Oilseed rape (Brassica napus) with yellow flowers is an attractive ornamental landscape plant during the flowering period,and the development of different petal colors has become a breeding objective.Although yellowis...Oilseed rape (Brassica napus) with yellow flowers is an attractive ornamental landscape plant during the flowering period,and the development of different petal colors has become a breeding objective.Although yellowish flower color is a common variant observed in field-grown oilseed rape,the genetics behind this variation remains unclear.We obtained a yellowish-white flower (ywf) mutant from Zhongshuang 9 (ZS9) by ethyl methanesulfonate mutagenesis (EMS) treatment.Compared with ZS9,ywf exhibited a lower carotenoid content with a reduced and defective chromoplast ultrastructure in the petals.Genetic analysis revealed that the yellowish-white trait was controlled by a single recessive gene.Using bulked-segregant analysis sequencing (BSA-seq) and kompetitive allele-specific PCR(KASP),we performed map-based cloning of the ywf locus on chromosome A08 and found that ywf harbored a C-to-T substitution in the coding region,resulting in a premature translation termination.YWF,encoding phytoene desaturase 3 (PDS3),was highly expressed in oilseed rape petals and involved in carotenoid biosynthesis.Pathway enrichment analysis of the transcriptome profiles from ZS9 and ywf indicated the carotenoid biosynthesis pathway to be highly enriched.Further analyses of differentially expressed genes and carotenoid components revealed that the truncated Bna A08.PDS3 resulted in decreased carotenoid biosynthesis in the mutant.These results contribute to an understanding of the carotenoid biosynthesis pathway and manipulation of flower-color variation in B.napus.展开更多
To address the global demand for rapeseed while considering farmers’profit,we face the challenges of making a quantum leap in seed yield and,at the same time,reducing yield loss due to biotic and abiotic stresses.We ...To address the global demand for rapeseed while considering farmers’profit,we face the challenges of making a quantum leap in seed yield and,at the same time,reducing yield loss due to biotic and abiotic stresses.We also face the challenge of efficiently applying new transformative biotechnology tools such as gene editing and breeding by genome design to increase rapeseed productivity and profitability.In this Perspective,we review advances in research on the physiological and genetic bases of both stress factorsaffected yield stability and seed yield potential,focusing on source–sink relationships and allocation of photosynthetic assimilates to vegetative growth and seed development.We propose research directions and highlight the role of plant architecture in the relative contributions of the root system,leaves,and pods to seed yield.We call for de novo design of new rapeseed crops.We review trait variation in existing germplasm and biotechnologies available for crop design.Finally,we discuss opportunities to apply fundamental knowledge and key germplasm to rapeseed production and propose an ideotype for de novo design of future rapeseed cultivars.展开更多
Optimizing the profile and quantity of fatty acids in rapeseed(Brassica napus L.) is critical for maximizing the value of edible oil and biodiesel. However, selection of these complex seed quality traits is difficult ...Optimizing the profile and quantity of fatty acids in rapeseed(Brassica napus L.) is critical for maximizing the value of edible oil and biodiesel. However, selection of these complex seed quality traits is difficult before haplotypes controlling their contents are identified. To efficiently identify genetic loci influencing these traits and underlying candidate genes and networks, we performed a genome-wide association study(GWAS) of eight seed quality traits(oil and protein content, palmitic, stearic, oleic, linoleic, eicosenoic and erucic acids content). The GWAS population comprised 370 diverse accessions, which were phenotyped in five environments and genotyped using 60K SNP arrays. The results indicated that oil and protein contents generally showed negative correlations, while fatty acid contents showed positive or negative correlations,with palmitic and erucic acid contents directly affecting oil content. Seven SNPs on five chromosomes were associated with both seed oil and protein content, and five genes orthologous to genes in Arabidopsis thaliana were predicted as candidates. From resequencing data, besides known haplotypes in Bna A.FAE1.a and Bna C.FAE1.a, three accessions harboring a new haplotype conferring moderate erucic acid content were identified. Interestingly, in a haplotype block, one haplotype was associated with high palmitic acid content and low oil content, while the others showed the reverse effects. This finding was consistent with a negative correlation between palmitic acid and oil contents, suggesting historical selection for high oil content. The identification by this study of genetic variation and complex correlations of eight seed quality traits may be beneficial for crop selection strategies.展开更多
Arabidopsis NIM1-INTERACTING1 (NIMIN1) and NIMIN2 are required for salicylic acid (SA)-dependent resistance against biotrophic pathogens. In this study, we have demonstrated that NIMIN1, 2 are also essential for plant...Arabidopsis NIM1-INTERACTING1 (NIMIN1) and NIMIN2 are required for salicylic acid (SA)-dependent resistance against biotrophic pathogens. In this study, we have demonstrated that NIMIN1, 2 are also essential for plant defense response to necrotrophic pathogen Botrytis cinerea. The nimin1 and nimin2 mutants displayed a higher susceptibility against B. cinerea than the wild type, which correlated with a decrease in B. cinerea-induced PDF).2 expression. Mutation in NIMIN1 or NIMIN2 enhanced accumulation of hydrogen peroxide (H_2O_2) with reductions in the activities of three main antioxidant enzymes superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT), and peroxidase (POD) at the early time (24h) of upon B. cinerea infection. These mutations also resulted in a visible decrease in B.cinerea-induced Ethylene Responsive Factor 1 (ERF1), Octadecanoid-Responsive Arabidopsis AP2/ERF 59 (ORA59), Allene Oxide Cyclase (AOC3), Opda Reductase 3 (OPR3),ACC Synthesis 2 (ACS2) and ACS6 expression, but an advance in MYC2 expression,indicating that NIMIN1,2 are essential for B. cinerea-activated jasmonic acid (JA)/ethylene(ET) biosynthesis and signaling. However, mutation in NIMIN1 or NIMIN2 drastically suppressed JA-, but not ET-activated PDF1.2 expression. Together, these results suggest that NIMIN1,2 may positively control the B. cinerea resistance by mediating redox homeostasis and JA/ET pathways in Arabidopsis.展开更多
The quality of perovskite layers has a great impact on the performance of perovskite solar cells(PSCs).However,defects and related trap sites are generated inevitably in the solutionprocessed polycrystalline perovskit...The quality of perovskite layers has a great impact on the performance of perovskite solar cells(PSCs).However,defects and related trap sites are generated inevitably in the solutionprocessed polycrystalline perovskite films.It is meaningful to reduce and passivate the defect states by incorporating additive into the perovskite layer to improve perovskite crystallization.Here an environmental friendly 2D nanomaterial protonated graphitic carbon nitride(p-g-C_(3)N_(4))was successfully synthesized and doped into perovskite layer of carbon-based PSCs.The addition of p-g-C_(3)N_(4)into perovskite precursor solution not only adjusts nucleation and growth rate of methylammonium lead tri-iodide(MAPb I3)crystal for obtaining flat perovskite surface with larger grain size,but also reduces intrinsic defects of perovskite layer.It is found that thep-g-C_(3)N_(4) locates at the perovskite core,and the active groups-NH_(2)/NH_(3)and NH have a hydrogen bond strengthening,which effectively passivates electron traps and enhances the crystal quality of perovskite.As a result,a higher power conversion efficiency of 6.61% is achieved,compared with that doped with g-C_(3)N_(4)(5.93%)and undoped one(4.48%).This work demonstrates a simple method to modify the perovskite film by doping new modified additives and develops a low-cost preparation for carbon-based PSCs.展开更多
The authors regret to report some mistakes in the text and associated changes necessary to section 4.1 of the paper.On page 591 in the right-hand column,line 34,“far light”should be changed to“far-red light”.On pa...The authors regret to report some mistakes in the text and associated changes necessary to section 4.1 of the paper.On page 591 in the right-hand column,line 34,“far light”should be changed to“far-red light”.On page 592 in the left-hand column,line 28,the sentence reads:“If the YP/FP ratio can be as high as 42%(the average YP/FP of the UK and China.Table S2),the farm yield will be 5.0 t ha1.”展开更多
In order to study of adhesive which is applicable to the production of high strength four layer composite corrugated board,the composite corrugated medium was respectively coated with cassava starch adhesive,environme...In order to study of adhesive which is applicable to the production of high strength four layer composite corrugated board,the composite corrugated medium was respectively coated with cassava starch adhesive,environmental-friendly modified water glass binder,CP-88 starch adhesive,polyvinyl alcohol adhesive and polyvinyl acetate adhesive,then the edgewise crush resistance and flat crush resistance contrast experiment on produced corrugated board samples was tested.The experiment results demonstrated that the produced corrugated board with environmental-friendly modified water glass binder had high edgewise crush resistance,general flat crush resistance and more economic,so the environmental-friendly modified water glass binder can be used for the production of high strength four layer composite corrugated board.展开更多
Plant architecture can act as a pivotal determinant of crop yield by maximizing photosynthate accumulation in grains,but no B.napus rapeseed ideotype has yet been defined.However,semi-dwarf and compact(SDC)rapeseed pl...Plant architecture can act as a pivotal determinant of crop yield by maximizing photosynthate accumulation in grains,but no B.napus rapeseed ideotype has yet been defined.However,semi-dwarf and compact(SDC)rapeseed plant types with the capacity to maximize silique number per hectare and seed weight per silique are expected to optimize plant architecture for groundbreaking seed yield,avoiding lodging and promoting mechanical harvest(Liu et al.,2022).In this study,we report the mutant dc1,which exhibits DC plant architecture with significantly increased silique number in the main inflorescence compared with currently cultivated high and loose(HL)plant types like those of elite cultivars(Figure 1A and Supplemental Figure 1).展开更多
Oilseed rape(Brassica napus) is an allotetraploid with two subgenomes descended from a common ancestor. Accordingly, its genome contains syntenic regions with many duplicate genes, some of which may have retained thei...Oilseed rape(Brassica napus) is an allotetraploid with two subgenomes descended from a common ancestor. Accordingly, its genome contains syntenic regions with many duplicate genes, some of which may have retained their original functions, whereas others may have diverged. Here, we mapped quantitative trait loci(QTL) for stem rot resistance(SRR), a disease caused by the fungus Sclerotinia sclerotiorum, and flowering time(FT) in a recombinant inbred line population. The population was genotyped using B.napus 60 K single nucleotide polymorphism arrays and phenotyped in six(FT) and nine(SSR) experimental conditions or environments. In total, we detected 30 SRR QTL and 22 FT QTL and show that some of the major QTL associated with these two traits were co-localized,suggesting a genetic linkage between them. Two SRR QTL on chromosome A2 and two on chromosome C2 were shown to be syntenic, suggesting the functional conservation of these regions. We used the syntenic properties of the genomic regions to exclude genes for selection candidates responsible for QTL-associated traits. For example, 152 of the 185 genes could be excluded from a syntenic A2–C2 region. These findings will help to elucidate polyploid genomics in future studies, in addition to providing useful information for B. napus breeding programs.展开更多
基金supported by the National Key Research and Development Program Of China (2016YFD0101007 and 2018YFE0108000)National Natural Science Foundation of China (31770250)+3 种基金the Natural Science Foundation of Hubei Province (2019CFB628)China Agriculture Research System (CARS-12)Agricultural Science and Technology Innovation Program (ASTIP) of Chinese Academy of Agricultural SciencesThe Agricultural Scientific and Technological Research Projects of Guizhou Province (No. Qiankehezhicheng [2019] 2397)。
文摘Oilseed rape (Brassica napus) with yellow flowers is an attractive ornamental landscape plant during the flowering period,and the development of different petal colors has become a breeding objective.Although yellowish flower color is a common variant observed in field-grown oilseed rape,the genetics behind this variation remains unclear.We obtained a yellowish-white flower (ywf) mutant from Zhongshuang 9 (ZS9) by ethyl methanesulfonate mutagenesis (EMS) treatment.Compared with ZS9,ywf exhibited a lower carotenoid content with a reduced and defective chromoplast ultrastructure in the petals.Genetic analysis revealed that the yellowish-white trait was controlled by a single recessive gene.Using bulked-segregant analysis sequencing (BSA-seq) and kompetitive allele-specific PCR(KASP),we performed map-based cloning of the ywf locus on chromosome A08 and found that ywf harbored a C-to-T substitution in the coding region,resulting in a premature translation termination.YWF,encoding phytoene desaturase 3 (PDS3),was highly expressed in oilseed rape petals and involved in carotenoid biosynthesis.Pathway enrichment analysis of the transcriptome profiles from ZS9 and ywf indicated the carotenoid biosynthesis pathway to be highly enriched.Further analyses of differentially expressed genes and carotenoid components revealed that the truncated Bna A08.PDS3 resulted in decreased carotenoid biosynthesis in the mutant.These results contribute to an understanding of the carotenoid biosynthesis pathway and manipulation of flower-color variation in B.napus.
基金the National Natural Science Foundation of China(U20A2034 and 32070217)the Agricultural Science and Technology Innovation Program of the Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences(CAAS-ZDRW202105 and CAASASTIP-2013-OCRI)。
文摘To address the global demand for rapeseed while considering farmers’profit,we face the challenges of making a quantum leap in seed yield and,at the same time,reducing yield loss due to biotic and abiotic stresses.We also face the challenge of efficiently applying new transformative biotechnology tools such as gene editing and breeding by genome design to increase rapeseed productivity and profitability.In this Perspective,we review advances in research on the physiological and genetic bases of both stress factorsaffected yield stability and seed yield potential,focusing on source–sink relationships and allocation of photosynthetic assimilates to vegetative growth and seed development.We propose research directions and highlight the role of plant architecture in the relative contributions of the root system,leaves,and pods to seed yield.We call for de novo design of new rapeseed crops.We review trait variation in existing germplasm and biotechnologies available for crop design.Finally,we discuss opportunities to apply fundamental knowledge and key germplasm to rapeseed production and propose an ideotype for de novo design of future rapeseed cultivars.
基金supported by the National Key Research and Development Program of China(2016YFD0101007,2016YFD0100305,2018YFD0200904)the National Natural Science Foundation of China(31471536,31770250)+1 种基金the Earmarked Fund for China Agriculture Research System(CARS-12)the Agricultural Science and Technology Innovation Program(ASTIP)of Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences
文摘Optimizing the profile and quantity of fatty acids in rapeseed(Brassica napus L.) is critical for maximizing the value of edible oil and biodiesel. However, selection of these complex seed quality traits is difficult before haplotypes controlling their contents are identified. To efficiently identify genetic loci influencing these traits and underlying candidate genes and networks, we performed a genome-wide association study(GWAS) of eight seed quality traits(oil and protein content, palmitic, stearic, oleic, linoleic, eicosenoic and erucic acids content). The GWAS population comprised 370 diverse accessions, which were phenotyped in five environments and genotyped using 60K SNP arrays. The results indicated that oil and protein contents generally showed negative correlations, while fatty acid contents showed positive or negative correlations,with palmitic and erucic acid contents directly affecting oil content. Seven SNPs on five chromosomes were associated with both seed oil and protein content, and five genes orthologous to genes in Arabidopsis thaliana were predicted as candidates. From resequencing data, besides known haplotypes in Bna A.FAE1.a and Bna C.FAE1.a, three accessions harboring a new haplotype conferring moderate erucic acid content were identified. Interestingly, in a haplotype block, one haplotype was associated with high palmitic acid content and low oil content, while the others showed the reverse effects. This finding was consistent with a negative correlation between palmitic acid and oil contents, suggesting historical selection for high oil content. The identification by this study of genetic variation and complex correlations of eight seed quality traits may be beneficial for crop selection strategies.
基金supported by the Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetic Improvement of Oil Crops, Ministry of Agriculture (No. 2016004) to Guohua Chaithe research project for the Application Foundation in Qingdao(16-5-1-75-jch)
文摘Arabidopsis NIM1-INTERACTING1 (NIMIN1) and NIMIN2 are required for salicylic acid (SA)-dependent resistance against biotrophic pathogens. In this study, we have demonstrated that NIMIN1, 2 are also essential for plant defense response to necrotrophic pathogen Botrytis cinerea. The nimin1 and nimin2 mutants displayed a higher susceptibility against B. cinerea than the wild type, which correlated with a decrease in B. cinerea-induced PDF).2 expression. Mutation in NIMIN1 or NIMIN2 enhanced accumulation of hydrogen peroxide (H_2O_2) with reductions in the activities of three main antioxidant enzymes superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT), and peroxidase (POD) at the early time (24h) of upon B. cinerea infection. These mutations also resulted in a visible decrease in B.cinerea-induced Ethylene Responsive Factor 1 (ERF1), Octadecanoid-Responsive Arabidopsis AP2/ERF 59 (ORA59), Allene Oxide Cyclase (AOC3), Opda Reductase 3 (OPR3),ACC Synthesis 2 (ACS2) and ACS6 expression, but an advance in MYC2 expression,indicating that NIMIN1,2 are essential for B. cinerea-activated jasmonic acid (JA)/ethylene(ET) biosynthesis and signaling. However, mutation in NIMIN1 or NIMIN2 drastically suppressed JA-, but not ET-activated PDF1.2 expression. Together, these results suggest that NIMIN1,2 may positively control the B. cinerea resistance by mediating redox homeostasis and JA/ET pathways in Arabidopsis.
基金supported by the Natural Science Foundation of Liaoning Province(No.20170540086)the Open Fund of the State Key Laboratory of Molecular Reaction Dynamics in Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics,Chinese Academy of Sciences(SKLMRD-K202107,K202216)。
文摘The quality of perovskite layers has a great impact on the performance of perovskite solar cells(PSCs).However,defects and related trap sites are generated inevitably in the solutionprocessed polycrystalline perovskite films.It is meaningful to reduce and passivate the defect states by incorporating additive into the perovskite layer to improve perovskite crystallization.Here an environmental friendly 2D nanomaterial protonated graphitic carbon nitride(p-g-C_(3)N_(4))was successfully synthesized and doped into perovskite layer of carbon-based PSCs.The addition of p-g-C_(3)N_(4)into perovskite precursor solution not only adjusts nucleation and growth rate of methylammonium lead tri-iodide(MAPb I3)crystal for obtaining flat perovskite surface with larger grain size,but also reduces intrinsic defects of perovskite layer.It is found that thep-g-C_(3)N_(4) locates at the perovskite core,and the active groups-NH_(2)/NH_(3)and NH have a hydrogen bond strengthening,which effectively passivates electron traps and enhances the crystal quality of perovskite.As a result,a higher power conversion efficiency of 6.61% is achieved,compared with that doped with g-C_(3)N_(4)(5.93%)and undoped one(4.48%).This work demonstrates a simple method to modify the perovskite film by doping new modified additives and develops a low-cost preparation for carbon-based PSCs.
文摘The authors regret to report some mistakes in the text and associated changes necessary to section 4.1 of the paper.On page 591 in the right-hand column,line 34,“far light”should be changed to“far-red light”.On page 592 in the left-hand column,line 28,the sentence reads:“If the YP/FP ratio can be as high as 42%(the average YP/FP of the UK and China.Table S2),the farm yield will be 5.0 t ha1.”
文摘In order to study of adhesive which is applicable to the production of high strength four layer composite corrugated board,the composite corrugated medium was respectively coated with cassava starch adhesive,environmental-friendly modified water glass binder,CP-88 starch adhesive,polyvinyl alcohol adhesive and polyvinyl acetate adhesive,then the edgewise crush resistance and flat crush resistance contrast experiment on produced corrugated board samples was tested.The experiment results demonstrated that the produced corrugated board with environmental-friendly modified water glass binder had high edgewise crush resistance,general flat crush resistance and more economic,so the environmental-friendly modified water glass binder can be used for the production of high strength four layer composite corrugated board.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(32101813,32370693,and 32300559)the Agricultural Science and Technology Innovation Program of the Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences(CAAS-OCRI-XKPY-202104 and CAAS-ZDRW202105)the Young Top-notch Talent Cultivation Program of Hubei Province.
文摘Plant architecture can act as a pivotal determinant of crop yield by maximizing photosynthate accumulation in grains,but no B.napus rapeseed ideotype has yet been defined.However,semi-dwarf and compact(SDC)rapeseed plant types with the capacity to maximize silique number per hectare and seed weight per silique are expected to optimize plant architecture for groundbreaking seed yield,avoiding lodging and promoting mechanical harvest(Liu et al.,2022).In this study,we report the mutant dc1,which exhibits DC plant architecture with significantly increased silique number in the main inflorescence compared with currently cultivated high and loose(HL)plant types like those of elite cultivars(Figure 1A and Supplemental Figure 1).
基金financially supported by the National Key Research and Development Program of China(2016YFD0100602,2016YFD0101007,2016YFD0100305)the National Natural Science Foundation of China(31471536 and 31770250)+1 种基金the China Agriculture Research System(CARS-1305)the Agricultural Science and Technology Innovation Program(ASTIP)of the National High Technology Research and Development Program of China(2013AA102602)
文摘Oilseed rape(Brassica napus) is an allotetraploid with two subgenomes descended from a common ancestor. Accordingly, its genome contains syntenic regions with many duplicate genes, some of which may have retained their original functions, whereas others may have diverged. Here, we mapped quantitative trait loci(QTL) for stem rot resistance(SRR), a disease caused by the fungus Sclerotinia sclerotiorum, and flowering time(FT) in a recombinant inbred line population. The population was genotyped using B.napus 60 K single nucleotide polymorphism arrays and phenotyped in six(FT) and nine(SSR) experimental conditions or environments. In total, we detected 30 SRR QTL and 22 FT QTL and show that some of the major QTL associated with these two traits were co-localized,suggesting a genetic linkage between them. Two SRR QTL on chromosome A2 and two on chromosome C2 were shown to be syntenic, suggesting the functional conservation of these regions. We used the syntenic properties of the genomic regions to exclude genes for selection candidates responsible for QTL-associated traits. For example, 152 of the 185 genes could be excluded from a syntenic A2–C2 region. These findings will help to elucidate polyploid genomics in future studies, in addition to providing useful information for B. napus breeding programs.
