Individual inorganic nanoparticles （NPs） have been widely used in the fields of drug delivery, cancer imaging and therapy. There are still many hurdles that limit the performance of individual NPs for these applicat...Individual inorganic nanoparticles （NPs） have been widely used in the fields of drug delivery, cancer imaging and therapy. There are still many hurdles that limit the performance of individual NPs for these applications. The utilization of highly ordered NP ensembles opens a door to resolve these problems, as a result of their new or advanced collective properties. The assembled NPs show several advantages over individual NP-based systems, such as improved cell internalization and tumor targeting, enhanced multimodality imaging capability, superior combination therapy arising from synergistic effects, possible complete clearance from the whole body by degradation of assemblies into original small NP building blocks, and so on. In this review, we discuss the potential of utilizing assembled NP ensembles for cancer imaging and treatment by taking plasmonic vesicular assemblies of Au NPs as an example. We first summarize the recent developments in the self-assembly of plasmonic vesicular structures of NPs from amphiphilic polymer-tethered NP building blocks. We further review the utilization of plasmonic vesicles of NPs for cancer imaging （e.g. multi-photon induced luminescence, photothermal, and photoacoustic imaging）, and cancer therapy （e.g., photothermal therapy, and chemotherapy）. Finally, we outline current challenges and our perspectives along this line.展开更多
Background： Th9 cells are a newly discovered CD4＋ T helper cell subtype, characterized by high interleukin （IL）-9 secretion. Growing evidences suggest that Th9 cells are involved in the pathogenic mechanism of mul...Background： Th9 cells are a newly discovered CD4＋ T helper cell subtype, characterized by high interleukin （IL）-9 secretion. Growing evidences suggest that Th9 cells are involved in the pathogenic mechanism of multiple sclerosis （MS）. Mast cells are multifunctional innate imnmne cells, which are perhaps best known for their role as dominant effector cells in allergies and asthma. Several lines of evidence point to an important role lbr mast cells in MS and its animal models. Simultaneously, there is dynamic ＂＇cross-talk＂ between Th9 and mast cells. The aim of the present study was to examine the IL-9-mast cell axis in experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis （EAE） and deternaine its interaction alter neutralizing anti-lL-9 antibody treatment. Methods： Female C57BL/6 mice were randomly divided into three groups （#1 = 5 in each group）： mice with myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein （MOG）-induced EAE （EAE group）, EAE mice treated with anti-lL-9 antibody （anti-lL-9 Abs group）, and EAE mice treated with IgG isotype control （lgG group）. EAE clinical score was evaluated. Mast cells from central nervous system （CNS） were detected by flow cytometry. The production of chemokine recruiting mast cells in the CNS was explored by reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction （RT-PCR）. In mice with MOG-induced EAE, the expression of IL-9 receptor （IL-9R） complexes in CNS and spleen mast cells was also explored by RT-PCR, and then was repeating validated by immunocytochemistry. In vitro, spleen cells from EAE mice were cultured with anti-lL-9 antibody, and quantity of mast cells was counted by flow cytoinetry alter co-culture. Results： Compared with IgG group, IL-9 blockade delayed clinical disease onset and ameliorated EAE severity （t = -2.217, P- 0.031 ）, accompany with mast cells infiltration decreases （day 5： t = -8.005, P 〈 0.001; day 15： t = -11.857, P 〈 0.001; day 20： t- 5.243, P = 0.001 ） in anti-lL-9 Abs group. The messenger RNA expressions of C-C motif chemokine ligand 5 （t = -5.932, P = 0.003） and vascular cell adhesion molecule-I （t = -4.029, P 0.004） were significantly decreased alter 1L-9 neutralization in anti-lL-9 Abs group, compared with lgG group. In MOG-induced EAE, the 1L-9R complexes were expressed in CNS and spleen mast cells. 1#7 vitro, splenocyles cultured with anti-lL-9 antibody showed significantly lower levels of mast cells in a dose-dependent manner, compared with splenocytes cultured with anti-mouse lgG （5 μg/ml： t = -0.894, P = 0.397; 10 p-g/ml： t = -3.348, P - 0.019：20 μg/ml： I - -7.639, P 〈 0.001 ）.Conclusions： This study revealed that 1L-9 neutralization reduced mast cell infiltration in CNS and ameliorated EAE, which might be relate to the interaction between IL-9 and mast cells.展开更多
Gold nanostructures are among the noble metal nanomaterials being intensely studied due to their good biocompatibility, tunable localized surface plasmon resonance （SPR）, and ease of modification. These properties g...Gold nanostructures are among the noble metal nanomaterials being intensely studied due to their good biocompatibility, tunable localized surface plasmon resonance （SPR）, and ease of modification. These properties give gold nano- structures many potential chemical and biomedical applications. Herein, we demonstrate the critical role of oxygen activation during the decomposition of hydrogen peroxide （H202） in the presence of photoexcited gold nanorods （AuNRs） by using electron spin resonance （ESR） techniques. Upon SPR excitation, 02 is activated first, and the resulting reactive intermediates further activate H202 to produce ,OH. The reactive intermediates exhibit singlet oxygen-like （102-1ike） reactivity, indicated by 102-specific oxidation reaction, quenching behaviors, and the lack of the typical 102 ESR signal. In addition, by using the antioxidant sodium ascorbate （NaA） as an example, we show that hydroxyl radicals from H202 activation can induce much stronger NaA oxidation than that in the absence of H202. These results may have significant biomedical implications. For example, as oxidative stress levels are known to influence tumorigenesis and cancer progression, the ability to control redox status inside tumor microenvironments using noble metal nanostructures may provide new strategies for regulating the metabolism of reactive oxygen species and new approaches for cancer treatment.展开更多
文摘Individual inorganic nanoparticles （NPs） have been widely used in the fields of drug delivery, cancer imaging and therapy. There are still many hurdles that limit the performance of individual NPs for these applications. The utilization of highly ordered NP ensembles opens a door to resolve these problems, as a result of their new or advanced collective properties. The assembled NPs show several advantages over individual NP-based systems, such as improved cell internalization and tumor targeting, enhanced multimodality imaging capability, superior combination therapy arising from synergistic effects, possible complete clearance from the whole body by degradation of assemblies into original small NP building blocks, and so on. In this review, we discuss the potential of utilizing assembled NP ensembles for cancer imaging and treatment by taking plasmonic vesicular assemblies of Au NPs as an example. We first summarize the recent developments in the self-assembly of plasmonic vesicular structures of NPs from amphiphilic polymer-tethered NP building blocks. We further review the utilization of plasmonic vesicles of NPs for cancer imaging （e.g. multi-photon induced luminescence, photothermal, and photoacoustic imaging）, and cancer therapy （e.g., photothermal therapy, and chemotherapy）. Finally, we outline current challenges and our perspectives along this line.
文摘Background： Th9 cells are a newly discovered CD4＋ T helper cell subtype, characterized by high interleukin （IL）-9 secretion. Growing evidences suggest that Th9 cells are involved in the pathogenic mechanism of multiple sclerosis （MS）. Mast cells are multifunctional innate imnmne cells, which are perhaps best known for their role as dominant effector cells in allergies and asthma. Several lines of evidence point to an important role lbr mast cells in MS and its animal models. Simultaneously, there is dynamic ＂＇cross-talk＂ between Th9 and mast cells. The aim of the present study was to examine the IL-9-mast cell axis in experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis （EAE） and deternaine its interaction alter neutralizing anti-lL-9 antibody treatment. Methods： Female C57BL/6 mice were randomly divided into three groups （#1 = 5 in each group）： mice with myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein （MOG）-induced EAE （EAE group）, EAE mice treated with anti-lL-9 antibody （anti-lL-9 Abs group）, and EAE mice treated with IgG isotype control （lgG group）. EAE clinical score was evaluated. Mast cells from central nervous system （CNS） were detected by flow cytometry. The production of chemokine recruiting mast cells in the CNS was explored by reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction （RT-PCR）. In mice with MOG-induced EAE, the expression of IL-9 receptor （IL-9R） complexes in CNS and spleen mast cells was also explored by RT-PCR, and then was repeating validated by immunocytochemistry. In vitro, spleen cells from EAE mice were cultured with anti-lL-9 antibody, and quantity of mast cells was counted by flow cytoinetry alter co-culture. Results： Compared with IgG group, IL-9 blockade delayed clinical disease onset and ameliorated EAE severity （t = -2.217, P- 0.031 ）, accompany with mast cells infiltration decreases （day 5： t = -8.005, P 〈 0.001; day 15： t = -11.857, P 〈 0.001; day 20： t- 5.243, P = 0.001 ） in anti-lL-9 Abs group. The messenger RNA expressions of C-C motif chemokine ligand 5 （t = -5.932, P = 0.003） and vascular cell adhesion molecule-I （t = -4.029, P 0.004） were significantly decreased alter 1L-9 neutralization in anti-lL-9 Abs group, compared with lgG group. In MOG-induced EAE, the 1L-9R complexes were expressed in CNS and spleen mast cells. 1#7 vitro, splenocyles cultured with anti-lL-9 antibody showed significantly lower levels of mast cells in a dose-dependent manner, compared with splenocytes cultured with anti-mouse lgG （5 μg/ml： t = -0.894, P = 0.397; 10 p-g/ml： t = -3.348, P - 0.019：20 μg/ml： I - -7.639, P 〈 0.001 ）.Conclusions： This study revealed that 1L-9 neutralization reduced mast cell infiltration in CNS and ameliorated EAE, which might be relate to the interaction between IL-9 and mast cells.
文摘Gold nanostructures are among the noble metal nanomaterials being intensely studied due to their good biocompatibility, tunable localized surface plasmon resonance （SPR）, and ease of modification. These properties give gold nano- structures many potential chemical and biomedical applications. Herein, we demonstrate the critical role of oxygen activation during the decomposition of hydrogen peroxide （H202） in the presence of photoexcited gold nanorods （AuNRs） by using electron spin resonance （ESR） techniques. Upon SPR excitation, 02 is activated first, and the resulting reactive intermediates further activate H202 to produce ,OH. The reactive intermediates exhibit singlet oxygen-like （102-1ike） reactivity, indicated by 102-specific oxidation reaction, quenching behaviors, and the lack of the typical 102 ESR signal. In addition, by using the antioxidant sodium ascorbate （NaA） as an example, we show that hydroxyl radicals from H202 activation can induce much stronger NaA oxidation than that in the absence of H202. These results may have significant biomedical implications. For example, as oxidative stress levels are known to influence tumorigenesis and cancer progression, the ability to control redox status inside tumor microenvironments using noble metal nanostructures may provide new strategies for regulating the metabolism of reactive oxygen species and new approaches for cancer treatment.
