Continuing medical education(CME)is rapidly evolving into competency-based continuing professional development(CPD)and this is driving change in self-directed CPD programs undertaken by individual practitioners as wel...Continuing medical education(CME)is rapidly evolving into competency-based continuing professional development(CPD)and this is driving change in self-directed CPD programs undertaken by individual practitioners as well as CPD programs or frameworks offered by CPD educators.This progression is being led by many factors including the rapid change in medical knowledge and medical practitioners along with changes in patients and society,healthcare systems,regulators and the political environment.We describe our experiences primarily concerning low-resource environments,in creating the International Council of Ophthalmology(ICO)Guide to Effective CPD/CME and in developing a CPD program for the Cambodian Ophthalmological Society(COS)twinned with the Royal Australian and New Zealand College of Ophthalmologists(RANZCO).At the conclusion of the project,47(100%)Cambodian practicing ophthalmologists were registered in the CPD program and 21(45%)were actively participating in the online COS-CPD program recording.We discuss challenges in CPD,propose solutions to overcome them and recommend developing research in CPD as needed to effectively enhance educational activities with impact in public health.展开更多
Introduction to Dr.Karl Golnik Karl Golnik,MD,MEd(Figure 1)is a neuro-ophthalmologist at the University of Cincinnati Gardner Neuroscience Institute;a professor of ophthalmology at the Cincinnati Eye Institute and the...Introduction to Dr.Karl Golnik Karl Golnik,MD,MEd(Figure 1)is a neuro-ophthalmologist at the University of Cincinnati Gardner Neuroscience Institute;a professor of ophthalmology at the Cincinnati Eye Institute and the University of Cincinnati;and professor of Ophthalmology at the University of Louisville.展开更多
Change has come slowly to the field of neuro-ophthalmology.The major transformative innovations in diagnostic neuroimaging occurred decades ago but the field remained mostly a diagnostic subspecialty.Over the past few...Change has come slowly to the field of neuro-ophthalmology.The major transformative innovations in diagnostic neuroimaging occurred decades ago but the field remained mostly a diagnostic subspecialty.Over the past few years however a new birth of innovative translational tests and treatments have emerged and have accelerated progress in neuro-ophthalmology.This dramatic wave of new testing and treatment modalities is the impetus for this monograph entitled“Progress in neuro-ophthalmology.”We hope that you enjoy this information and the continued and evolving journey of our specialty from the diagnostic to the therapeutic realm.展开更多
Myasthenia gravis(MG)is an autoimmune antibody-mediated disorder which causes fluctuating weakness in ocular,bulbar and limb skeletal muscles.There are two major clinical types of MG.Ocular MG(OMG)affects extra ocular...Myasthenia gravis(MG)is an autoimmune antibody-mediated disorder which causes fluctuating weakness in ocular,bulbar and limb skeletal muscles.There are two major clinical types of MG.Ocular MG(OMG)affects extra ocular muscles associated with eye movement and eyelid function and generalized MG results in muscle weakness throughout the body.Patients with OMG have painless fluctuating extra ocular muscles weakness,diplopia and ptosis accompanied by normal visual acuity and pupillary function.Frequently,patients with OMG develop generalized MG over 24 months.Pure OMG is more often earlier in onset(<45 years)than generalized MG.It can also occur as part of an immune-genetic disorder or paraneoplastic syndrome related to thymus tumors.Diagnosis is based on clinical manifestations,laboratory findings,electrophysiological evaluation and pharmacologic tests.Therapeutic strategies for MG consist of symptom relieving medications(e.g.,acetylcholine esterase inhibitors),immunosuppressive agents,and surgical intervention(e.g.,thymectomy).展开更多
The goal of ophthalmology residency training is to produce competent ophthalmologists.Appropriate assessments must be employed to ensure this goal is met.Valid and reliable workplace-based assessments are designed to ...The goal of ophthalmology residency training is to produce competent ophthalmologists.Appropriate assessments must be employed to ensure this goal is met.Valid and reliable workplace-based assessments are designed to assess competence in the many domains required of a good ophthalmologist.These assessments increase standardization and objectivity as compared to simple observational feedback.When used appropriately,workplace based assessments not only provide measures of competence but also facilitate effective formative feedback and enhance learning.展开更多
Program accreditation is usually a voluntary process based on published standards and performed by a governmental or non-governmental agency of peers.The accreditation process has several components:self-assessment gu...Program accreditation is usually a voluntary process based on published standards and performed by a governmental or non-governmental agency of peers.The accreditation process has several components:self-assessment guide completion,site visit and review of program data by the accrediting body.Program accreditation’s primary function is to facilitate self-assessment,provide standards of education and lead to program improvement.It also serves to protect the student’s education and ultimately improve patient care.The International Council of Ophthalmology has developed International Guidelines for accreditation of ophthalmology residency programs and is launching a pilot program to accredit programs on demand.展开更多
This special edition of Annals of Eye Science comprehensively addresses many of principles and changes that have occurred over the past couple of decades.The fairly new concept of competency-based training represents ...This special edition of Annals of Eye Science comprehensively addresses many of principles and changes that have occurred over the past couple of decades.The fairly new concept of competency-based training represents a shift from the old paradigm of showing that training programs are capable of teaching to showing that trainees can actually do what is expected of them.“Competence”is not just the ability to do something,but to do it well.In other words,teaching doesn’t equal learning!We must maximize our teaching abilities in lecture,clinic and surgery to enhance every learning opportunity.In this issue,Palis(1)provides tips on improving lecture skills;Neufeld and associates(2)define principles of good surgical teaching.Mayorga(3),Yang and associates(4)both describe a relatively new concept called the flipped classroom that is designed to maximize the expertise of the teacher and enhance higher order cognitive learning in students.Each of these articles contains many valuable concepts that if employed,will enhance learning.展开更多
Ophthalmology residency training programs need authentic methods of assessment to show that trainees have learned and can do what is expected upon graduation.Written and oral examinations are necessary to assess knowl...Ophthalmology residency training programs need authentic methods of assessment to show that trainees have learned and can do what is expected upon graduation.Written and oral examinations are necessary to assess knowledge but other methods are needed to assess skill.Workplace-based assessments(WPBAs)should be utilized to observe resident skill in the clinic and during surgery.Several such assessment tools have been published and validated.These tools have the additional benefit of facilitating specific formative feedback and thus can be used for both teaching and assessing.展开更多
文摘Continuing medical education(CME)is rapidly evolving into competency-based continuing professional development(CPD)and this is driving change in self-directed CPD programs undertaken by individual practitioners as well as CPD programs or frameworks offered by CPD educators.This progression is being led by many factors including the rapid change in medical knowledge and medical practitioners along with changes in patients and society,healthcare systems,regulators and the political environment.We describe our experiences primarily concerning low-resource environments,in creating the International Council of Ophthalmology(ICO)Guide to Effective CPD/CME and in developing a CPD program for the Cambodian Ophthalmological Society(COS)twinned with the Royal Australian and New Zealand College of Ophthalmologists(RANZCO).At the conclusion of the project,47(100%)Cambodian practicing ophthalmologists were registered in the CPD program and 21(45%)were actively participating in the online COS-CPD program recording.We discuss challenges in CPD,propose solutions to overcome them and recommend developing research in CPD as needed to effectively enhance educational activities with impact in public health.
文摘Introduction to Dr.Karl Golnik Karl Golnik,MD,MEd(Figure 1)is a neuro-ophthalmologist at the University of Cincinnati Gardner Neuroscience Institute;a professor of ophthalmology at the Cincinnati Eye Institute and the University of Cincinnati;and professor of Ophthalmology at the University of Louisville.
文摘Change has come slowly to the field of neuro-ophthalmology.The major transformative innovations in diagnostic neuroimaging occurred decades ago but the field remained mostly a diagnostic subspecialty.Over the past few years however a new birth of innovative translational tests and treatments have emerged and have accelerated progress in neuro-ophthalmology.This dramatic wave of new testing and treatment modalities is the impetus for this monograph entitled“Progress in neuro-ophthalmology.”We hope that you enjoy this information and the continued and evolving journey of our specialty from the diagnostic to the therapeutic realm.
文摘Myasthenia gravis(MG)is an autoimmune antibody-mediated disorder which causes fluctuating weakness in ocular,bulbar and limb skeletal muscles.There are two major clinical types of MG.Ocular MG(OMG)affects extra ocular muscles associated with eye movement and eyelid function and generalized MG results in muscle weakness throughout the body.Patients with OMG have painless fluctuating extra ocular muscles weakness,diplopia and ptosis accompanied by normal visual acuity and pupillary function.Frequently,patients with OMG develop generalized MG over 24 months.Pure OMG is more often earlier in onset(<45 years)than generalized MG.It can also occur as part of an immune-genetic disorder or paraneoplastic syndrome related to thymus tumors.Diagnosis is based on clinical manifestations,laboratory findings,electrophysiological evaluation and pharmacologic tests.Therapeutic strategies for MG consist of symptom relieving medications(e.g.,acetylcholine esterase inhibitors),immunosuppressive agents,and surgical intervention(e.g.,thymectomy).
文摘The goal of ophthalmology residency training is to produce competent ophthalmologists.Appropriate assessments must be employed to ensure this goal is met.Valid and reliable workplace-based assessments are designed to assess competence in the many domains required of a good ophthalmologist.These assessments increase standardization and objectivity as compared to simple observational feedback.When used appropriately,workplace based assessments not only provide measures of competence but also facilitate effective formative feedback and enhance learning.
文摘Program accreditation is usually a voluntary process based on published standards and performed by a governmental or non-governmental agency of peers.The accreditation process has several components:self-assessment guide completion,site visit and review of program data by the accrediting body.Program accreditation’s primary function is to facilitate self-assessment,provide standards of education and lead to program improvement.It also serves to protect the student’s education and ultimately improve patient care.The International Council of Ophthalmology has developed International Guidelines for accreditation of ophthalmology residency programs and is launching a pilot program to accredit programs on demand.
文摘This special edition of Annals of Eye Science comprehensively addresses many of principles and changes that have occurred over the past couple of decades.The fairly new concept of competency-based training represents a shift from the old paradigm of showing that training programs are capable of teaching to showing that trainees can actually do what is expected of them.“Competence”is not just the ability to do something,but to do it well.In other words,teaching doesn’t equal learning!We must maximize our teaching abilities in lecture,clinic and surgery to enhance every learning opportunity.In this issue,Palis(1)provides tips on improving lecture skills;Neufeld and associates(2)define principles of good surgical teaching.Mayorga(3),Yang and associates(4)both describe a relatively new concept called the flipped classroom that is designed to maximize the expertise of the teacher and enhance higher order cognitive learning in students.Each of these articles contains many valuable concepts that if employed,will enhance learning.
文摘Ophthalmology residency training programs need authentic methods of assessment to show that trainees have learned and can do what is expected upon graduation.Written and oral examinations are necessary to assess knowledge but other methods are needed to assess skill.Workplace-based assessments(WPBAs)should be utilized to observe resident skill in the clinic and during surgery.Several such assessment tools have been published and validated.These tools have the additional benefit of facilitating specific formative feedback and thus can be used for both teaching and assessing.
