This study aims to investigate the effects of heat treatments on the microstructure ofγ-TiAl alloys.Two Ti-47Al-2Cr-2Nb alloy ingots were manufactured by casting method and then heat-treated in two types of heat trea...This study aims to investigate the effects of heat treatments on the microstructure ofγ-TiAl alloys.Two Ti-47Al-2Cr-2Nb alloy ingots were manufactured by casting method and then heat-treated in two types of heat treatments.Their microstructures were studied by both optical and scanning electron microscopies.The chemical compositions of two ingots were determined as well.The ingot with lower Al content only obtains lamellar structures while the one higher in Al content obtains nearly lamellar and duplex structures after heat treatment within1270 to 1185℃.A small amount of B2 phase is found to be precipitated in both as-cast and heat-treated microstructures.They are distributed at grain boundaries when holding at a higher temperature,such as 1260℃.However,B2 phase is precipitated at grain boundaries and in colony interiors simultaneously after heat treatments happened at 1185℃.Furthermore,the effects of heat treatments on grain refinement and other microstructural parameters are discussed.展开更多
The microhardness and modulus changes of the interface between U-0.75Ti alloy and TiC before andafter heat treatment were studied by SEM and Nano Indenter II, and the results show that the hardness and modulusof the i...The microhardness and modulus changes of the interface between U-0.75Ti alloy and TiC before andafter heat treatment were studied by SEM and Nano Indenter II, and the results show that the hardness and modulusof the interface are greatly increased after 820℃, 2 h water quenching and 450℃, 6 h aging. This result probablycomes from much more U2Ti and U6Ni precipitates along the interface.展开更多
Densification behavior of high Nb containing TiAl alloys through reactive hot pressing was investigated. The results showed that the density of the sample hot pressed at 1400°C could reach a near full density of ...Densification behavior of high Nb containing TiAl alloys through reactive hot pressing was investigated. The results showed that the density of the sample hot pressed at 1400°C could reach a near full density of 98.37%. However, the densification abnormality was observed at 1500°C. The diffusion of elemental Nb during microstructural evolution is an important aspect affecting densification, which will form pore nests. With the increase of hot pressing temperature, the diffusion of Nb becomes more adequate. HIP （Hot isostatic pressing） treatment can only decrease porosity to some extent, but cannot eliminate it completely.展开更多
This study investigates the phase constitutions and transformations that occur in the mushy zone and in the adjacent phase fields of a directionally solidified Ti-44Al-8Nb-1Cr alloy via quenching technique.The results...This study investigates the phase constitutions and transformations that occur in the mushy zone and in the adjacent phase fields of a directionally solidified Ti-44Al-8Nb-1Cr alloy via quenching technique.The results indicate that the mushy zone consists of unmeltedβdendrites and interdendritic liquid,whose formation can be attributed to the difference in melting point aroused by local heterogeneity in solutecontent.Theβdendrite is composed of numerous subgrains with various orientations.During quenching,theβdendrite transforms into Widmanstättenαvia a precipitation reaction,owing to the decreasing cooling rate caused by heat transfer from the surrounding liquid.Additionally,after quenching,the interdendritic liquid is transformed intoγplates.Within the singleβphase field and the lower part of the mushy zone,a massive transformation ofβtoγoccurs.Conversely,in theβ+αphase field,bothβandαphases are retained to ambient temperature.During the heating process,the transformation ofα→βgives rise to the formation ofβvariants,which affects the orientation ofβdendrites in the mushy zone.The growth kinematics of theα→βtransformation was elucidated,revealing the preferential growth directions of111and112forβvariants.Furthermore,this study presents an illustration of the formation process of the mushy zone and the microstructural evolution during the heating and quenching process.展开更多
1.Introduction TiAl alloys are lightweight and high-temperature-resistant structural materials having applicability in automotive and aerospace applications owing to their low density and excellent high-temperature pr...1.Introduction TiAl alloys are lightweight and high-temperature-resistant structural materials having applicability in automotive and aerospace applications owing to their low density and excellent high-temperature properties[1-3].High-Nb-containing TiAl(High Nb-TiAl)alloys are considered as a new generation of TiAl alloys for applications at higher service temperatures[4-6].Components of TiAl alloys that have achieved long-term stability in the industry are mainly manufactured by casting,which is the most economical method[7-9].However,the mechanical properties of these com-ponents are limited at room temperature(RT),significantly hinder-ing their broad applications[7,10-12].展开更多
Seldom could metals and alloys maintain excellent properties in cryogenic condition, such as the ductility, owing to the restrained dislocation motion.However, a face-centered-cubic(FCC) CoCrFeNi highentropy alloy(HEA...Seldom could metals and alloys maintain excellent properties in cryogenic condition, such as the ductility, owing to the restrained dislocation motion.However, a face-centered-cubic(FCC) CoCrFeNi highentropy alloy(HEA) with great ductility is investigated under the cryogenic environment. The tensile strength of this alloy can reach a maximum at 1,251±10 MPa, and the strain to failure can stay at as large as 62% at the liquid helium temperature. We ascribe the high strength and ductility to the low stacking fault energy at extremely low temperatures,which facilitates the activation of deformation twinning.Moreover, the FCC→HCP(hexagonal close-packed) transition and serration lead to the sudden decline of ductility below 77 K. The dynamical modeling and analysis of serrations at 4.2 and 20 K verify the unstable state due to the FCC→HCP transition. The deformation twinning together with phase transformation at liquid helium temperature produces an adequate strain-hardening rate that sustains the stable plastic flow at high stresses, resulting in the serration feature.展开更多
The transformations between the phasesα_(2)(Ti_(3)Al)andω_(o)were investigated in a lamellar multiphase titanium aluminide alloy based onγ(TiAl).The paper complements an earlier investigation performed on the same ...The transformations between the phasesα_(2)(Ti_(3)Al)andω_(o)were investigated in a lamellar multiphase titanium aluminide alloy based onγ(TiAl).The paper complements an earlier investigation performed on the same material in which the importance of deformation-induced twin structures for theα_(2)→ω_(o) transformation was demonstrated.The present study shows that the reverse transformationω_(o)→α_(2) can also occur during high-temperature deformation.The transformation is probably triggered by constraint stresses,which exist between the different constituents due to the crystalline mismatch.The combined operation of mechanical twinning of theα_(2) phase and the reversible transformation fully converts theα_(2) lamellae into a mixture ofα_(2) andω_(o).This conversion greatly reduces the mechanical anisotropy existing in formerα_(2) lamellae.Regarding the technical use of the alloy,the stability of the converted structure with respect to further annealing was also examined.The reported processes occur at the nano-meter and sub nano-meter scale,thus,advanced characterization techniques were applied,such as high-resolution transmission electron microscopy(HRTEM)and atom probe tomography(APT).展开更多
Tensile behavior of an equiaxed-grained Fe-6.5 wt.%Si alloy,which was deformed intoφ6 mm bar by hot rotary swaging,was investigated at various temperatures(300–400℃)and stretching rates(0.42–1 mm/min).The results ...Tensile behavior of an equiaxed-grained Fe-6.5 wt.%Si alloy,which was deformed intoφ6 mm bar by hot rotary swaging,was investigated at various temperatures(300–400℃)and stretching rates(0.42–1 mm/min).The results revealed an enhancement in the intermediate-temperature tensile ductility after heat treatments.Deformation twinning was found in the equiaxed-grained Fe-6.5 wt.%Si bars during the tensile test,and heat treatments can enhance the deformation twinning.More twins can be observed in the necking areas than other regions.The high Schmid factor values above 0.4 after heat treatments demonstrated that deformation twinning can easily occur in the equiaxed-grained Fe-6.5 wt.%Si alloy.Higher deformation temperatures,higher strain rates,and larger degree of order suppressed the formation of deformation twinning,while the grain sizes had little effect on the deformation twinning.The twinning stress of the Fe-6.5 wt.%Si alloy increased with the increasing grain size,which did not agree with the Hall–Petch type relationship.The deformation twinning resulted in the improved ductility of the Fe-6.5 wt.%Si alloy.展开更多
In modernβ-solidified TiAl alloys,the decomposition of α_(2) phase is frequently observed during heat treatment or high-temperature deformation of the alloys.In this study,high-temperature deformation and decomposit...In modernβ-solidified TiAl alloys,the decomposition of α_(2) phase is frequently observed during heat treatment or high-temperature deformation of the alloys.In this study,high-temperature deformation and decomposition mechanisms of α_(2) phase in a Ti-45Al-8.5Nb-0.2B-0.2W-0.02Y alloy are investigated.In a sample deformed at 800℃,the precipitation ofβ_(o)(ω_(o))phase is observed within the equiaxed α_(2) phase.The nucleation ofω_(o) particles within theβ_(o) matrix indicates the α_(2)→β_(o)→ω_(o) transformation.In addition,numerous y phase precipitates form within theβ_(o)(ω)areas.The α_(2) lamellae decompose into ultrafine( α_(2)+γ)lamellae and coarsened y lamellae via α_(2)→ α_(2)+γand α_(2)→γtransformation,re-spectively.Moreover,theω_(o) phase nucleates within the ultrafine lamellae via α_(2)→ω_(o) transformation.However,in a sample deformed at 1000℃,the nucleation ofβ_(o) particles is sluggish,which is caused by the efficient release of the internal stress via dynamic recrystallization(DRX).These results indicate that complex phase transformations can be introduced by the decomposition of α_(2) phase in TiAl alloys with a high amount ofβ-stabilizing elements.展开更多
基金financially supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Nos.U1808216,51671026,and 51671016)the National Key Research and Development Program of China(Nos.2020YFB1710100 and 2018YFB1106000)+2 种基金the State Key Lab of Advanced Metals and Materials(No.2019-ZD05)the Beijing Natural Science Foundation(No.2222092)the National Science and Technology Major Project(No.J2019-VI-00030116)。
文摘This study aims to investigate the effects of heat treatments on the microstructure ofγ-TiAl alloys.Two Ti-47Al-2Cr-2Nb alloy ingots were manufactured by casting method and then heat-treated in two types of heat treatments.Their microstructures were studied by both optical and scanning electron microscopies.The chemical compositions of two ingots were determined as well.The ingot with lower Al content only obtains lamellar structures while the one higher in Al content obtains nearly lamellar and duplex structures after heat treatment within1270 to 1185℃.A small amount of B2 phase is found to be precipitated in both as-cast and heat-treated microstructures.They are distributed at grain boundaries when holding at a higher temperature,such as 1260℃.However,B2 phase is precipitated at grain boundaries and in colony interiors simultaneously after heat treatments happened at 1185℃.Furthermore,the effects of heat treatments on grain refinement and other microstructural parameters are discussed.
文摘The microhardness and modulus changes of the interface between U-0.75Ti alloy and TiC before andafter heat treatment were studied by SEM and Nano Indenter II, and the results show that the hardness and modulusof the interface are greatly increased after 820℃, 2 h water quenching and 450℃, 6 h aging. This result probablycomes from much more U2Ti and U6Ni precipitates along the interface.
基金the Key Grant Project of the Ministry of Education of China (No.704008)the program fromNew Century Excellent Talents in University (No.NCET-04-01017).
文摘Densification behavior of high Nb containing TiAl alloys through reactive hot pressing was investigated. The results showed that the density of the sample hot pressed at 1400°C could reach a near full density of 98.37%. However, the densification abnormality was observed at 1500°C. The diffusion of elemental Nb during microstructural evolution is an important aspect affecting densification, which will form pore nests. With the increase of hot pressing temperature, the diffusion of Nb becomes more adequate. HIP （Hot isostatic pressing） treatment can only decrease porosity to some extent, but cannot eliminate it completely.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(No.51831001)the Funds for Creative Research Groups of China(No.51921001)+1 种基金the Beijing Natural Sci-ence Foundation(No.2222092)the National Science and Tech-nology Major Project(No.J2019-Ⅵ-0003-0116).
文摘This study investigates the phase constitutions and transformations that occur in the mushy zone and in the adjacent phase fields of a directionally solidified Ti-44Al-8Nb-1Cr alloy via quenching technique.The results indicate that the mushy zone consists of unmeltedβdendrites and interdendritic liquid,whose formation can be attributed to the difference in melting point aroused by local heterogeneity in solutecontent.Theβdendrite is composed of numerous subgrains with various orientations.During quenching,theβdendrite transforms into Widmanstättenαvia a precipitation reaction,owing to the decreasing cooling rate caused by heat transfer from the surrounding liquid.Additionally,after quenching,the interdendritic liquid is transformed intoγplates.Within the singleβphase field and the lower part of the mushy zone,a massive transformation ofβtoγoccurs.Conversely,in theβ+αphase field,bothβandαphases are retained to ambient temperature.During the heating process,the transformation ofα→βgives rise to the formation ofβvariants,which affects the orientation ofβdendrites in the mushy zone.The growth kinematics of theα→βtransformation was elucidated,revealing the preferential growth directions of111and112forβvariants.Furthermore,this study presents an illustration of the formation process of the mushy zone and the microstructural evolution during the heating and quenching process.
基金National Key R&D Program of China(2021YFB3700501)National Science and Technology Major Project[J2019-VI-0003–0116]+1 种基金National Natural Science Foundation of China(51831001)Funds for Creative Research Groups of China(51921001)。
文摘1.Introduction TiAl alloys are lightweight and high-temperature-resistant structural materials having applicability in automotive and aerospace applications owing to their low density and excellent high-temperature properties[1-3].High-Nb-containing TiAl(High Nb-TiAl)alloys are considered as a new generation of TiAl alloys for applications at higher service temperatures[4-6].Components of TiAl alloys that have achieved long-term stability in the industry are mainly manufactured by casting,which is the most economical method[7-9].However,the mechanical properties of these com-ponents are limited at room temperature(RT),significantly hinder-ing their broad applications[7,10-12].
基金supported in part by the Nationa Natural Science Foundation of China (51471025, 51671020, 51471024 and 11771407)the Department of Energy (DOE), Office of Fossil Energy, National Energy Technology Laboratory (DE-FE-0011194)+1 种基金the support from the US Army Research Office project (W911NF-13-1-0438)the support from the National Science Foundation (DMR-1611180 and 1809640)
文摘Seldom could metals and alloys maintain excellent properties in cryogenic condition, such as the ductility, owing to the restrained dislocation motion.However, a face-centered-cubic(FCC) CoCrFeNi highentropy alloy(HEA) with great ductility is investigated under the cryogenic environment. The tensile strength of this alloy can reach a maximum at 1,251±10 MPa, and the strain to failure can stay at as large as 62% at the liquid helium temperature. We ascribe the high strength and ductility to the low stacking fault energy at extremely low temperatures,which facilitates the activation of deformation twinning.Moreover, the FCC→HCP(hexagonal close-packed) transition and serration lead to the sudden decline of ductility below 77 K. The dynamical modeling and analysis of serrations at 4.2 and 20 K verify the unstable state due to the FCC→HCP transition. The deformation twinning together with phase transformation at liquid helium temperature produces an adequate strain-hardening rate that sustains the stable plastic flow at high stresses, resulting in the serration feature.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(contract No.51971175)Natural Science Basic Research Plan of Shaanxi Province(contract No.2020JM-097)+2 种基金State Key Laboratory of Advanced Metals and Materials(contract No.2020-ZD03)Research Fund of State Key Laboratory of Solidification Processing(contract No.2021-TS-05)the"111" Project(contract No.B20028)。
文摘The transformations between the phasesα_(2)(Ti_(3)Al)andω_(o)were investigated in a lamellar multiphase titanium aluminide alloy based onγ(TiAl).The paper complements an earlier investigation performed on the same material in which the importance of deformation-induced twin structures for theα_(2)→ω_(o) transformation was demonstrated.The present study shows that the reverse transformationω_(o)→α_(2) can also occur during high-temperature deformation.The transformation is probably triggered by constraint stresses,which exist between the different constituents due to the crystalline mismatch.The combined operation of mechanical twinning of theα_(2) phase and the reversible transformation fully converts theα_(2) lamellae into a mixture ofα_(2) andω_(o).This conversion greatly reduces the mechanical anisotropy existing in formerα_(2) lamellae.Regarding the technical use of the alloy,the stability of the converted structure with respect to further annealing was also examined.The reported processes occur at the nano-meter and sub nano-meter scale,thus,advanced characterization techniques were applied,such as high-resolution transmission electron microscopy(HRTEM)and atom probe tomography(APT).
基金financially supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Nos.51471031 and U1660115)the State Key Laboratory for Advanced Metals and Materials(No.2016Z-17)。
文摘Tensile behavior of an equiaxed-grained Fe-6.5 wt.%Si alloy,which was deformed intoφ6 mm bar by hot rotary swaging,was investigated at various temperatures(300–400℃)and stretching rates(0.42–1 mm/min).The results revealed an enhancement in the intermediate-temperature tensile ductility after heat treatments.Deformation twinning was found in the equiaxed-grained Fe-6.5 wt.%Si bars during the tensile test,and heat treatments can enhance the deformation twinning.More twins can be observed in the necking areas than other regions.The high Schmid factor values above 0.4 after heat treatments demonstrated that deformation twinning can easily occur in the equiaxed-grained Fe-6.5 wt.%Si alloy.Higher deformation temperatures,higher strain rates,and larger degree of order suppressed the formation of deformation twinning,while the grain sizes had little effect on the deformation twinning.The twinning stress of the Fe-6.5 wt.%Si alloy increased with the increasing grain size,which did not agree with the Hall–Petch type relationship.The deformation twinning resulted in the improved ductility of the Fe-6.5 wt.%Si alloy.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (No. 51971175)the Natural Science Basic Research Plan of Shaanxi Province (No. 2020JM-097)+2 种基金the State Key Laboratory of Solidification Processing (No. 2021-TS-05)the State Key Laboratory of Advanced Metals and Materials (No. 2020-ZD03)the “111” Project (No. B20028)。
文摘In modernβ-solidified TiAl alloys,the decomposition of α_(2) phase is frequently observed during heat treatment or high-temperature deformation of the alloys.In this study,high-temperature deformation and decomposition mechanisms of α_(2) phase in a Ti-45Al-8.5Nb-0.2B-0.2W-0.02Y alloy are investigated.In a sample deformed at 800℃,the precipitation ofβ_(o)(ω_(o))phase is observed within the equiaxed α_(2) phase.The nucleation ofω_(o) particles within theβ_(o) matrix indicates the α_(2)→β_(o)→ω_(o) transformation.In addition,numerous y phase precipitates form within theβ_(o)(ω)areas.The α_(2) lamellae decompose into ultrafine( α_(2)+γ)lamellae and coarsened y lamellae via α_(2)→ α_(2)+γand α_(2)→γtransformation,re-spectively.Moreover,theω_(o) phase nucleates within the ultrafine lamellae via α_(2)→ω_(o) transformation.However,in a sample deformed at 1000℃,the nucleation ofβ_(o) particles is sluggish,which is caused by the efficient release of the internal stress via dynamic recrystallization(DRX).These results indicate that complex phase transformations can be introduced by the decomposition of α_(2) phase in TiAl alloys with a high amount ofβ-stabilizing elements.
