Background: It has been reported that cellphone radiation (CR) is related to higher risk of many health problems, but whether CR can impair the expression of rate-limiting enzymes of testosterone synthesis has seldom ...Background: It has been reported that cellphone radiation (CR) is related to higher risk of many health problems, but whether CR can impair the expression of rate-limiting enzymes of testosterone synthesis has seldom been studied. Objective: To evaluate the effects of CR on the expression of steroidogenic acute regulatory protein (StAR) in the testes tissue and the sperm quality of adult male mice. Methods: Forty 3-month-old male mice, 22 - 26 g, were randomly assigned into four equal groups (n = 10 per group): the control group and three CR exposure groups including 8-hour group, 16-hour group and 24-hour group. Each mouse received different dosages of CR exposure for seven consecutive weeks. Semen in the epididymis, intratesticular testosterone (ITT) concentrations, and the expression of StAR were measured at the end of experiment. Results: The sperm number and motility, and the ITT concentrations in 24-h group were significant lower than those in the control group (P 0.05). Similarly, only the expression of StAR in the 24-h group was significantly decreased after the exposure of CR (P 0.05). Conclusions: High dose exposure of CR can reduce the expression of StAR and ITT concentration, and then suppress the serum quality.展开更多
We present a study on validation of the National Institute for Environmental Studies Transport Model(NIES TM)by comparing to observed vertical profiles of atmospheric CO_(2).The model uses a hybrid sigmaisentropic(σ...We present a study on validation of the National Institute for Environmental Studies Transport Model(NIES TM)by comparing to observed vertical profiles of atmospheric CO_(2).The model uses a hybrid sigmaisentropic(σ–θ)vertical coordinate that employs both terrain-following and isentropic parts switched smoothly in the stratosphere.The model transport is driven by reanalyzed meteorological fields and designed to simulate seasonal and diurnal cycles,synoptic variations,and spatial distributions of atmospheric chemical constituents in the troposphere.The model simulations were run for combination of biosphere,fossil fuel,air-ocean exchange,biomass burning and inverse correction fluxes of carbon dioxide(CO_(2))by GOSAT Level 4 product.We compared the NIES TM simulated fluxes with data from the HIAPER Pole-to-Pole Observations(HIPPO)Merged 10-s Meteorology,Atmospheric Chemistry,and Aerosol Data,including HIPPO-1,HIPPO-2 and HIPPO-3 from 128.0°E to 84.0°W,and 87.0°N to 67.2°S.The simulation results were compared with CO_(2) observations made in January and November,2009,and March and April,2010.The analysis attests that the model is sufficient to simulate vertical profiles with errors within 1–2 ppmv,except for the lower stratosphere in the northern hemisphere high latitudes.展开更多
This article describes a global consistency check of CO2 satellite retrieval products from the Atmospheric Infrared Sounder （AIRS） and Infrared Atmospheric Sounding Interferometer （IASI） using statistical analysis...This article describes a global consistency check of CO2 satellite retrieval products from the Atmospheric Infrared Sounder （AIRS） and Infrared Atmospheric Sounding Interferometer （IASI） using statistical analysis and data from the World Data Centre for Greenhouse Gases （WDCGG）. We use the correlation coefficient （r）, relative difference （RD）, root mean square errors （RMSE）, and mean bias error （MBE） as evaluation indicators for this study. Statistical results show that a linear positive correlation between AIRS/IASI and WDCGG data occurs for most regions around the world. Temporal and spatial variations of these statistical quantities reflect obvious differences between satellite-derived and ground-based data based on geographic position, especially for stations near areas of intense human activities in the Northern Hemisphere. It is noteworthy that there appears to be a very weak correlation between AIRS/IASI data and ten ground- based observation stations in Europe, Asia, and North America. These results indicate that retrieval products from the two satellite-based instruments studied should be used with great caution.展开更多
Hyper-spectral remote sensing may provide an effective solution to retrieve the methane （CH4） concentra- tion in an atmospheric column. As a result of exploring the absorptive characteristics of CH4, an appropriate ...Hyper-spectral remote sensing may provide an effective solution to retrieve the methane （CH4） concentra- tion in an atmospheric column. As a result of exploring the absorptive characteristics of CH4, an appropriate band is selected from hyperspectral data for the detection of its column concentration with high precision. Following the most recent inversion theory and methods, the line-by-line radiative transfer model （LBLRTM） is employed to forward model the impact of four sensitive factors on inversion precision, including CH4 initial profile, tempera- ture, overlapping gases, and surface albedo. The results indicate that the four optimized factors could improve the inversion precision of atmospheric CH4 column concen- tration.展开更多
Inclusion of cloud processes is essential for precipitation prediction with a numerical weather prediction model.However,convective parameterization contains numerous parameters whose values are in large uncertainties...Inclusion of cloud processes is essential for precipitation prediction with a numerical weather prediction model.However,convective parameterization contains numerous parameters whose values are in large uncertainties.In particular,it is still not clear how the parameters of a sub-grid-scale convection scheme can be modified to improve high-resolution precipitation prediction.To address these issues,a micro-genetic(micro-GA)algorithm is coupled to the Kain-Fritsch(KF)convective parameterization scheme(CPS)in the WRF to improve the quantitative precipitation forecast(QPF).The optimization focuses on two parameters in the KF scheme:the convective time scale and the conversion rate.The optimizing process is controlled by the micro-GA using a QPF skill score as the fitness function.Two heavy rainfall events related to typhoons that made landfall over the south-east coastal region of China are selected,and for each case the parameter values are adjusted to achieve the best QPF skill.Significant improvements in QPF are evident with an increase in the average equitable threat score(ETS)by 5.8%for the first case,and by 18.4%for the second case.The results demonstrate that the micro-GAKF coupling system is effective in optimizing the parameter values,which affect the applicability of CPS in a high-resolution model,and therefore improves the rainfall prediction in both ETS and spatial distribution.展开更多
文摘Background: It has been reported that cellphone radiation (CR) is related to higher risk of many health problems, but whether CR can impair the expression of rate-limiting enzymes of testosterone synthesis has seldom been studied. Objective: To evaluate the effects of CR on the expression of steroidogenic acute regulatory protein (StAR) in the testes tissue and the sperm quality of adult male mice. Methods: Forty 3-month-old male mice, 22 - 26 g, were randomly assigned into four equal groups (n = 10 per group): the control group and three CR exposure groups including 8-hour group, 16-hour group and 24-hour group. Each mouse received different dosages of CR exposure for seven consecutive weeks. Semen in the epididymis, intratesticular testosterone (ITT) concentrations, and the expression of StAR were measured at the end of experiment. Results: The sperm number and motility, and the ITT concentrations in 24-h group were significant lower than those in the control group (P 0.05). Similarly, only the expression of StAR in the 24-h group was significantly decreased after the exposure of CR (P 0.05). Conclusions: High dose exposure of CR can reduce the expression of StAR and ITT concentration, and then suppress the serum quality.
基金supported by the National Basic Research Program of China(No.2010CB951603)supported by the High Performance Computer Center of East China Normal University.
文摘We present a study on validation of the National Institute for Environmental Studies Transport Model(NIES TM)by comparing to observed vertical profiles of atmospheric CO_(2).The model uses a hybrid sigmaisentropic(σ–θ)vertical coordinate that employs both terrain-following and isentropic parts switched smoothly in the stratosphere.The model transport is driven by reanalyzed meteorological fields and designed to simulate seasonal and diurnal cycles,synoptic variations,and spatial distributions of atmospheric chemical constituents in the troposphere.The model simulations were run for combination of biosphere,fossil fuel,air-ocean exchange,biomass burning and inverse correction fluxes of carbon dioxide(CO_(2))by GOSAT Level 4 product.We compared the NIES TM simulated fluxes with data from the HIAPER Pole-to-Pole Observations(HIPPO)Merged 10-s Meteorology,Atmospheric Chemistry,and Aerosol Data,including HIPPO-1,HIPPO-2 and HIPPO-3 from 128.0°E to 84.0°W,and 87.0°N to 67.2°S.The simulation results were compared with CO_(2) observations made in January and November,2009,and March and April,2010.The analysis attests that the model is sufficient to simulate vertical profiles with errors within 1–2 ppmv,except for the lower stratosphere in the northern hemisphere high latitudes.
基金Acknowledgements This project was supported by the National Basic Research Program of China （No. 2010CB951603） and the Major Program of National Social Science Foundation of China （No.13＆ZD161）. We thank Prof. Jietai Mao of the Department of Atmospheric ＆ Oceanic Sciences, Peking University, China for providing expert advice and assistance. We also thank the WDCGG for providing the CO2 data. Many thanks to NASA for providing AIRS CO2 data and NOAA for providing IASI CO2 data.
文摘This article describes a global consistency check of CO2 satellite retrieval products from the Atmospheric Infrared Sounder （AIRS） and Infrared Atmospheric Sounding Interferometer （IASI） using statistical analysis and data from the World Data Centre for Greenhouse Gases （WDCGG）. We use the correlation coefficient （r）, relative difference （RD）, root mean square errors （RMSE）, and mean bias error （MBE） as evaluation indicators for this study. Statistical results show that a linear positive correlation between AIRS/IASI and WDCGG data occurs for most regions around the world. Temporal and spatial variations of these statistical quantities reflect obvious differences between satellite-derived and ground-based data based on geographic position, especially for stations near areas of intense human activities in the Northern Hemisphere. It is noteworthy that there appears to be a very weak correlation between AIRS/IASI data and ten ground- based observation stations in Europe, Asia, and North America. These results indicate that retrieval products from the two satellite-based instruments studied should be used with great caution.
文摘Hyper-spectral remote sensing may provide an effective solution to retrieve the methane （CH4） concentra- tion in an atmospheric column. As a result of exploring the absorptive characteristics of CH4, an appropriate band is selected from hyperspectral data for the detection of its column concentration with high precision. Following the most recent inversion theory and methods, the line-by-line radiative transfer model （LBLRTM） is employed to forward model the impact of four sensitive factors on inversion precision, including CH4 initial profile, tempera- ture, overlapping gases, and surface albedo. The results indicate that the four optimized factors could improve the inversion precision of atmospheric CH4 column concen- tration.
文摘Inclusion of cloud processes is essential for precipitation prediction with a numerical weather prediction model.However,convective parameterization contains numerous parameters whose values are in large uncertainties.In particular,it is still not clear how the parameters of a sub-grid-scale convection scheme can be modified to improve high-resolution precipitation prediction.To address these issues,a micro-genetic(micro-GA)algorithm is coupled to the Kain-Fritsch(KF)convective parameterization scheme(CPS)in the WRF to improve the quantitative precipitation forecast(QPF).The optimization focuses on two parameters in the KF scheme:the convective time scale and the conversion rate.The optimizing process is controlled by the micro-GA using a QPF skill score as the fitness function.Two heavy rainfall events related to typhoons that made landfall over the south-east coastal region of China are selected,and for each case the parameter values are adjusted to achieve the best QPF skill.Significant improvements in QPF are evident with an increase in the average equitable threat score(ETS)by 5.8%for the first case,and by 18.4%for the second case.The results demonstrate that the micro-GAKF coupling system is effective in optimizing the parameter values,which affect the applicability of CPS in a high-resolution model,and therefore improves the rainfall prediction in both ETS and spatial distribution.
