by a Proton-Transfer-Reaction Time-of Flight Mass Spectrometry(PTR-ToF-MS)were 13.66±9.75 ppb,5.50±2.64 ppb,and 9.41±5.11 ppb in late summer,early autumn and winter,respectively.The anthropogenic VOCs(AVOCs)and biogenic VOCs(BVOCs)were 8.48±7.92 ppb and 5.18±2.99 ppb in late sum mer,3.31±1.89 ppb and 2.19±0.93 ppb in autumn,and 6.22±3.99 ppb and 3.20±1.27ppb in winter.A zero-dimensional atmospheric box model was employed to investigate the sensitivity of O_(3)-precursors by relative incremental reactivity(RIR).The RIR values of AV OCs,BVOCs,carbon monoxide(CO),and nitrogen oxides(NOx)were 0.31,0.71,0.09,and-0.36 for late summer,0.24,0.59,0.22,and-0.38 for early autumn,and 0.30,0.64,0.33 and-0.70 for winter,and the results showed that the O_(3)formation of sampling area was in the VOC-limited region,and O_(3)was most sensitive to BVOCs(with highest RIR values,>0.6)This study can be helpful in understanding O_(3)formation and interpreting the secondary formation of aerosols in the winter.展开更多
Iconic memory and short-term memory are not only crucial for perception and cognition,but also of great importance to mental health.Here,we first showed that both types of memory could be improved by improving limitin...Iconic memory and short-term memory are not only crucial for perception and cognition,but also of great importance to mental health.Here,we first showed that both types of memory could be improved by improving limiting processes in visual processing through perceptual learning.Normal adults were trained in a contrast detection task for ten days,with their higher-order aberrations(HOA)corrected in real-time.We found that the training improved not only their contrast sensitivity function(CSF),but also their iconic memory and baseline information maintenance for short-term memory,and the relationship between memory and CSF improvements could be well-predicted by an observer model.These results suggest that training the limiting component of a cognitive task with visual perceptual learning could improve visual cognition.They may also provide an empirical foundation for new therapies to treat people with poor sensory memory.展开更多
Recent technological advancements have propelled remarkable progress in servo systems,resulting in their extensive utilization across various high-end applications.A comprehensive review of high-quality servo system t...Recent technological advancements have propelled remarkable progress in servo systems,resulting in their extensive utilization across various high-end applications.A comprehensive review of high-quality servo system technologies,focusing specifically on electrical motor topologies and control strategies is presented.In terms of motor topology,this study outlines the mainstream servo motors used across different periods,as well as the latest theories and technologies surrounding contemporary servo motors.In terms of control strategies,two well-established approaches are presented:field-oriented control and direct torque control.Additionally,it discusses advanced control strategies employed in servo systems,such as model predictive control(MPC)and fault tolerance control,among others.展开更多
Parkinson’s disease(PD),the second most common age-associated neurodegenerative disorder,is characterized by the loss of dopaminergic(DA)neurons and the presence ofα-synuclein-containing aggregates in the substantia...Parkinson’s disease(PD),the second most common age-associated neurodegenerative disorder,is characterized by the loss of dopaminergic(DA)neurons and the presence ofα-synuclein-containing aggregates in the substantia nigra pars compacta(SNpc).Chronic neuroinflammation is one of the hallmarks of PD pathophysiology.Postmortem analyses of human PD patients and experimental animal studies indicate that activation of glial cells and increases in pro-inflammatory factor levels are common features of the PD brain.Chronic release of proinflammatory cytokines by activated astrocytes and microglia leads to the exacerbation of DA neuron degeneration in the SNpc.Besides,peripheral immune system is also implicated in the pathogenesis of PD.Infiltration and accumulation of immune cells from the periphery are detected in and around the affected brain regions of PD patients.Moreover,inflammatory processes have been suggested as promising interventional targets for PD and even other neurodegenerative diseases.A better understanding of the role of inflammation in PD will provide new insights into the pathological processes and help to establish effective therapeutic strategies.In this review,we will summarize recent progresses in the neuroimmune aspects of PD and highlight the potential therapeutic interventions targeting neuroinflammation.展开更多
Pneumatic conveying of coarse coal particles with various pipeline configurations and swirling intensities was investigated using a coupled computational fluid dynamics and discrete element method. A particle cluster ...Pneumatic conveying of coarse coal particles with various pipeline configurations and swirling intensities was investigated using a coupled computational fluid dynamics and discrete element method. A particle cluster agglomerated by the parallel-bond method was modeled to analyze the breakage of coarse coal particles. The numerical parameters, simulation conditions, and simulation results were experimentally validated. On analyzing total energy variation in the agglomerate during the breakage process, the results showed that downward fluctuation of the total particle energy was correlated with particle and wall col- lisions, and particle breakage showed a positive correlation with the energy difference. The correlation between the total energy variation of a particle cluster and particle breakage was also analyzed. Parti- cle integrity presented a fluctuating upward trend with pipe bend radius and increased with swirling number for most bend radii. The degree of particle breakage differed with pipeline bending direction and swirling intensity： in a horizontal bend, the bend radius and swirling intensity dominated the total energy variations： these effects were not observed in a vertical bend. The total energy of the particle cluster exiting a bend was generally positively correlated with the bend radius for all conditions and was independent of bending direction.展开更多
Screw conveyors are widely employed in industrial fields for conveying bulk materials.The shearer drum which uses the screw conveying principle is responsible for excavation and conveying coal particles onto the chain...Screw conveyors are widely employed in industrial fields for conveying bulk materials.The shearer drum which uses the screw conveying principle is responsible for excavation and conveying coal particles onto the chain conveyor.Screw conveyor performance is affected by potential factors,such as the blade axial tilt angle and style,core shaft form and diameter.The effect of blade axial tilt angle on the conveying performance was investigated with the help of DEM.In the case of the screw conveyor,the mass flow rate,and particle axial velocity increased with increasing positive axial tilt angle,and declined with increasing negative axial tilt angle.In the case of the drum,the mass flow rate,particle axial velocity,and loading rate first increased and then decreased with increasing positive axial tilt angle,and decreased with increasing negative axial tilt angle.These results can be considered as a benchmark for screw conveyor and drum structural designs with axial tilt screw blades.展开更多
基金supported in part by National Natural Science Foundation of China(32271364 & 31971240)Interdisciplinary innovation project from West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University(RD-03-202305)。
文摘Bone formation and deposition are initiated by sensory nerve infiltration in adaptive bone remodeling. Here, we focused on the role of Semaphorin 3A(Sema3A), expressed by sensory nerves, in mechanical loads-induced bone formation and nerve withdrawal using orthodontic tooth movement(OTM) model. Firstly, bone formation was activated after the 3rd day of OTM,coinciding with a decrease in sensory nerves and an increase in pain threshold. Sema3A, rather than nerve growth factor(NGF),highly expressed in both trigeminal ganglion and the axons of periodontal ligament following the 3rd day of OTM. Moreover, in vitro mechanical loads upregulated Sema3A in neurons instead of in human periodontal ligament cells(hPDLCs) within 24 hours.Furthermore, exogenous Sema3A restored the suppressed alveolar bone formation and the osteogenic differentiation of hPDLCs induced by mechanical overload. Mechanistically, Sema3A prevented overstretching of F-actin induced by mechanical overload through ROCK2 pathway, maintaining mitochondrial dynamics as mitochondrial fusion. Therefore, Sema3A exhibits dual therapeutic effects in mechanical loads-induced bone formation, both as a pain-sensitive analgesic and a positive regulator for bone formation.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Grant Nos.:82070723,82270797)Nature Science Foundation of Hubei Province,China(Grant No.:2022CFC020).
文摘Oxalate is an organic dicarboxylic acid that is a common component of plant foods.The kidneys are essential organs for oxalate excretion,but excessive oxalates may induce kidney stones.Jupiter microtubule associated homolog 2(JPT2)is a critical molecule in Ca^(2+)mobilization,and its intrinsic mechanism in oxalate exposure and kidney stones remains unclear.This study aimed to reveal the mechanism of JPT2 in oxalate exposure and kidney stones.Genetic approaches were used to control JPT2 expression in cells and mice,and the JPT2 mechanism of action was analyzed using transcriptomics and untargeted metabolomics.The results showed that oxalate exposure triggered the upregulation of JPT2,which is involved in nicotinic acid adenine dinucleotide phosphate(NAADP)-mediated Ca^(2+)mobilization.Transcriptomic analysis revealed that cell adhesion and macrophage inflammatory polarization were inhibited by JPT2 knockdown,and these were dominated by phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase(PI3K)/AKT signaling,respectively.Untargeted metabolomics indicated that JPT2 knockdown inhibited the production of succinic acid semialdehyde(SSA)in macrophages.Furthermore,JPT2 deficiency in mice inhibited kidney stones mineralization.In conclusion,this study demonstrates that oxalate exposure facilitates kidney stones by promoting crystal-cell adhesion,and modulating macrophage metabolism and inflammatory polarization via JPT2/PI3K/AKT signaling.
基金financially supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(31300343)Natural Science Foundation of Jiangsu Province,China(BK20130500)Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center of Technology and Material of Water Treatment
文摘Leaf functional traits are adaptations that enable plants to live under different environmental conditions. This study aims to evaluate the differences in leaf functional traits between red and green leaves of two evergreen shrubs Photinia × fraseri and Osrnanthus fragrans. Specific areas of red leaves are higher than that of green leaves in both species. Thus, the material investment per unit area and per lamina of red leaves is significantly lower than that of green leaves, implying an utmost effort of red leaves to increase light capture and use efficiency because of their low leafchlorophyll concentration. The higher petiole length of green leaves compared with that of red leaves indicates that adult green leaves may have large fractional biomass allocation to support the lamina structures in capturing light with maximum efficiency and obtaining a high growth rate. The high range of the phenotypic plasticity of leaf size, leaf thickness, single-leaf wet and dry weights, and leaf moisture of green leaves may be beneficial in achieving efficient control of water loss and nutrient deprivation. The high range of phenotypic plasticity of leaf chlorophyll concentration of red leaves may be advantageous in increasing resource （especially light） capture anduse efficiency because this leaf type is juvenile in the growth stage and has low leaf-chlorophyll concentration.
基金This work was supported by grants from the Chinese Ministry of Science ＆ Technology （No. 2004AA221130）, the Shanghai Metropolitan Fund for Research and Development （No. 07DJ14005）, the National Natural Science Foundation of China （Nos. 30525041, 30721004）, and the State Key Program for Basic Research of China （No. 2006CB500704）.
文摘Dear Editor, Parkinson＇s disease （PD） is the second most common neurodegenerative disease after Alzheimer＇s disease （AD）. Although treatments for PD may be beneficial in the early stages of disease, accurate diagnosis during these stages remains a challenge. An ideal diagnosis for PD should be highly specific and sensitive, as well as be able to predict disease progression. Currently, diagnosis of PD relies mainly on the evaluation of clinical features, specifically cardinal signs.
文摘The bystin-like （BYSL） gene was previously characterized to encode an accessory protein for cell adhesion that participates in early embryo implantation. It is also involved in 40S ribosomal subunit biogenesis and is found to be expressed in rapidly growing embryo and cancer cell lines. In order to explore the role of BYSL in cancer cell proliferation and growth, we used hepatocellular carcinoma （HCC） as a model. Here, we report that BYSL is crucial for HCC cell growth both in vitro and in vivo. Expression levels of BYSL mRNA and protein in human HCC specimens were markedly increased compared with those seen in adjacent non-cancerous tissue. In vitro, inhibition of BYSL by short hairpin RNA decreased HCC cell proliferation, induced apoptosis and partially arrested the cell cycle in the G2/M phase. In vivo, HCC cells treated with BYSL siRNA failed to form tumors in nude mice after subcutaneous implantation. To determine the cellular basis for BYSL RNAi-induced cell growth arrest, BYSL subcellular localization in mitotic and interphase HepG2 cells was examined. BYSL was present at multiple stages during nucleologenesis, including in nucleolus-derived foci （NDF）, perichromosomal regions and the prenucleolar body （PNB） during mitosis. BYSL depletion remarkably suppressed NDF and PNB formation, and disrupted nucleoli assembly after mitosis, resulting in increased apoptosis and reduced tolerance of HCC cells to serum starvation. Taken together, our studies indicate that upregulated BYSL expression plays a role in hepatocarcinogenesis.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(31300343)Natural Science Foundation of Jiangsu Province,China(BK20130500)Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center of Technology and Material of Water Treatment,Research Foundation for Advanced Talents,Jiangsu University(12JDG086)
文摘Leaf functional traits are adaptations that enable plants to live under various environmental conditions. This study aims to determine the differences in leaf functional traits among plants grouped by growth habit, leaf life span,leaf lifestyle, leaf form, and origin. Specific leaf area（SLA） of perennial or evergreen species was lower than that of annual or deciduous species because longer-lived leaves of perennial or evergreen species require more investment in structural integrity and/or defense against disturbances, especially with any resource constraint. SLA of large individuals was lower than that of small individuals. The low SLA in large individuals can improve their response to changing light and water conditions because increasing plant height is advantageous for light competition, but it can also impose a cost in terms of structural support and water transport. Petioles of plants with compound leaves were significantly longer than those of simple leaves because branching is expensive in terms of gaining height. SLA of plants increased with increasing invasiveness accordingly, and SLA of invasive plants was higher than that of their native congeners because invasive plants should invest more biomass on leaf growth rather than leaf structures per unit area to achieve a higher growth rate.Overall, variation in leaf functional traits among different groups may play an adaptive role in the successful survival of plants under diverse environments because leaf functional traits can lead to pronounced effects on leaf function,especially the acquisition and use of light. Plant species with different growth and leaf traits balance resource acquisition and leaf construction to minimize trade-offs and achieve fitness advantages in their natural habitat.
文摘Smart energy is the foundation and important component of smart cities, and it is the source of energy that guarantees the efficient and reliable operation of each subsystem of the city. Based on the practical experience in the exploration of the construction of smart energy at home and abroad, and the goal of achieving “three transformations and one center”, the basic principles of the frame construction as well as display construction and physical construction of smart energy have been proposed. Four main tasks of the construction of smart energy have been discussed: infrastructure, energy supply, energy consumption, and management services.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (Projects No. 82173620to Y.Z. and 82204156 to D.Y.)Priority Academic Program Development of Jiangsu Higher Education Institution
文摘Diet/sugar-free soft drinks are considered to be healthier than regular soft drinks.However,few studies have examined the relationship between the types of soft drinks(regular and diet/sugar-free)and lung cancer(LC)/all-cancer(AC)risk.In this study,we comprehensively assessed the influence of the type of soft drink consumption on LC/AC risk based on the Prostate,Lung,Colorectal,and Ovarian(PLCO)Cancer Screening Trial.Multivariable Cox proportional hazards and competing risks Fine-Gray regression models adjusted for relevant confounders were used to estimate hazard ratios(HRs)and subdistribution HRs for different types of soft drink consumption.In the PLCO population,female subgroup,and the ever/current smoker subgroup,consumption of both regular and diet soft drinks was associated with a significantly reduced risk of LC compared with no soft drinks at all.For the non-lung cancer(NLC)risk,consumption of only diet soft drinks had a significant positive association for the total population and female subgroup.Based on our findings,it was suggested that partial replacement of regular soft drinks with diet soft drinks might be beneficial to LC prevention,especially for females and ever/current smokers.Additionally,completely replacing regular soft drinks with diet soft drinks might be detrimental to NLC prevention,especially for females.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Nos.52025102,52192682,51908276)the Excellent Research Program of Nanjing University(No.ZYJH005)the Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities(No.0211/14380200)。
文摘Biotoxicity assessment results of environmental waters largely depend on the sample extraction protocols that enrich pollutants to meet the effect-trigger thresholds of bioassays.However,more chemical mixture does not necessarily translate to higher combined biotoxicity.Thus,there is a need to establish the link between chemical extracting efficiency and biotoxicity outcome to standardize extraction methods for biotoxicity assessment of environmental waters.This study compares the performance of five different extraction phases in solid phase extraction(SPE),namely HLB,HLB+Coconut,C18 cartridge,C18 disk and Strata-X,and evaluated their chemical extracting efficiencies and biotoxicity outcomes.We quantitatively assessed cytotoxicity,acute toxicity,genotoxicity,estrogenic activity,and neurotoxicity of the extracts using in vitro bioassays and characterized the chemical extracting efficiencies of the SPE methods through chemical recoveries of 23 model compounds with different polarities and total organic carbon.Using Pareto ranking,we identified HLB+Coconut as the optimal SPE method,which exhibited the highest level of water sample biotoxicity and recovered the most chemicals in water samples.We found that the biotoxicity outcomes of the extracted water samples significantly and positively correlated with the chemical extracting efficiencies of the SPE methods.Moreover,we observed synchronous changing patterns in biotoxicity outcome and chemical extracting efficiencies in response to increasing sample volumes per cartridge(SVPC)during SPE.Our findings underscore that higher chemical extracting efficiency of SPE corresponds to higher biotoxicity outcome of environmental water samples,providing a scientific basis for standardization of SPE methods for adequate assessment of biotoxicities of environmental waters.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(No.42075109)the National Key Research and Development Program of China(No.2018YFC0214001)。
文摘The complex air pollution driven by both Ozone(O_(3))and fine particulate matter(PM2.5)sig nificantly influences the air quality in the Sichuan Basin(SCB).Understanding the O_(3)for mation during autumn and winter is necessary to understand the atmospheric oxidative capacity.Therefore,continuous in-site field observations were carried out during the late summer,early autumn and winter of 2020 in a rural area of Chongqing.The total volatile organic compounds(VOCs)concentration reported by a Proton-Transfer-Reaction Time-of Flight Mass Spectrometry(PTR-ToF-MS)were 13.66±9.75 ppb,5.50±2.64 ppb,and 9.41±5.11 ppb in late summer,early autumn and winter,respectively.The anthropogenic VOCs(AVOCs)and biogenic VOCs(BVOCs)were 8.48±7.92 ppb and 5.18±2.99 ppb in late sum mer,3.31±1.89 ppb and 2.19±0.93 ppb in autumn,and 6.22±3.99 ppb and 3.20±1.27ppb in winter.A zero-dimensional atmospheric box model was employed to investigate the sensitivity of O_(3)-precursors by relative incremental reactivity(RIR).The RIR values of AV OCs,BVOCs,carbon monoxide(CO),and nitrogen oxides(NOx)were 0.31,0.71,0.09,and-0.36 for late summer,0.24,0.59,0.22,and-0.38 for early autumn,and 0.30,0.64,0.33 and-0.70 for winter,and the results showed that the O_(3)formation of sampling area was in the VOC-limited region,and O_(3)was most sensitive to BVOCs(with highest RIR values,>0.6)This study can be helpful in understanding O_(3)formation and interpreting the secondary formation of aerosols in the winter.
基金This work was supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(31970975)the Natural Science Foundation for Distinguished Young Scholars of Zhejiang Province,China(LR22H120001)+2 种基金the Scientific Instrument Developing Project of the Chinese Academy of Sciences(ZDKYYQ20200005)the National Science and Technology Innovation 2030 Major Program(2022ZD0204801)the Project of State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology,Optometry and Vision Science,Wenzhou Medical University(J02-20210203).
文摘Iconic memory and short-term memory are not only crucial for perception and cognition,but also of great importance to mental health.Here,we first showed that both types of memory could be improved by improving limiting processes in visual processing through perceptual learning.Normal adults were trained in a contrast detection task for ten days,with their higher-order aberrations(HOA)corrected in real-time.We found that the training improved not only their contrast sensitivity function(CSF),but also their iconic memory and baseline information maintenance for short-term memory,and the relationship between memory and CSF improvements could be well-predicted by an observer model.These results suggest that training the limiting component of a cognitive task with visual perceptual learning could improve visual cognition.They may also provide an empirical foundation for new therapies to treat people with poor sensory memory.
基金Supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China under Major Project 51991380.
文摘Recent technological advancements have propelled remarkable progress in servo systems,resulting in their extensive utilization across various high-end applications.A comprehensive review of high-quality servo system technologies,focusing specifically on electrical motor topologies and control strategies is presented.In terms of motor topology,this study outlines the mainstream servo motors used across different periods,as well as the latest theories and technologies surrounding contemporary servo motors.In terms of control strategies,two well-established approaches are presented:field-oriented control and direct torque control.Additionally,it discusses advanced control strategies employed in servo systems,such as model predictive control(MPC)and fault tolerance control,among others.
基金by grants from the National Key Basic Research Program of China(2011CB504102)Natural Science Foundation of China(31430036,31123002,31321091).
文摘Parkinson’s disease(PD),the second most common age-associated neurodegenerative disorder,is characterized by the loss of dopaminergic(DA)neurons and the presence ofα-synuclein-containing aggregates in the substantia nigra pars compacta(SNpc).Chronic neuroinflammation is one of the hallmarks of PD pathophysiology.Postmortem analyses of human PD patients and experimental animal studies indicate that activation of glial cells and increases in pro-inflammatory factor levels are common features of the PD brain.Chronic release of proinflammatory cytokines by activated astrocytes and microglia leads to the exacerbation of DA neuron degeneration in the SNpc.Besides,peripheral immune system is also implicated in the pathogenesis of PD.Infiltration and accumulation of immune cells from the periphery are detected in and around the affected brain regions of PD patients.Moreover,inflammatory processes have been suggested as promising interventional targets for PD and even other neurodegenerative diseases.A better understanding of the role of inflammation in PD will provide new insights into the pathological processes and help to establish effective therapeutic strategies.In this review,we will summarize recent progresses in the neuroimmune aspects of PD and highlight the potential therapeutic interventions targeting neuroinflammation.
文摘Pneumatic conveying of coarse coal particles with various pipeline configurations and swirling intensities was investigated using a coupled computational fluid dynamics and discrete element method. A particle cluster agglomerated by the parallel-bond method was modeled to analyze the breakage of coarse coal particles. The numerical parameters, simulation conditions, and simulation results were experimentally validated. On analyzing total energy variation in the agglomerate during the breakage process, the results showed that downward fluctuation of the total particle energy was correlated with particle and wall col- lisions, and particle breakage showed a positive correlation with the energy difference. The correlation between the total energy variation of a particle cluster and particle breakage was also analyzed. Parti- cle integrity presented a fluctuating upward trend with pipe bend radius and increased with swirling number for most bend radii. The degree of particle breakage differed with pipeline bending direction and swirling intensity： in a horizontal bend, the bend radius and swirling intensity dominated the total energy variations： these effects were not observed in a vertical bend. The total energy of the particle cluster exiting a bend was generally positively correlated with the bend radius for all conditions and was independent of bending direction.
基金funded by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Grant No.51704178)the Natural Science Foundation of Shandong Province(Grant No.ZR2017MEE034)+2 种基金the Open Foundation of Shandong Province Key Laboratory of Mine Mechanical Engineering(Grant No.2019KLMM102)the Project of Shandong Province Higher Educational Young Innovative Talent Introduction and Cultivation Team(Performance enhancement of deep coal mining equipment)the project of the Postdoctoral Science Foundation of China(Grant No.2019M662403).
文摘Screw conveyors are widely employed in industrial fields for conveying bulk materials.The shearer drum which uses the screw conveying principle is responsible for excavation and conveying coal particles onto the chain conveyor.Screw conveyor performance is affected by potential factors,such as the blade axial tilt angle and style,core shaft form and diameter.The effect of blade axial tilt angle on the conveying performance was investigated with the help of DEM.In the case of the screw conveyor,the mass flow rate,and particle axial velocity increased with increasing positive axial tilt angle,and declined with increasing negative axial tilt angle.In the case of the drum,the mass flow rate,particle axial velocity,and loading rate first increased and then decreased with increasing positive axial tilt angle,and decreased with increasing negative axial tilt angle.These results can be considered as a benchmark for screw conveyor and drum structural designs with axial tilt screw blades.
