Recently,azobenzene-4,4'-dicarboxylic acid(ADCA)has been produced gradually for use as an organic synthesis or pharmaceutical intermediate due to its eminent performance.With large quantities put into application ...Recently,azobenzene-4,4'-dicarboxylic acid(ADCA)has been produced gradually for use as an organic synthesis or pharmaceutical intermediate due to its eminent performance.With large quantities put into application in the future,the thermal stability of this substance during storage,transportation,and use will become quite important.Thus,in this work,the thermal decomposition behavior,thermal decomposition kinetics,and thermal hazard of ADCA were investigated.Experiments were conducted by using a SENSYS evo DSC device.A combination of differential iso-conversion method,compensation parameter method,and nonlinear fitting evaluation were also used to analyze thermal kinetics and mechanism of ADCA decomposition.The results show that when conversion rate α increases,the activation energies of ADCA's first and main decomposition peaks fall.The amount of heat released during decomposition varies between 182.46 and 231.16 J·g^(-1).The proposed kinetic equation is based on the Avrami-Erofeev model,which is consistent with the decomposition progress.Applying the Frank-Kamenetskii model,a calculated self-accelerating decomposition temperature of 287.0℃is obtained.展开更多
The H9N2 subtype avian influenza virus(AIV)inactivated vaccine has been used extensively in poultry farms,but it often fails to stimulate a sufficiently high immune response in poultry in the field,although it works w...The H9N2 subtype avian influenza virus(AIV)inactivated vaccine has been used extensively in poultry farms,but it often fails to stimulate a sufficiently high immune response in poultry in the field,although it works well in laboratory experiments;hence,the virus still causes economic damage every year and poses a potential threat to public health.Based on surveillance data collected in the field,we found that broilers with high levels of maternal-derived antibodies(MDAs)against H9N2 virus did not produce high levels of antibodies after vaccination with a commercial H9N2 inactivated vaccine.In contrast,specific pathogen-free(SPF)chickens without MDAs responded efficiently to that vaccination.When MDAs were mimicked by administering passively transferred antibodies(PTAs)into SPF chickens in the laboratory,similar results were observed:H9N2-specific PTAs inhibited humoral immunity against the H9N2 inactivated vaccine,suggesting that H9N2-specific MDAs might hinder the generation of antibodies when H9N2 inactivated vaccine was used.After challenge with homologous H9N2 virus,the virus was detected in oropharyngeal swabs of the vaccinated and unvaccinated chickens with PTAs but not in the vaccinated chickens without PTAs,indicating that H9N2-specific MDAs were indeed one of the reasons for H9N2 inactivated vaccine failure in the field.When different titers of PTAs were used to mimic MDAs in SPF chickens,high(HI=12 log2)and medium(HI=log 9 log2)titers of PTAs reduced the generation of H9N2-specific antibodies after the first vaccination,but a booster dose would induce a high and faster humoral immune response even of PTA interference.This study strongly suggested that high or medium titers of MDAs might explain H9N2 inactivated vaccine failure in the field.展开更多
Macroaggregate organic carbon(Macro-OC)accumulation in paddy soils is of great significance in promoting multiple agroecosystem services.However,the effects of different fertilization practices on Macro-OC accumulatio...Macroaggregate organic carbon(Macro-OC)accumulation in paddy soils is of great significance in promoting multiple agroecosystem services.However,the effects of different fertilization practices on Macro-OC accumulation in paddy soils at the regional scale have not been comprehensively investigated.Here,we conducted long-term fertilization field experiments at four sites,Taoyuan,Wangcheng,Jinxian,and Suzhou,in the subtropical area of China to reveal the effects of inorganic and organic-inorganic(OIF)fertilization on Macro-OC accumulation and its relationships with important microbial traits(the abundance ratio of GH48:cbhI genes and the richness of keystone bacterial taxa)in paddy soils.The results showed that long-term fertilization(particularly OIF)significantly increased the content of Macro-OC,which mainly consisted of particulate organic carbon(C).Organic-inorganic fertilization decreased the percentage of O-alkyl C but increased the percentages of alkyl,aromatic,and phenolic C.Organic-inorganic fertilization promoted the abundance of the bacterial cellulose-degrading gene GH48 retrieved from macroaggregates.The orders Anaerolineales,Bacillales,and Clostridiales were identified as keystone bacterial taxa in macroaggregates and were significantly correlated with the physical fraction and chemical structure of Macro-OC.Structural equation modeling revealed that fertilization-induced changes in soil pH and C:N ratio affected the richness of Anaerolineales,Bacillales,and Clostridiales,which was strongly associated with the increase of percentages of aromatic and phenolic C and further facilitated Macro-OC accumulation.Together,these results suggested that OIF promoted Macro-OC accumulation associated with key bacterial populations in paddy soils.The results provide an important basis for boosting soil C accrual in the subtropical rice-growing areas.展开更多
Background and Aims:Hepatitis B virus(HBV)infection is a major risk factor for cirrhosis and liver cancer,and its treatment continues to be difficult.We previously demonstrated that a dopamine analog inhibited the pac...Background and Aims:Hepatitis B virus(HBV)infection is a major risk factor for cirrhosis and liver cancer,and its treatment continues to be difficult.We previously demonstrated that a dopamine analog inhibited the packaging of pregenomic RNA into capsids.The present study aimed to determine the effect of dopamine on the expressions of hepatitis B virus surface and e antigens(HBsAg and HBeAg,respectively)and to elucidate the underlying mechanism.Methods:We used dopamine-treated HBVinfected HepG2.2.15 and NTCP-G2 cells to monitor HBsAg and HBeAg expression levels.We analyzed interferon-stimulated gene 15(ISG15)expression in dopamine-treated cells.We knocked down ISG15 and then monitored HBsAg and HBeAg expression levels.We analyzed the expression of Janus kinase(JAK)/signal transducer and activator of transcription(STAT)pathway factors in dopamine-treated cells.We used dopamine hydrochloride-treated adeno-associated virus/HBV-infected mouse model to evaluate HBV DNA,HBsAg,and HBeAg expression.HBV virus was collected from HepAD38.7 cell culture medium.Results:Dopamine inhibited HBsAg and HBeAg expression and upregulated ISG15 expression in HepG2.2.15 and HepG2-NTCP cell lines.ISG15 knockdown increased HBsAg and HBeAg expression in HepG2.2.15 cells.Dopamine-treated cells activated the JAK/STAT pathway,which upregulated ISG15 expression.In the adeno-associated virus-HBV murine infection model,dopamine downregulated HBsAg and HBeAg expression and activated the JAK-STAT/ISG15 axis.Conclusions:Dopamine inhibits the expression of HBsAg and HBeAg by activating the JAK/STAT pathway and upregulating ISG15 expression.展开更多
What is already known about this topic?Acquired immunodeficiency syndrome(AIDS)represents a significant public health challenge globally,not only inflicting harm on the health of individuals but also placing a conside...What is already known about this topic?Acquired immunodeficiency syndrome(AIDS)represents a significant public health challenge globally,not only inflicting harm on the health of individuals but also placing a considerable economic strain on society.What is added by this report?This study represents the inaugural report on the potential reduction in economic burden attributable to human immunodeficiency virus(HIV)prevention strategies in Tianjin.Between 2011 and 2022,it is estimated that effective measures could prevent 2,965 new HIV infections and avert 658 deaths,resulting in an economic benefit of approximately 14.437 billion Chinese Yuan.What are the implications for public health practice?The findings of this study offer valuable evidence to inform the development of localized HIV prevention and control strategies,as well as to guide public health policymaking.展开更多
Lithium niobate(LiNbO_(3),LN)channel and ridge waveguides have been successfully fabricated by He ion implantation,which has energy of 500 keV and fluence of 1.5×10^(16)ions/cm^(2) and is combined with lithograph...Lithium niobate(LiNbO_(3),LN)channel and ridge waveguides have been successfully fabricated by He ion implantation,which has energy of 500 keV and fluence of 1.5×10^(16)ions/cm^(2) and is combined with lithography and the precise diamond dicing technique.The refractive index profile of the annealed LN planar waveguide was reconstructed.The propagation loss of the channel waveguide with a width of 10μm and that of the ridge waveguides with widths of 25μm and 15μm were investigated by the end-face coupling method.In our work,the factors that affect the waveguide properties of channel and ridge waveguides were revealed.展开更多
We report on the fabrication and optimization of lithium niobate planar and ridge waveguides at the wavelength of 633 nm.To obtain a planar waveguide, oxygen ions with an energy of 3.0 Me V and a fluence of 1.5 ×...We report on the fabrication and optimization of lithium niobate planar and ridge waveguides at the wavelength of 633 nm.To obtain a planar waveguide, oxygen ions with an energy of 3.0 Me V and a fluence of 1.5 × 10^(15) ions=cm^(2) are implanted in the polished face of Li Nb O_(3) crystals. For planar waveguides, a loss of 0.5 d B/cm is obtained after annealing at 300°C for30 min. The ridge waveguide is fabricated by the diamond blade dicing method on optimized planar waveguides. The guiding properties are investigated by prism coupling and end-face coupling methods.展开更多
The research of multiple negotiations considering issue interdependence across negotiations is considered as a complex research topic in agent negotiation. In the multiple negotiations scenario, an agent conducts mult...The research of multiple negotiations considering issue interdependence across negotiations is considered as a complex research topic in agent negotiation. In the multiple negotiations scenario, an agent conducts multiple negotiations with opponents for different negotiation goals, and issues in a single negotiation might be interdependent with issues in other negotiations. Moreover, the utility functions involved in multiple negotiations might be nonlinear, e.g., the issues involved in multiple negotiations are discrete. Considering this research problem, the current work may not well handle multiple interdependent negotiations with complex utility functions, where issues involved in utility functions are discrete. Regarding utility functions involving discrete issues, an agent may not find an offer exactly satisfying its expected utility during the negotiation process. Furthermore, as sub-offers on issues in every single negotiation might be restricted by the interdependence relationships with issues in other negotiations, it is even harder for the agent to find an offer satisfying the expected utility and all involved issue interdependence at the same time, leading to a high failure rate of processing multiple negotiations as a final outcome. To resolve this challenge, this paper presents a negotiation model for multiple negotiations, where interdependence exists between discrete issues across multiple negotiations. By introducing the formal definition of “interdependence between discrete issues across negotiations”, the proposed negotiation model applies the multiple alternating offers protocol, the clustered negotiation procedure and the proposed negotiation strategy to handle multiple interdependent negotiations with discrete issues. In the proposed strategy, the “tolerance value” is introduced as an agent’s consideration to balance between the overall negotiation goal and the negotiation outcomes. The experimental results show that, 1) the proposed model well handles the multiple negotiations with interdependence between discrete issues, 2) the proposed approach is able to help agents in the decision-making process of proposing acceptable offers, 3) an agent can choose a proper “tolerance value” to balance between the success rate of multiple negotiations and its expected utility.展开更多
We estimate the willingness to pay （WTP） of Beijing and Shanghai residents for improving the air quality of the two cities from their levels prior to the 2008 Beijing Olympic Games to the level achieved during the O...We estimate the willingness to pay （WTP） of Beijing and Shanghai residents for improving the air quality of the two cities from their levels prior to the 2008 Beijing Olympic Games to the level achieved during the Olympics. The data are obtained from a contingent valuation study conducted through face-to-face interviews in June 2008 in Beijing and Shanghai prior to the Beijing Olympics, during which time there was intensive debate about Beijing＇s air quality. Residents in both cities are willing to pay more when they are more exposed to air pollution, when their disposable income increases, and when they have stronger beliefs that public opinion plays an important role in government policy making. Beijing residents are willing to pay more than Shanghai residents, due possibly to Beijing＇s poorer air quality. Overall, aggregate WTP for air quality improvement accounts for about 0.53% of the 2008 GDP in Beijing and 0.22% of the 2008 GDP in Shanghai.展开更多
Environmental degradation poses perhaps the greatest challenge to present day China as it continues to improve the living standard and general welfare of its citizens. According to a recent Pew Research Center survey ...Environmental degradation poses perhaps the greatest challenge to present day China as it continues to improve the living standard and general welfare of its citizens. According to a recent Pew Research Center survey （Pew Research Center, 2013）, air pollution and water pollution are among the top five public concems in China, coming after inflation, inequality and corruption. Water pollution is also among the top five issues for which the public concern has increased the most during the past five years, coming after food safety, medicine and manufactured goods, and old age insurance. Yet, despite public concerns and increased abatement expenditures, major pollution levels have been increasing rather than decreasing. For many days during 2013, large parts of eastern China have suffered from blanketing thick smog caused by PM2.5 pollution, with airports and freeways shut down and schools closed.展开更多
基金supported by National Natural Science Foundation of China(51974166).
文摘Recently,azobenzene-4,4'-dicarboxylic acid(ADCA)has been produced gradually for use as an organic synthesis or pharmaceutical intermediate due to its eminent performance.With large quantities put into application in the future,the thermal stability of this substance during storage,transportation,and use will become quite important.Thus,in this work,the thermal decomposition behavior,thermal decomposition kinetics,and thermal hazard of ADCA were investigated.Experiments were conducted by using a SENSYS evo DSC device.A combination of differential iso-conversion method,compensation parameter method,and nonlinear fitting evaluation were also used to analyze thermal kinetics and mechanism of ADCA decomposition.The results show that when conversion rate α increases,the activation energies of ADCA's first and main decomposition peaks fall.The amount of heat released during decomposition varies between 182.46 and 231.16 J·g^(-1).The proposed kinetic equation is based on the Avrami-Erofeev model,which is consistent with the decomposition progress.Applying the Frank-Kamenetskii model,a calculated self-accelerating decomposition temperature of 287.0℃is obtained.
基金This study was supported by grants from the National Key Research and Development Plan(Nos.2016YFD0500204 and 2017YFD0500800)National Natural Science Foundation of China(Nos.31772753,31572543,31700136 and 31702237)+1 种基金Shanghai Municipal Natural Science Foundation(No.17ZR1437400)the Project of the Shanghai Science and Technology Commission(No.17391901700).
文摘The H9N2 subtype avian influenza virus(AIV)inactivated vaccine has been used extensively in poultry farms,but it often fails to stimulate a sufficiently high immune response in poultry in the field,although it works well in laboratory experiments;hence,the virus still causes economic damage every year and poses a potential threat to public health.Based on surveillance data collected in the field,we found that broilers with high levels of maternal-derived antibodies(MDAs)against H9N2 virus did not produce high levels of antibodies after vaccination with a commercial H9N2 inactivated vaccine.In contrast,specific pathogen-free(SPF)chickens without MDAs responded efficiently to that vaccination.When MDAs were mimicked by administering passively transferred antibodies(PTAs)into SPF chickens in the laboratory,similar results were observed:H9N2-specific PTAs inhibited humoral immunity against the H9N2 inactivated vaccine,suggesting that H9N2-specific MDAs might hinder the generation of antibodies when H9N2 inactivated vaccine was used.After challenge with homologous H9N2 virus,the virus was detected in oropharyngeal swabs of the vaccinated and unvaccinated chickens with PTAs but not in the vaccinated chickens without PTAs,indicating that H9N2-specific MDAs were indeed one of the reasons for H9N2 inactivated vaccine failure in the field.When different titers of PTAs were used to mimic MDAs in SPF chickens,high(HI=12 log2)and medium(HI=log 9 log2)titers of PTAs reduced the generation of H9N2-specific antibodies after the first vaccination,but a booster dose would induce a high and faster humoral immune response even of PTA interference.This study strongly suggested that high or medium titers of MDAs might explain H9N2 inactivated vaccine failure in the field.
基金supported by the National Key R&D Program of China(Nos.2022YFD1500401 and 2022YFD1500203)the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Nos.42177332 and 41967002)+1 种基金the Strategic Priority Research Program of Chinese Academy of Sciences(Nos.XDA24020104 and XDA28020203)the China Agriculture Research System(Nos.CARS-03-15 and CARS-52)。
文摘Macroaggregate organic carbon(Macro-OC)accumulation in paddy soils is of great significance in promoting multiple agroecosystem services.However,the effects of different fertilization practices on Macro-OC accumulation in paddy soils at the regional scale have not been comprehensively investigated.Here,we conducted long-term fertilization field experiments at four sites,Taoyuan,Wangcheng,Jinxian,and Suzhou,in the subtropical area of China to reveal the effects of inorganic and organic-inorganic(OIF)fertilization on Macro-OC accumulation and its relationships with important microbial traits(the abundance ratio of GH48:cbhI genes and the richness of keystone bacterial taxa)in paddy soils.The results showed that long-term fertilization(particularly OIF)significantly increased the content of Macro-OC,which mainly consisted of particulate organic carbon(C).Organic-inorganic fertilization decreased the percentage of O-alkyl C but increased the percentages of alkyl,aromatic,and phenolic C.Organic-inorganic fertilization promoted the abundance of the bacterial cellulose-degrading gene GH48 retrieved from macroaggregates.The orders Anaerolineales,Bacillales,and Clostridiales were identified as keystone bacterial taxa in macroaggregates and were significantly correlated with the physical fraction and chemical structure of Macro-OC.Structural equation modeling revealed that fertilization-induced changes in soil pH and C:N ratio affected the richness of Anaerolineales,Bacillales,and Clostridiales,which was strongly associated with the increase of percentages of aromatic and phenolic C and further facilitated Macro-OC accumulation.Together,these results suggested that OIF promoted Macro-OC accumulation associated with key bacterial populations in paddy soils.The results provide an important basis for boosting soil C accrual in the subtropical rice-growing areas.
基金supported by a grant from the National Natural Science Foundation of China(82170612)Guangzhou Science and Technology Program Key Projects(2023B01J1007)National Natural Science Foundation of China(No.81870597).
文摘Background and Aims:Hepatitis B virus(HBV)infection is a major risk factor for cirrhosis and liver cancer,and its treatment continues to be difficult.We previously demonstrated that a dopamine analog inhibited the packaging of pregenomic RNA into capsids.The present study aimed to determine the effect of dopamine on the expressions of hepatitis B virus surface and e antigens(HBsAg and HBeAg,respectively)and to elucidate the underlying mechanism.Methods:We used dopamine-treated HBVinfected HepG2.2.15 and NTCP-G2 cells to monitor HBsAg and HBeAg expression levels.We analyzed interferon-stimulated gene 15(ISG15)expression in dopamine-treated cells.We knocked down ISG15 and then monitored HBsAg and HBeAg expression levels.We analyzed the expression of Janus kinase(JAK)/signal transducer and activator of transcription(STAT)pathway factors in dopamine-treated cells.We used dopamine hydrochloride-treated adeno-associated virus/HBV-infected mouse model to evaluate HBV DNA,HBsAg,and HBeAg expression.HBV virus was collected from HepAD38.7 cell culture medium.Results:Dopamine inhibited HBsAg and HBeAg expression and upregulated ISG15 expression in HepG2.2.15 and HepG2-NTCP cell lines.ISG15 knockdown increased HBsAg and HBeAg expression in HepG2.2.15 cells.Dopamine-treated cells activated the JAK/STAT pathway,which upregulated ISG15 expression.In the adeno-associated virus-HBV murine infection model,dopamine downregulated HBsAg and HBeAg expression and activated the JAK-STAT/ISG15 axis.Conclusions:Dopamine inhibits the expression of HBsAg and HBeAg by activating the JAK/STAT pathway and upregulating ISG15 expression.
基金Supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China[No.72374153]Tianjin Health Research Project[No.ZC20022]+1 种基金Tianjin Medical Key Discipline Project[No.TJYXZDXK-050A]the Humanities and Social Science Fund of the Ministry of Education,China[No.20YJAZH021].
文摘What is already known about this topic?Acquired immunodeficiency syndrome(AIDS)represents a significant public health challenge globally,not only inflicting harm on the health of individuals but also placing a considerable economic strain on society.What is added by this report?This study represents the inaugural report on the potential reduction in economic burden attributable to human immunodeficiency virus(HIV)prevention strategies in Tianjin.Between 2011 and 2022,it is estimated that effective measures could prevent 2,965 new HIV infections and avert 658 deaths,resulting in an economic benefit of approximately 14.437 billion Chinese Yuan.What are the implications for public health practice?The findings of this study offer valuable evidence to inform the development of localized HIV prevention and control strategies,as well as to guide public health policymaking.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Nos.11805142,11205096,and 11874243)the Natural Science Foundation of Shandong Province(No.ZR2020QF086)。
文摘Lithium niobate(LiNbO_(3),LN)channel and ridge waveguides have been successfully fabricated by He ion implantation,which has energy of 500 keV and fluence of 1.5×10^(16)ions/cm^(2) and is combined with lithography and the precise diamond dicing technique.The refractive index profile of the annealed LN planar waveguide was reconstructed.The propagation loss of the channel waveguide with a width of 10μm and that of the ridge waveguides with widths of 25μm and 15μm were investigated by the end-face coupling method.In our work,the factors that affect the waveguide properties of channel and ridge waveguides were revealed.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Nos.11874243 and 11805142)the Natural Science Foundation of Shandong Province(No.ZR2017MA052)。
文摘We report on the fabrication and optimization of lithium niobate planar and ridge waveguides at the wavelength of 633 nm.To obtain a planar waveguide, oxygen ions with an energy of 3.0 Me V and a fluence of 1.5 × 10^(15) ions=cm^(2) are implanted in the polished face of Li Nb O_(3) crystals. For planar waveguides, a loss of 0.5 d B/cm is obtained after annealing at 300°C for30 min. The ridge waveguide is fabricated by the diamond blade dicing method on optimized planar waveguides. The guiding properties are investigated by prism coupling and end-face coupling methods.
基金This work has been supported in part by the National Natural Science Foundation of China under Grant No.62006090the Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities,CCNU under Grant No.3110120001.
文摘The research of multiple negotiations considering issue interdependence across negotiations is considered as a complex research topic in agent negotiation. In the multiple negotiations scenario, an agent conducts multiple negotiations with opponents for different negotiation goals, and issues in a single negotiation might be interdependent with issues in other negotiations. Moreover, the utility functions involved in multiple negotiations might be nonlinear, e.g., the issues involved in multiple negotiations are discrete. Considering this research problem, the current work may not well handle multiple interdependent negotiations with complex utility functions, where issues involved in utility functions are discrete. Regarding utility functions involving discrete issues, an agent may not find an offer exactly satisfying its expected utility during the negotiation process. Furthermore, as sub-offers on issues in every single negotiation might be restricted by the interdependence relationships with issues in other negotiations, it is even harder for the agent to find an offer satisfying the expected utility and all involved issue interdependence at the same time, leading to a high failure rate of processing multiple negotiations as a final outcome. To resolve this challenge, this paper presents a negotiation model for multiple negotiations, where interdependence exists between discrete issues across multiple negotiations. By introducing the formal definition of “interdependence between discrete issues across negotiations”, the proposed negotiation model applies the multiple alternating offers protocol, the clustered negotiation procedure and the proposed negotiation strategy to handle multiple interdependent negotiations with discrete issues. In the proposed strategy, the “tolerance value” is introduced as an agent’s consideration to balance between the overall negotiation goal and the negotiation outcomes. The experimental results show that, 1) the proposed model well handles the multiple negotiations with interdependence between discrete issues, 2) the proposed approach is able to help agents in the decision-making process of proposing acceptable offers, 3) an agent can choose a proper “tolerance value” to balance between the success rate of multiple negotiations and its expected utility.
基金The paper is supported by the MOE （Ministry of Education in China） Project of Humanities and Social Sciences （No. 09YJC790182） and by the National Social Science Foundation of China （No. 10AZD015）. We thank Max Auffhammer, Soren Anderson, Li Gan, Timo Goeschl, Joe Herriges, Cathy Kling, Kerry Smith, and participants at the Global Environmental Challenges： the Role of China conference for their helpful comments. We thank Min Wang for excellent research assistance, Chunguang Cai, Ye Chen, and Jingjing Sun for help with focus groups, and the Beijing and Shanghai Branches of the National Statistics Bureau of China for assistance in implementation of our survey instruments. The usual disclaimer applies.
文摘We estimate the willingness to pay （WTP） of Beijing and Shanghai residents for improving the air quality of the two cities from their levels prior to the 2008 Beijing Olympic Games to the level achieved during the Olympics. The data are obtained from a contingent valuation study conducted through face-to-face interviews in June 2008 in Beijing and Shanghai prior to the Beijing Olympics, during which time there was intensive debate about Beijing＇s air quality. Residents in both cities are willing to pay more when they are more exposed to air pollution, when their disposable income increases, and when they have stronger beliefs that public opinion plays an important role in government policy making. Beijing residents are willing to pay more than Shanghai residents, due possibly to Beijing＇s poorer air quality. Overall, aggregate WTP for air quality improvement accounts for about 0.53% of the 2008 GDP in Beijing and 0.22% of the 2008 GDP in Shanghai.
文摘Environmental degradation poses perhaps the greatest challenge to present day China as it continues to improve the living standard and general welfare of its citizens. According to a recent Pew Research Center survey （Pew Research Center, 2013）, air pollution and water pollution are among the top five public concems in China, coming after inflation, inequality and corruption. Water pollution is also among the top five issues for which the public concern has increased the most during the past five years, coming after food safety, medicine and manufactured goods, and old age insurance. Yet, despite public concerns and increased abatement expenditures, major pollution levels have been increasing rather than decreasing. For many days during 2013, large parts of eastern China have suffered from blanketing thick smog caused by PM2.5 pollution, with airports and freeways shut down and schools closed.
