Electron transport layers （ETLs） in perovskite solar cells （PSCs） are a key factor to determine the photo- voltaic performance. Herein, we demonstrate preparation of ZnO/ZnS core-shell composites through di- rectl...Electron transport layers （ETLs） in perovskite solar cells （PSCs） are a key factor to determine the photo- voltaic performance. Herein, we demonstrate preparation of ZnO/ZnS core-shell composites through di- rectly synthesizing ZnS on the ZnO nanoparticles in solution. We confirmed the formation of ZnO/ZnS core-shell composites by the uses of X-ray diffraction patterns and the Fourier transform infrared spec- troscopy. ZnO/ZnS composites exhibit much homogeneous surface morphology as compared with the bare ZnO as revealed in the scanning electronic microscopy. Moreover, the upper shift of conduction band level upon composition of the ZnO/ZnS film results in a better alignment of energy level, which facilitates cas- cade charge extraction and thus improves the current density of perovskite solar cell. The shift of conduc- tion band also improves the voltage of the PSCs. The photoluminescence （PL） spectroscopies measured in both steady and transient states were carried out to characterize the charge extraction at the interface between CH_3NH_3Pbl_3 and the electron transport layers of either ZnO or ZnO/ZnS composite. The ZnO/ZnS composite can more efficiently quench the PL signal of perovskite absorber than bare ZnO resulting in enhanced photocurrent generation in PSCs.展开更多
CD38 is a versatile, ubiquitously expressed protein that was identified as a multifunctional enzyme. Recently, cumulating evidence has suggested that CD38 is involved in autophagy, which is an evolutionarily conserved...CD38 is a versatile, ubiquitously expressed protein that was identified as a multifunctional enzyme. Recently, cumulating evidence has suggested that CD38 is involved in autophagy, which is an evolutionarily conserved lysosomal degradation and recycling system. Acting as a enzyme, CD38 utilizes nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate (NADP) to synthesize nicotinic acid adenine dinucleotide phosphate (NAADP), which acts as a key messenger for Ca2+-mobilizing in lysosome by targeting two-pore channels (TPCs) or transient receptor potential mucolipins (TRPMLs). Multiple studies have indicated that CD38 is involved in autophagy by modulating intracellular Ca2+ signaling. However, the control of autophagy by CD38 signaling is the subject of two contrary views. The autophagosomes trafficking and fusion with lysosomes to form autolysosomes are crucial steps in autophagy. On the one hand, the avail-able evidence indicates that lysosome trafficking and fusion to autophagosomes is positively modulated by CD38. On the other hand, overexpression of TPC2, which is positively modulated by CD38, was shown to promote the accumulation of autophagosomes, thus suppress autophagy. This review will reveal the interesting contrary dual roles of CD38 in autophagy, and critical insight into the molecular mechanisms of CD38 in autophagy regulation.展开更多
This article reviews the anti-penetration principles and strengthening mechanisms of metal materials,ranging from macroscopic failure modes to microscopic structural characteristics,and further summarizes the micro-ma...This article reviews the anti-penetration principles and strengthening mechanisms of metal materials,ranging from macroscopic failure modes to microscopic structural characteristics,and further summarizes the micro-macro correlation in the anti-penetration process.Finally,it outlines the constitutive models and numerical simulation studies utilized in the field of impact and penetration.From the macro perspective,nine frequent penetration failure modes of metal materials are summarized,with a focus on the analysis of the cratering,compression shear,penetration,and plugging stages of the penetration process.The reasons for the formation of adiabatic shear bands(ASBs)in metal materials with different crystal structures are elaborated,and the formation mechanism of the equiaxed grains in the ASB is explored.Both the strength and the toughness of metal materials are related to the materials’crystal structures and microstructures.The toughness is mainly influenced by the deformation mechanism,while the strength is explained by the strengthening mechanism.Therefore,the mechanical properties of metal materials depend on their microstructures,which are subject to the manufacturing process and material composition.Regarding numerical simulation,the advantages and disadvantages of different constitutive models and simulation methods are summarized based on the application characteristics of metal materials in high-speed penetration practice.In summary,this article provides a systematic overview of the macroscopic and microscopic characteristics of metal materials,along with their mechanisms and correlation during the anti-penetration and impact-resistance processes,thereby making an important contribution to the scientific understanding of anti-penetration performance and its optimization in metal materials.展开更多
Organic single crystals(OSCs)offer a unique combination of both individual and collective properties of the employed molecules,but it remains highly challenging to achieve OSCs with both high mobilities and strong flu...Organic single crystals(OSCs)offer a unique combination of both individual and collective properties of the employed molecules,but it remains highly challenging to achieve OSCs with both high mobilities and strong fluorescence emissions for their potential applications in multifunctional optoelectronics.Herein,we demonstrate the design and synthesis of two novel triphenylamine-functionalized thienoacenes-based organic semiconductors,4,8-distriphenylamineethynylbenzo[1,2-b:4,5-b′]dithiophene(4,8-DTEBDT)and 2,6-distriphenylamineethynylbenzo[1,2-b:4,5-b′]dithiophene(2,6-DTEBDT),with high-mobility and strong fluorescence emission.The two compounds show the maximum mobilities up to 0.25 and 0.06 cm^(2) V^(-1) s^(-1),the photoluminescence quantum yields(PLQYs)of 51% and 45%,and the small binding energies down to 55.13 and 58.79 meV.The excellent electrical and optical properties ensured the application of 4,8-DTEBDT and 2,6-DTEBDT single crystals in ultrasensitive UV phototransistors,achieving high photoresponsivity of 9.60×105 and 6.43×10^(4) AW^(-1),and detectivity exceeding 5.68×10^(17) and 2.99×10^(16) Jones.展开更多
Cystic fibrosis(CF)is a rare autosomal recessive disease with only one pathogenic gene cystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance regulator(CFTR).To identify the potential pathogenic mutations in a Chinese patient with...Cystic fibrosis(CF)is a rare autosomal recessive disease with only one pathogenic gene cystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance regulator(CFTR).To identify the potential pathogenic mutations in a Chinese patient with CF,we conducted Sanger sequencing on the genomic DNA of the patient and his parents and detected all 27 coding exons of CFTR and their flanking intronic regions.The patient is a compound heterozygote of c.2909G>A,p.Gly970Asp in exon 18 and c.1210-3C>G in cis with a poly-T of 5T(T5)sequence,3 bp upstream in intron 9.The splicing effect of c.1210-3C>G was verified via minigene assay in vitro,indicating that wild-type plasmid containing c.1210-3C together with T7 sequence produced a normal transcript and partial exon 10-skipping-transcript,whereas mutant plasmid containing c.1210-3G in cis with T5 sequence caused almost all mRNA to skip exon 10.Overall,c.1210-3C>G,the newly identified pathogenic mutation in our patient,in combination with T5 sequence in cis,affects the CFTR gene splicing and produces nearly no normal transcript in vitro.Moreover,this patient carries a p.Gly970Asp mutation,thus confirming the high-frequency of this mutation in Chinese patients with CF.展开更多
A peer-to-peer hierarchical replica location mechanism(PRLM)was designed for data grids to provide better load balancing capability and scalability.Global replica indexes of the PRLM are organized based on even distri...A peer-to-peer hierarchical replica location mechanism(PRLM)was designed for data grids to provide better load balancing capability and scalability.Global replica indexes of the PRLM are organized based on even distributed Chord(ED-Chord)structure.The locality can optimize queries on local replica indexes of virtual organizations.ED-Chord protocol collects the node identifiers information using a distributed method and assigns optimal identifiers for new nodes to make them more uniformly distributed in the entire identifier space.Theoretical analysis and simulations show that PRLM provides good performance,scalability and load balanc-ing capability for replica location in data grids.展开更多
基金supported by the Natural Science Foundation of China (no. 11574111)the Natural Science Foundation of Jilin Province (no. 20160101303JC)+2 种基金supported by the 973 Program (2014CB643506)the Natural Science Foundation of China (no. 21221063)the Program for Chang Jiang Scholars and Innovative Research Team in University (no. IRT101713018)
文摘Electron transport layers （ETLs） in perovskite solar cells （PSCs） are a key factor to determine the photo- voltaic performance. Herein, we demonstrate preparation of ZnO/ZnS core-shell composites through di- rectly synthesizing ZnS on the ZnO nanoparticles in solution. We confirmed the formation of ZnO/ZnS core-shell composites by the uses of X-ray diffraction patterns and the Fourier transform infrared spec- troscopy. ZnO/ZnS composites exhibit much homogeneous surface morphology as compared with the bare ZnO as revealed in the scanning electronic microscopy. Moreover, the upper shift of conduction band level upon composition of the ZnO/ZnS film results in a better alignment of energy level, which facilitates cas- cade charge extraction and thus improves the current density of perovskite solar cell. The shift of conduc- tion band also improves the voltage of the PSCs. The photoluminescence （PL） spectroscopies measured in both steady and transient states were carried out to characterize the charge extraction at the interface between CH_3NH_3Pbl_3 and the electron transport layers of either ZnO or ZnO/ZnS composite. The ZnO/ZnS composite can more efficiently quench the PL signal of perovskite absorber than bare ZnO resulting in enhanced photocurrent generation in PSCs.
文摘CD38 is a versatile, ubiquitously expressed protein that was identified as a multifunctional enzyme. Recently, cumulating evidence has suggested that CD38 is involved in autophagy, which is an evolutionarily conserved lysosomal degradation and recycling system. Acting as a enzyme, CD38 utilizes nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate (NADP) to synthesize nicotinic acid adenine dinucleotide phosphate (NAADP), which acts as a key messenger for Ca2+-mobilizing in lysosome by targeting two-pore channels (TPCs) or transient receptor potential mucolipins (TRPMLs). Multiple studies have indicated that CD38 is involved in autophagy by modulating intracellular Ca2+ signaling. However, the control of autophagy by CD38 signaling is the subject of two contrary views. The autophagosomes trafficking and fusion with lysosomes to form autolysosomes are crucial steps in autophagy. On the one hand, the avail-able evidence indicates that lysosome trafficking and fusion to autophagosomes is positively modulated by CD38. On the other hand, overexpression of TPC2, which is positively modulated by CD38, was shown to promote the accumulation of autophagosomes, thus suppress autophagy. This review will reveal the interesting contrary dual roles of CD38 in autophagy, and critical insight into the molecular mechanisms of CD38 in autophagy regulation.
基金funded by Qin Chuang Yuan Talent Project in Shaanxi Province,China(QCYRCXM-2022-274).
文摘This article reviews the anti-penetration principles and strengthening mechanisms of metal materials,ranging from macroscopic failure modes to microscopic structural characteristics,and further summarizes the micro-macro correlation in the anti-penetration process.Finally,it outlines the constitutive models and numerical simulation studies utilized in the field of impact and penetration.From the macro perspective,nine frequent penetration failure modes of metal materials are summarized,with a focus on the analysis of the cratering,compression shear,penetration,and plugging stages of the penetration process.The reasons for the formation of adiabatic shear bands(ASBs)in metal materials with different crystal structures are elaborated,and the formation mechanism of the equiaxed grains in the ASB is explored.Both the strength and the toughness of metal materials are related to the materials’crystal structures and microstructures.The toughness is mainly influenced by the deformation mechanism,while the strength is explained by the strengthening mechanism.Therefore,the mechanical properties of metal materials depend on their microstructures,which are subject to the manufacturing process and material composition.Regarding numerical simulation,the advantages and disadvantages of different constitutive models and simulation methods are summarized based on the application characteristics of metal materials in high-speed penetration practice.In summary,this article provides a systematic overview of the macroscopic and microscopic characteristics of metal materials,along with their mechanisms and correlation during the anti-penetration and impact-resistance processes,thereby making an important contribution to the scientific understanding of anti-penetration performance and its optimization in metal materials.
文摘Organic single crystals(OSCs)offer a unique combination of both individual and collective properties of the employed molecules,but it remains highly challenging to achieve OSCs with both high mobilities and strong fluorescence emissions for their potential applications in multifunctional optoelectronics.Herein,we demonstrate the design and synthesis of two novel triphenylamine-functionalized thienoacenes-based organic semiconductors,4,8-distriphenylamineethynylbenzo[1,2-b:4,5-b′]dithiophene(4,8-DTEBDT)and 2,6-distriphenylamineethynylbenzo[1,2-b:4,5-b′]dithiophene(2,6-DTEBDT),with high-mobility and strong fluorescence emission.The two compounds show the maximum mobilities up to 0.25 and 0.06 cm^(2) V^(-1) s^(-1),the photoluminescence quantum yields(PLQYs)of 51% and 45%,and the small binding energies down to 55.13 and 58.79 meV.The excellent electrical and optical properties ensured the application of 4,8-DTEBDT and 2,6-DTEBDT single crystals in ultrasensitive UV phototransistors,achieving high photoresponsivity of 9.60×105 and 6.43×10^(4) AW^(-1),and detectivity exceeding 5.68×10^(17) and 2.99×10^(16) Jones.
基金supported by the National Key Research and Development Program of China(No.2016YFC0901502 to Kai-Feng Xu,No.2016YFC0905100 to Xue Zhang,No.2017YFC1001201 to Yaping Liu)the National Natural Science Foundation of China(NSFC)(Nos.81788101,81230015 to Xue Zhang,No.31271345 to Yaping Liu)+1 种基金the CAMS Initiative for Medical Sciences(CIFMS)(No.2016-I2M-1-002 to Xue Zhang,Yaping LiuNo.2018-I2M-1-003 to Xinlun Tian,No.2017-I2M-2-001 to Kai-Feng Xu).
文摘Cystic fibrosis(CF)is a rare autosomal recessive disease with only one pathogenic gene cystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance regulator(CFTR).To identify the potential pathogenic mutations in a Chinese patient with CF,we conducted Sanger sequencing on the genomic DNA of the patient and his parents and detected all 27 coding exons of CFTR and their flanking intronic regions.The patient is a compound heterozygote of c.2909G>A,p.Gly970Asp in exon 18 and c.1210-3C>G in cis with a poly-T of 5T(T5)sequence,3 bp upstream in intron 9.The splicing effect of c.1210-3C>G was verified via minigene assay in vitro,indicating that wild-type plasmid containing c.1210-3C together with T7 sequence produced a normal transcript and partial exon 10-skipping-transcript,whereas mutant plasmid containing c.1210-3G in cis with T5 sequence caused almost all mRNA to skip exon 10.Overall,c.1210-3C>G,the newly identified pathogenic mutation in our patient,in combination with T5 sequence in cis,affects the CFTR gene splicing and produces nearly no normal transcript in vitro.Moreover,this patient carries a p.Gly970Asp mutation,thus confirming the high-frequency of this mutation in Chinese patients with CF.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (Grant No.90412012).
文摘A peer-to-peer hierarchical replica location mechanism(PRLM)was designed for data grids to provide better load balancing capability and scalability.Global replica indexes of the PRLM are organized based on even distributed Chord(ED-Chord)structure.The locality can optimize queries on local replica indexes of virtual organizations.ED-Chord protocol collects the node identifiers information using a distributed method and assigns optimal identifiers for new nodes to make them more uniformly distributed in the entire identifier space.Theoretical analysis and simulations show that PRLM provides good performance,scalability and load balanc-ing capability for replica location in data grids.
