AIM:To estimate the cost-benefit of endoscopic screening strategies of esophageal cancer(EC)in high-risk areas of China. METHODS:Markov model-based analyses were conducted to compare the net present values(NPVs)and th...AIM:To estimate the cost-benefit of endoscopic screening strategies of esophageal cancer(EC)in high-risk areas of China. METHODS:Markov model-based analyses were conducted to compare the net present values(NPVs)and the benefit-cost ratios(BCRs)of 12 EC endoscopic screening strategies.Strategies varied according to the targeted screening age,screening frequencies,and follow-up intervals.Model parameters were collected from population-based studies in China,published literatures,and surveillance data. RESULTS:Compared with non-screening outcomes,all strategies with hypothetical 100 000 subjects saved life years.Among five dominant strategies determined by the incremental cost-effectiveness analysis,screening once at age 50 years incurred the lowest NPV(international dollar-I$55 million)and BCR(2.52).Screening six times between 40-70 years at a 5-year interval[i.e., six times(40)f-strategy]yielded the highest NPV(I$99 million)and BCR(3.06).Compared with six times(40)fstrategy,screening thrice between 40-70 years at a 10-year interval resulted in relatively lower NPV,but the same BCR. CONCLUSION:EC endoscopic screening is cost-beneficial in high-risk areas of China.Policy-makers should consider the cost-benefit,population acceptance,and local economic status when choosing suitable screening strategies.展开更多
AIM:To evaluate the contribution of alcohol dehydrogenase-1B(ADH1B)and aldehyde dehydrogenase-2 (ALDH2)polymorphisms to the risk of esophageal cancer.METHODS:Nineteen articles were included by searching MEDLINE,EMBASE...AIM:To evaluate the contribution of alcohol dehydrogenase-1B(ADH1B)and aldehyde dehydrogenase-2 (ALDH2)polymorphisms to the risk of esophageal cancer.METHODS:Nineteen articles were included by searching MEDLINE,EMBASE and the Chinese Biomedical Database,13 on ADH1B and 18 on ALDH2.We performed a meta-analysis of case-control studies including 13 studies on ADH1B(cases/controls:2390/7100)and 18 studies on ALDH2(2631/6030).RESULTS:The crude odds ratio[OR(95%confidence interval)]was 2.91(2.04-4.14)for ADH1B*1/*1(vs ADH1B*2/*2)and 1.32(1.17-1.49)for ADH1B*1/*2.The crude OR for ALDH2*1/*2(vs ALDH2*1/*1)was 2.52(1.76-3.61).ADH1B*1/*1 increased the risk of esophageal cancer among never/rare[1.56(0.93-2.61)],moderate[2.71(1.37-5.35)],and heavy drinkers[3.22 (2.27-4.57)].ADH1B*1/*2 was associated with a modest risk among moderate drinkers[1.43(1.09-1.87)].ALDH2*1/*2 increased the risk among never/rare[1.28 (0.91-1.80)],moderate[3.12(1.95-5.01)],and heavy [7.12(4.67-10.86)]drinkers,and among ex-drinkers [5.64(1.57-20.25)].ALDH2*2/*2 increased the risk among drinkers[4.42(1.72-11.36)].ADH1B*1/*1 plus ALDH2*1/*2 was associated with the highest risk for heavy drinkers[12.45(2.9-53.46)].The results of the meta-regression analysis showed that the effects of ADH1B*1/*1 and ALDH2*1/*2 increased with the level of alcohol consumption.ALDH2*1/*2 was associated with a high risk among Taiwan Chinese and Japanese drinkers,as opposed to a moderate risk among drinkers in high-incidence regions of China's Mainland.ADH1B*1/*1 in heavy drinkers and ALDH2*1/*2 in moderate-toheavy drinkers was associated with similarly high risk among both men and women.CONCLUSION:ADH1B/ALDH2 genotypes affect the risk of esophageal cancer,and the risk is modified by alcohol consumption,ethnicity,and gender.展开更多
One experiment was conducted to determine the nutritive value of cholesterol for post-larval shrimp, Litopenaeus vannamei. Four isoenergetic and isonitrogenous diets supplemented with four levels of cholesterol (D1, D...One experiment was conducted to determine the nutritive value of cholesterol for post-larval shrimp, Litopenaeus vannamei. Four isoenergetic and isonitrogenous diets supplemented with four levels of cholesterol (D1, D2, D3 and D4 with 0, 0.5%, 1% and 2% cholesterol, respectively) were fed to triplicate groups of L. vannamei shrimp (mean initial wet weight 0.8 mg) for 27 days. After the trial, shrimp fed the D1 diet had the best growth performance (final body weights: FBW; weight gain: WG; specific growth rate: SGR), while there was no significant difference between diet treatments with respect to survival. The whole body crude protein level in the shrimp decreased with the increase in dietary cholesterol levels, while the whole body crude lipid level in shrimps in the D4 diet treatment was significantly higher (P < 0.05) than in other diet treatments. Dietary analysis indicated that the D1 diet contained 0.92% cholesterol prior to supplementation, which may have satisfied the dietary cholesterol requirement of post-larval L. vannamei; excess dietary cholesterol may thus lead to adverse effects on the growth performance of post-larval shrimp.展开更多
Recent studies on the role of carotenoids in aquaculture have investigated their function in regulating pigmentation,growth,survival,and immune activity of aquatic animals.These carotenoids include astaxanthin,canthax...Recent studies on the role of carotenoids in aquaculture have investigated their function in regulating pigmentation,growth,survival,and immune activity of aquatic animals.These carotenoids include astaxanthin,canthaxanthin,lutein,zeaxanthin,and tunaxanthin.Astaxanthin and canthaxanthin are the main synthetic carotenoids used world-wide in the aquaculture industry.They play an important role in protecting cells and organisms against photosensitized oxidations.Direct evidence of carotenoids functioning as antioxidants in vivo has been reported in animal models.In addition to their established biological effects as antioxidants,carotenoids appear to have a great variety of cellular actions that make them remarkable physiological modulators.Consequently,recent attention has been focused on improving our understanding of carotenoids on the physiology and metabolism in aquatic animals with a view to enhance the efficacy of astaxanthin as a carotenoid pigment.This review aims to summarize the function and research progress of carotenoids in aquaculture.We discuss the methods used to study the absorption,transport,metabolic transformation and deposition of carotenoids,and their spatial and temporal expression.展开更多
We demonstrate a novel flat-field,dual-optic imaging EUV—soft X-ray spectrometer and monochromator that attains an unprecedented throughput efficiency exceeding 60%by design,along with a superb spectral resolution of...We demonstrate a novel flat-field,dual-optic imaging EUV—soft X-ray spectrometer and monochromator that attains an unprecedented throughput efficiency exceeding 60%by design,along with a superb spectral resolution ofλ/Δλ>200 accomplished without employing variable line spacing gratings.Exploiting the benefits of the conical diffraction geometry,the optical system is globally optimized in multidimensional parameter space to guarantee optimal imaging performance over a broad spectral range while maintaining circular and elliptical polarization states at the first,second,and third diffraction orders.Moreover,our analysis indicates minimal temporal dispersion,with pulse broadening confined within 80 fs tail-to-tail and an FWHM value of 29 fs,which enables ultrafast spectroscopic and pump-probe studies with femtosecond accuracy.Furthermore,the spectrometer can be effortlessly transformed into a monochromator spanning the EUV—soft X-ray spectral region using a single grating with an aberration-free spatial profile.Such capability allows coherent diffractive imaging applications to be conducted with highly monochromatic light in a broad spectral range and extended to the soft X-ray region with minimal photon loss,thus facilitating state-of-the-art imaging of intricate nano-and bio-systems,with a significantly enhanced spatiotemporal resolution,down to the nanometer–femtosecond level.展开更多
基金Supported by The National Science and Technology Pillar Program of the 11th National Five-Year Plan of China,No. 2006BAI02A15
文摘AIM:To estimate the cost-benefit of endoscopic screening strategies of esophageal cancer(EC)in high-risk areas of China. METHODS:Markov model-based analyses were conducted to compare the net present values(NPVs)and the benefit-cost ratios(BCRs)of 12 EC endoscopic screening strategies.Strategies varied according to the targeted screening age,screening frequencies,and follow-up intervals.Model parameters were collected from population-based studies in China,published literatures,and surveillance data. RESULTS:Compared with non-screening outcomes,all strategies with hypothetical 100 000 subjects saved life years.Among five dominant strategies determined by the incremental cost-effectiveness analysis,screening once at age 50 years incurred the lowest NPV(international dollar-I$55 million)and BCR(2.52).Screening six times between 40-70 years at a 5-year interval[i.e., six times(40)f-strategy]yielded the highest NPV(I$99 million)and BCR(3.06).Compared with six times(40)fstrategy,screening thrice between 40-70 years at a 10-year interval resulted in relatively lower NPV,but the same BCR. CONCLUSION:EC endoscopic screening is cost-beneficial in high-risk areas of China.Policy-makers should consider the cost-benefit,population acceptance,and local economic status when choosing suitable screening strategies.
文摘AIM:To evaluate the contribution of alcohol dehydrogenase-1B(ADH1B)and aldehyde dehydrogenase-2 (ALDH2)polymorphisms to the risk of esophageal cancer.METHODS:Nineteen articles were included by searching MEDLINE,EMBASE and the Chinese Biomedical Database,13 on ADH1B and 18 on ALDH2.We performed a meta-analysis of case-control studies including 13 studies on ADH1B(cases/controls:2390/7100)and 18 studies on ALDH2(2631/6030).RESULTS:The crude odds ratio[OR(95%confidence interval)]was 2.91(2.04-4.14)for ADH1B*1/*1(vs ADH1B*2/*2)and 1.32(1.17-1.49)for ADH1B*1/*2.The crude OR for ALDH2*1/*2(vs ALDH2*1/*1)was 2.52(1.76-3.61).ADH1B*1/*1 increased the risk of esophageal cancer among never/rare[1.56(0.93-2.61)],moderate[2.71(1.37-5.35)],and heavy drinkers[3.22 (2.27-4.57)].ADH1B*1/*2 was associated with a modest risk among moderate drinkers[1.43(1.09-1.87)].ALDH2*1/*2 increased the risk among never/rare[1.28 (0.91-1.80)],moderate[3.12(1.95-5.01)],and heavy [7.12(4.67-10.86)]drinkers,and among ex-drinkers [5.64(1.57-20.25)].ALDH2*2/*2 increased the risk among drinkers[4.42(1.72-11.36)].ADH1B*1/*1 plus ALDH2*1/*2 was associated with the highest risk for heavy drinkers[12.45(2.9-53.46)].The results of the meta-regression analysis showed that the effects of ADH1B*1/*1 and ALDH2*1/*2 increased with the level of alcohol consumption.ALDH2*1/*2 was associated with a high risk among Taiwan Chinese and Japanese drinkers,as opposed to a moderate risk among drinkers in high-incidence regions of China's Mainland.ADH1B*1/*1 in heavy drinkers and ALDH2*1/*2 in moderate-toheavy drinkers was associated with similarly high risk among both men and women.CONCLUSION:ADH1B/ALDH2 genotypes affect the risk of esophageal cancer,and the risk is modified by alcohol consumption,ethnicity,and gender.
基金supported by Fund of National Modern Industrial Technology System of Shrimp (nycytx-46)Special Scientific Research Funds for Central Non-profit Institutes, South China Sea Fisheries Research Institute,Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences (2009TS29, 2010YD02, 2010TS04 and 2011YD01)+2 种基金 the Project of Science and Technology of Guangdong Province(2011A020202007)the Project of Key Science and Technology of Hainan Province (ZDXM20100028)the State 863 Project (2012AA10A409)
文摘One experiment was conducted to determine the nutritive value of cholesterol for post-larval shrimp, Litopenaeus vannamei. Four isoenergetic and isonitrogenous diets supplemented with four levels of cholesterol (D1, D2, D3 and D4 with 0, 0.5%, 1% and 2% cholesterol, respectively) were fed to triplicate groups of L. vannamei shrimp (mean initial wet weight 0.8 mg) for 27 days. After the trial, shrimp fed the D1 diet had the best growth performance (final body weights: FBW; weight gain: WG; specific growth rate: SGR), while there was no significant difference between diet treatments with respect to survival. The whole body crude protein level in the shrimp decreased with the increase in dietary cholesterol levels, while the whole body crude lipid level in shrimps in the D4 diet treatment was significantly higher (P < 0.05) than in other diet treatments. Dietary analysis indicated that the D1 diet contained 0.92% cholesterol prior to supplementation, which may have satisfied the dietary cholesterol requirement of post-larval L. vannamei; excess dietary cholesterol may thus lead to adverse effects on the growth performance of post-larval shrimp.
基金supported by China Scholarship Council’s Postgraduate Program(National High Lev-el University Construction)the Central Institute of Public Welfare Project ( No .2009TS29 and No .2010YD02)the Key Lab of Freshwater Ecologyand Healthy Aquaculture, CAFS ( No .2010FEA03007)
文摘Recent studies on the role of carotenoids in aquaculture have investigated their function in regulating pigmentation,growth,survival,and immune activity of aquatic animals.These carotenoids include astaxanthin,canthaxanthin,lutein,zeaxanthin,and tunaxanthin.Astaxanthin and canthaxanthin are the main synthetic carotenoids used world-wide in the aquaculture industry.They play an important role in protecting cells and organisms against photosensitized oxidations.Direct evidence of carotenoids functioning as antioxidants in vivo has been reported in animal models.In addition to their established biological effects as antioxidants,carotenoids appear to have a great variety of cellular actions that make them remarkable physiological modulators.Consequently,recent attention has been focused on improving our understanding of carotenoids on the physiology and metabolism in aquatic animals with a view to enhance the efficacy of astaxanthin as a carotenoid pigment.This review aims to summarize the function and research progress of carotenoids in aquaculture.We discuss the methods used to study the absorption,transport,metabolic transformation and deposition of carotenoids,and their spatial and temporal expression.
基金funding from the National Key Research and Development Program of China(2021YFB3602600)the Chinese Academy of Sciences(CAS)(GJJSTD20200009)(2018-131-S)+3 种基金the National Natural Science Foundation of China(NSFC)(62121003)(10010108B1339-2451)the Beijing Municipal Science&Technology Commission(Z221100006722008)T.P.gratefully acknowledges funding from the European Research Council(ERC)(grant agreement XSTREAM-716950)the Alfred P.Sloan Foundation(FG-2018-10892)。
文摘We demonstrate a novel flat-field,dual-optic imaging EUV—soft X-ray spectrometer and monochromator that attains an unprecedented throughput efficiency exceeding 60%by design,along with a superb spectral resolution ofλ/Δλ>200 accomplished without employing variable line spacing gratings.Exploiting the benefits of the conical diffraction geometry,the optical system is globally optimized in multidimensional parameter space to guarantee optimal imaging performance over a broad spectral range while maintaining circular and elliptical polarization states at the first,second,and third diffraction orders.Moreover,our analysis indicates minimal temporal dispersion,with pulse broadening confined within 80 fs tail-to-tail and an FWHM value of 29 fs,which enables ultrafast spectroscopic and pump-probe studies with femtosecond accuracy.Furthermore,the spectrometer can be effortlessly transformed into a monochromator spanning the EUV—soft X-ray spectral region using a single grating with an aberration-free spatial profile.Such capability allows coherent diffractive imaging applications to be conducted with highly monochromatic light in a broad spectral range and extended to the soft X-ray region with minimal photon loss,thus facilitating state-of-the-art imaging of intricate nano-and bio-systems,with a significantly enhanced spatiotemporal resolution,down to the nanometer–femtosecond level.
