A significant share of the technology that has emerged over the past several decades produces electromagnetic field(EMFR)radiation.Communications devices,household appliances,industrial equipment,and medical equipment...A significant share of the technology that has emerged over the past several decades produces electromagnetic field(EMFR)radiation.Communications devices,household appliances,industrial equipment,and medical equipment and devices all produce EMFR with a variety of frequencies,strengths,and ranges.Some EMFR,such as Extremely Low Frequency(ELF),Radio Frequency(RF),and Ionizing Range(IR)radiation have been shown to have harmful effects on human health.Depending on the frequency and strength of the radiation,EMFR can have health effects at the cellular level as well as at brain,nervous,and cardiovascular levels.Health authorities have enacted regulations locally and globally to set critical values to limit the adverse effects of EMFR.By introducing a more comprehensive field of EMFR study and practice,architects and designers can design for a safer electromagnetic(EM)indoor environment,and,as building and construction specialists,will be able to monitor and reduce EM radiation.This paper identifies the nature of EMFR in the built environment,the various EMFR sources,and its human health effects.It addresses European and US regulations for EMFR in buildings and provides a preliminary action plan.The challenges of developing measurement protocols for the various EMFR frequency ranges and determining the effects of EMFR on building occu-pants are discussed.This paper argues that a mature method for measuring EMFR in building environments and linking these measurements to human health impacts will foster occupant health and lead to the adequate development of safeguards for occupants of buildings in future research.展开更多
The infrastructure finance gap has long-standing implications for economic and social development.Owing to low efficiency,high transaction costs,and long transaction time,conventional infrastructure financing instrume...The infrastructure finance gap has long-standing implications for economic and social development.Owing to low efficiency,high transaction costs,and long transaction time,conventional infrastructure financing instruments are considered to be major contributors to the increasing mismatch between the need for infrastructure development and available financing.Implemented through smart contracts,blockchain tokenization has shown characteristics that are poised to change the capital stack of infrastructure investment.This study analyzed the first SEC-compliant energy asset security token,Ziyen-Coin,from the perspective of the key participants,relevant regulations,and token offering procedures.Results show that tokenization can improve infrastructure assets liquidity,transaction efficiency,and transparency across intermediaries.Conventional infrastructure financing instruments were compared with blockchain tokenization by reviewing the literature on infrastructure finance.The benefits and barriers of tokenizing infrastructure assets were thoroughly discussed to devise ways of improving infrastructure financing.The study also found that the potential of tokenization has not yet been fully realized because of the limited technical infrastructures,regulation uncertainties,volatilities in the token market,and absence of the public sector.This study contributes to the present understanding of how blockchain technology can be implemented in infrastructure finance and the role of tokenization in the structure of public-private partnership and project finance.展开更多
基金supported by the Powell Center for Construction&Environment at the University of Florida.
文摘A significant share of the technology that has emerged over the past several decades produces electromagnetic field(EMFR)radiation.Communications devices,household appliances,industrial equipment,and medical equipment and devices all produce EMFR with a variety of frequencies,strengths,and ranges.Some EMFR,such as Extremely Low Frequency(ELF),Radio Frequency(RF),and Ionizing Range(IR)radiation have been shown to have harmful effects on human health.Depending on the frequency and strength of the radiation,EMFR can have health effects at the cellular level as well as at brain,nervous,and cardiovascular levels.Health authorities have enacted regulations locally and globally to set critical values to limit the adverse effects of EMFR.By introducing a more comprehensive field of EMFR study and practice,architects and designers can design for a safer electromagnetic(EM)indoor environment,and,as building and construction specialists,will be able to monitor and reduce EM radiation.This paper identifies the nature of EMFR in the built environment,the various EMFR sources,and its human health effects.It addresses European and US regulations for EMFR in buildings and provides a preliminary action plan.The challenges of developing measurement protocols for the various EMFR frequency ranges and determining the effects of EMFR on building occu-pants are discussed.This paper argues that a mature method for measuring EMFR in building environments and linking these measurements to human health impacts will foster occupant health and lead to the adequate development of safeguards for occupants of buildings in future research.
文摘The infrastructure finance gap has long-standing implications for economic and social development.Owing to low efficiency,high transaction costs,and long transaction time,conventional infrastructure financing instruments are considered to be major contributors to the increasing mismatch between the need for infrastructure development and available financing.Implemented through smart contracts,blockchain tokenization has shown characteristics that are poised to change the capital stack of infrastructure investment.This study analyzed the first SEC-compliant energy asset security token,Ziyen-Coin,from the perspective of the key participants,relevant regulations,and token offering procedures.Results show that tokenization can improve infrastructure assets liquidity,transaction efficiency,and transparency across intermediaries.Conventional infrastructure financing instruments were compared with blockchain tokenization by reviewing the literature on infrastructure finance.The benefits and barriers of tokenizing infrastructure assets were thoroughly discussed to devise ways of improving infrastructure financing.The study also found that the potential of tokenization has not yet been fully realized because of the limited technical infrastructures,regulation uncertainties,volatilities in the token market,and absence of the public sector.This study contributes to the present understanding of how blockchain technology can be implemented in infrastructure finance and the role of tokenization in the structure of public-private partnership and project finance.
