Remote-sensing data for protected areas in northern Togo, obtained in three different years （2007, 2000, and 1987）, were used to assess and map changes in land cover and land use for this drought prone zone. The nor...Remote-sensing data for protected areas in northern Togo, obtained in three different years （2007, 2000, and 1987）, were used to assess and map changes in land cover and land use for this drought prone zone. The normalized difference vegetation index （NDVI） was applied to the images to map changes in vegetation. An unsupervised classification, followed by classes recoding, filtering, identifications, area computing and post-classification process were applied to the composite of the three years of NDVI images. Maximum likelihood classification was applied to the 2007 image （ETM＋2007） using a supervised classification process. Seven vegetation classes were defined from training data sets. The seven classes included the following biomes： riparian forest, dry forest, flooded vegetation, wooded savanna, fallows, parkland, and water. For these classes, the overall accuracy and the overall kappa statistic for the classi- fied map were 72.5% and 0.67, respectively. Data analyses indicated a great change in land resources; especially between 1987 and 2000 proba- bly due to the impact of democratization process social, economic, and political disorder from 1990. Wide-scale loss of vegetation occurred during this period. However, areas of vegetation clearing and regrowth were more visible between 2000 and 2007. The main source of confusion in the contingency matrix was due to heterogeneity within certain classes. It could also be due to spectral homogeneity among the classes. This research provides a baseline for future ecological landscape research and for the next management program in the area.展开更多
The research was done in the Atacora Mountain chain in Togo which tended to assess the change of vegetation cover during a 24-year period.It also aims to evaluate the dynamic of the net primary productivity(NPP) of th...The research was done in the Atacora Mountain chain in Togo which tended to assess the change of vegetation cover during a 24-year period.It also aims to evaluate the dynamic of the net primary productivity(NPP) of the living plants over the same period.The Landsat imagery covering three different periods(1987, 2000, and 2011) was pre-processed to correct atmospheric and radiometric parameters as well as gapfilling the 2011 SCL-off images.Then, the vegetation indices such as NDVI(normalized difference vegetation index), SR(simple ratiovegetation index), SAVI(soil-adjusted vegetation index), and CASA(carnegie- ames- stanford approach)model for NPP were applied on these images after masking the study area.The results showed a quiet decrease in the vegetation cover.The vegetation loss was more significant from 2000 to 2011 than from1987 to 2000, and anthropogenic activities can be deemed as the main cause of the vegetation loss.The biomass assessment by NPP computation also showed a decrease over the time.Similar to the change of the vegetation cover, the ecosystem net productivity was very low in 2011 compared to 2000 and 1987.It seems that the general health condition of thevegetation, including its potentiality in carbon sinking,was negatively affected in this area, which has already been under threatened.A perpetual monitoring of these ecosystems by means of efficient techniques could enhance the sustainable management tools of in the framework of reducing emissions from deforestation and forest degradation(REDD).展开更多
These days, human activities in the savanna and the remaining dry and riparian forests of the Sudanian ecoregions continue to have their impact. These anthropogenic practices are still the main cause of disturbances i...These days, human activities in the savanna and the remaining dry and riparian forests of the Sudanian ecoregions continue to have their impact. These anthropogenic practices are still the main cause of disturbances in these areas. In order to investigate and assess the importance of these disturbances, caused by people bordering on protected areas and to determine the relation between these activities and the environment in which they are carried out, 220 samples were selected in the three main protected areas of northern Togo. The investigation was mainly qualitative, considering the floristic sampling of this drought area; any anthropogenic activities observed were recorded. A simple investigative questionnaire about the activities of rural people in the reserved areas was distributed to individuals encountered in the study area. Each sample in the investigation ended with a site description of its ecologi- cal characterization, i.e., soil features, topography, fauna footprints, dominant plant species and GPS position; we also took photo- graphs of the site. Data processing was entirely based on descriptive statistics and a factor analysis. The results show that eight kinds of human activities, i.e., the use of pastures, tree cutting, bush fires, charcoal production, harvesting of plant material, fanning, honey harvesting and hunting, were noted to be serious disturbances to the integrity of the ecosystems. Among these disturbances, three are recurrent in all the sampled areas of which the use of pastures accounts for 31.88%, tree cutting for 30.35% and bush fires for 30.13%. Fire and pasture disturbances are closely linked and are responsible for the current features of the savanna area of the region. Tree cutting is more a direct function of the need for the production of wood fuel, generally used by city populations. Hunting, farm- ing and honey production are of lesser importance in the area and therefore, do not pose a significantly negative effect on the growth of fauna and flora. Knowledge of these disturbances in the context of requalification and a renewed demarcation of protected areas in Togo is essential for their sustainable management.展开更多
This study aims to identify the drivers of environmental degradation due to the dependency of surrounding residents on three protected areas in Togo, Africa (Oti-Keran, Togodo, and Abdoulaye national parks (abbr. OTA ...This study aims to identify the drivers of environmental degradation due to the dependency of surrounding residents on three protected areas in Togo, Africa (Oti-Keran, Togodo, and Abdoulaye national parks (abbr. OTA national parks)). Surveys of villagers conducted in and around the OTA national parks added to data downloaded from Indexmundi data portal. National-level trend analysis results indicated: 1) the number of terrestrial protected areas showed an upward trend, while savannah and forest cover showed alarming decrease trends. 2) At the local level, supplying socio-economic needs in the three selected protected areas directly resulted in biodiversity degradation through animal grazing, hunting and farming. 3) Over 70% of the respondent’s livelihoods consisted of farming and related dependencies on the protected areas for timber and non-timber forest products and income despite the protected status hold by these classified areas. 4) The OTA national parks have been experiencing an increase of anthropogenic pressure such as uncontrolled tree logging and hunting, which seriously impacts animal and vegetation biodiversity. 5) Policymakers should invest more resources in implementing an integrated management system based not only on a holistic vision of the PA that includes participatory management but also accounts for multi-dimensional principles to enable anthropogenic activities in and around the protected areas to satisfy sustainable development requirements.展开更多
Air quality has been a major health issue in urban areas in recent decades.</span></span><span><span><span style="font-family:""> Human activities release a large number of...Air quality has been a major health issue in urban areas in recent decades.</span></span><span><span><span style="font-family:""> Human activities release a large number of pollutants into the atmosphere which ha</span></span></span><span><span><span style="font-family:"">s</span></span></span><span><span><span style="font-family:""> a direct impact on plant health and lead</span></span></span><span><span><span style="font-family:"">s</span></span></span><span><span><span style="font-family:""> to ecosystem degradation. The objective of this study is to contribute to a better evaluation of the impact of the air quality of the city of Togo on biological resources. The determination of pollutants was done on samples of plant species with a strong link with the source of pollution. The determination of Sulfur dioxide (SO<sub>2</sub>) was done by the ripper method. The determination of carbon and estimation of CO<sub>2</sub> and CO by the colorimetric method. The determination of nitrogen was done by <span>the Kjeldhal method. The results showed that at the industrial level the</span> amount of CO<sub>2</sub> in </span></span></span><span><span><span style="font-family:""><i></span></span></span><span><span><i><span style="font-family:"">Alternanthera r</span></i></span></span><span><span><i><span style="font-family:"">e</span></i></span></span><span><span><i><span style="font-family:"">pens</span></i></span></span><span><span><i><span style="font-family:""></i></span></i></span></span><span><span><span style="font-family:""> is high with a value of 53.3911 <span>mg/ml. On the other hand</span></span></span></span><span><span><span style="font-family:"">,</span></span></span><span><span><span style="font-family:""> the quantity of CO in </span></span></span><span><span><span style="font-family:""><i></span></span></span><span><span><i><span style="font-family:"">Senna occidentalis</span></i></span></span><span><span><i><span style="font-family:""></i></span></i></span></span><span><span><span style="font-family:""> is</span></span></span><span><span><span style="font-family:""> 44.3619 mg/ml. In </span></span></span><span><span><span style="font-family:""><i></span></span></span><span><span><i><span style="font-family:"">Pithecellobium dulce</span></i></span></span><span><span><i><span style="font-family:""></i></span></i></span></span><span><span><span style="font-family:"">,</span></span></span><span><span><span style="font-family:""> the quantity of SO<sub>2</sub> and NO<sub>2</sub> are evaluated respectively to 0</span></span></span><span><span><span style="font-family:"">.</span></span></span><span><span><span style="font-family:"">1588 mg/ml and 0</span></span></span><span><span><span style="font-family:"">.</span></span></span><span><span><span style="font-family:"">3696 mg/ml. Regarding to the dumps, the quantity of CO<sub>2</sub> in </span></span></span><span><span><span style="font-family:""><i></span></span></span><span><span><i><span style="font-family:"">Newbouldia laevis</span></i></span></span><span><span><i><span style="font-family:""></i></span></i></span></span><span><span><span style="font-family:""> is very high with a value of 65.8508 mg/ml. On the other hand the amount of CO in </span></span></span><span><span><span style="font-family:""><i></span></span></span><span><span><i><span style="font-family:"">Senna occidentalis</span></i></span></span><span><span><i><span style="font-family:""></i></span></i></span></span><span><span><i><span style="font-family:""> </span></i></span></span><span><span><span style="font-family:"">is 51.6106 mg/ml. The quantity of SO<sub>2</sub> in </span></span></span><span><span><span style="font-family:""><i></span></span></span><span><span><i><span style="font-family:"">Newbouldia laevis</span></i></span></span><span><span><i><span style="font-family:""></i></span></i></span></span><span><span><span style="font-family:""> is 0.2101 mg/ml and NO<sub>2</sub> in </span></span></span><span><span><span style="font-family:""><i></span></span></span><span><span><i><span style="font-family:"">Ocimum canum</span></i></span></span><span><span><i><span style="font-family:""></i></span></i></span></span><span><span><span style="font-family:""> is 0.2744 mg/ml. At the level of roads, the quantities of CO<sub>2</sub> and CO in </span></span></span><span><span><span style="font-family:""><i></span></span></span><span><span><i><span style="font-family:"">Eragrostis tenella</span></i></span></span><span><span><i><span style="font-family:""></i></span></i></span></span><span><span><span style="font-family:""> are very high with values respectively equal to 74.4092</span></span></span><span><span><span style="font-family:""> mg/ml and 62.2654 mg/ml. On the other hand</span></span></span><span><span><span style="font-family:"">,</span></span></span><span><span><span style="font-family:""> the amount of NO<sub>2</sub> in </span></span></span><span><span><span style="font-family:""><i></span></span></span><span><span><i><span style="font-family:"">Amaranthus</span></i></span></span><span><span><i><span style="font-family:""></i></span></i></span></span><span><span><span style="font-family:""> sp is 0.2304 mg/ml and that of SO<sub>2</sub> in </span></span></span><span><span><span style="font-family:""><i></span></span></span><span><span><i><span style="font-family:"">Eragrostis Tenella</span></i></span></span><span><span><i><span style="font-family:""></i></span></i></span></span><span><span><span style="font-family:""> is 0.1691 mg/ml. The use of a plant bioindicator sensitive to pollutants, allowed concluding that the air of the city of Lome is polluted. The concentration of <span>carbon dioxide and carbon monoxide is much more evident in return </span></span></span></span><span><span><span style="font-family:"">when </span></span></span><span><span><span style="font-family:"">the </span></span></span><span><span><span style="font-family:"">health of plant species is threatened.展开更多
The aim of this work is to inventory Edible Wild Fruit Species （EWFS） highly consumed by local people during food shortage periods in Togo. Ethnobotanical surveys were carried out in four ecological zones （I, II, I...The aim of this work is to inventory Edible Wild Fruit Species （EWFS） highly consumed by local people during food shortage periods in Togo. Ethnobotanical surveys were carried out in four ecological zones （I, II, III ＆ IV） involving a sample of 433 persons from 29 ethnic groups. Semi-structured interview, field observation, group discussions were used to collect data. Food shortage periods were defined using the agricultural calendar of main crops in three ecological zones （I, II, ＆ III）. One hundred and one EWFS belonging to 84 genera and 39 families were inventoried. The three main types of use of the EWFS were direct consumption, condiments and medicines. Twenty among the 101 EWFS recorded were highly consumed during food shortage periods with respectively 15 EWFS in ecological I, 14 in zone 1I and 12 in ecological zone III. All edible fruits consumed during food shortage periods were fresh fruits with abundant pulp. Six fruit species were sold to bring income to local households. These species were those which benefit from conservation measures through their husbandry in agroforestry systems.展开更多
In the current context of REDD＋ opportunities, it is important to evaluate forest genetic resources for local communities＇ benefits. The aim of this ethnobotanical survey with an emphasis in cosmetopoeia--by referri...In the current context of REDD＋ opportunities, it is important to evaluate forest genetic resources for local communities＇ benefits. The aim of this ethnobotanical survey with an emphasis in cosmetopoeia--by referring to the word pharmacopoeia--was to explore, investigate, collect and identify natural resources used in traditional cosmetic in Togo for that purpose. The specific objectives were （i） to inventory plant species used as cosmetic in Togolese ethnocultural groups, and （ii） to describe their biological forms for their sustainable use. Based on ethnobotanical approach, this survey identified through multistage sampling design and semi-structured interview, 177 plant species belonging to 167 genera and 59 families with 82.45% dicotyledonous and 17.55% monocotyledonous species. According to life forms, these species were distributed as ligneous （56.50%） and herbaceous （43.50%）. The computation of Whittaker＇s Index of Association led to three communities of ethnic groups. The explanatory effect of the ethnic based-tradition was significant and confirmed by Monte Carlo permutation test （P = 0.0020） after 499 permutations under split-plot constraints. This first outline confirmed ethnobotany as a viable tool in search for plant genetic resources in cosmetic industries. These findings could be incorporated into future conservation management plans of forest genetic resources in Togo and other tropical countries.展开更多
The increase in the urban population and the high concentration of many<span style="font-family:Verdana;"> anth</span><span style="font-family:;" "=""><span styl...The increase in the urban population and the high concentration of many<span style="font-family:Verdana;"> anth</span><span style="font-family:;" "=""><span style="font-family:Verdana;">ropogenic activities in certain regions of the world lead to atmospheric disturbances. The excess concentration of several chemical elements leads to air pollution. In order to identify the types of air pollutants, a study was carried out in the city of Lomé, the capital of Togo. The objective of this study is </span><span style="font-family:Verdana;">to </span></span><span style="font-family:Verdana;">achieve</span><span style="font-family:Verdana;"> a better knowledge of the types of air pollutants in the city of</span><span style="font-family:;" "=""><span style="font-family:Verdana;"> Lomé. The identification of the various atmospheric pollutants linked to the sources of pollution was made using micro-sensors. The standardized method was used to access target gas concentration levels. The average concentrations of NO</span><sub><span style="font-family:Verdana;">2</span></sub><span style="font-family:Verdana;"> gaseous pollutants at landfills are on average 0.333 μg/m</span><sup><span style="font-family:Verdana;">3</span></sup><span style="font-family:Verdana;">;0.403 mg/m</span><sup><span style="font-family:Verdana;">3</span></sup><span style="font-family:Verdana;"> at the industrial level, at the transport level they are on average 0.434 mg/m</span><sup><span style="font-family:Verdana;">3</span></sup><span style="font-family:Verdana;"> for the morning and 0.457 mg/m</span><sup><span style="font-family:Verdana;">3</span></sup><span style="font-family:Verdana;"> for the evening. Concentrations of carbon dioxide (CO</span><sub><span style="font-family:Verdana;">2</span></sub><span style="font-family:Verdana;">) are higher in industrial areas</span></span><span style="font-family:Verdana;"> than in others sources of pollution</span><span style="font-family:;" "=""><span style="font-family:Verdana;">. The average concentration measured at this level is 1632.79 mg/m</span><sup><span style="font-family:Verdana;">3</span></sup><span style="font-family:Verdana;">. In terms of road transport, in the mornings the average concentration is 1493.23 </span><span><span style="font-family:Verdana;">mg/m</span><sup><span style="font-family:Verdana;">3</span></sup><span style="font-family:Verdana;">, in the evening the average concentration is 1354.09 mg/m</span><sup><span style="font-family:Verdana;">3</span></sup><span style="font-family:Verdana;">. On the</span></span><span style="font-family:Verdana;"> other </span><span style="font-family:Verdana;">hand, they are lower at the level of the landfills, the average of which is</span><span style="font-family:Verdana;"> 1265.08 ppm. The highest SO</span><sub><span style="font-family:Verdana;">2</span></sub><span style="font-family:Verdana;"> concentrations are also observed only in the landfills of Port</span></span><span style="font-family:;" "=""> </span><span style="font-family:Verdana;">1 and Bè_Kpota</span><span style="font-family:;" "=""> </span><span style="font-family:;" "=""><span style="font-family:Verdana;">2 with concentrations respectively and </span><span><span style="font-family:Verdana;">relatively low and equal to 0.081 mg/m</span><sup><span style="font-family:Verdana;">3</span></sup><span style="font-family:Verdana;"> and 0.1616 mg/m</span><sup><span style="font-family:Verdana;">3</span></sup><span style="font-family:Verdana;">. The</span></span><span style="font-family:Verdana;"> concentration of ground-level ozone is zero in industries and landfills. On the other hand, at the level of road transport, some values were recorded at the level of two road </span><span><span style="font-family:Verdana;">transports. These are Carrefour Attikoumé Djidjole (17.03 mg/m</span><sup><span style="font-family:Verdana;">3</span></sup><span style="font-family:Verdana;">) and</span></span><span style="font-family:Verdana;"> Carrefour 2 Lions (0.001 mg/m</span><sup><span style="font-family:Verdana;">3</span></sup><span style="font-family:Verdana;">). The concentrations of carbon monoxide (CO) in the capital at the industrial level are on average 22.57 mg/m</span><sup><span style="font-family:Verdana;">3</span></sup><span style="font-family:Verdana;">;at landfills it is on average 0.24 mg/m</span><sup><span style="font-family:Verdana;">3</span></sup><span style="font-family:Verdana;">. In terms of road transport, they are on average 7.890 mg/m</span><sup><span style="font-family:Verdana;">3</span></sup><span style="font-family:Verdana;"> for the morning and 8.23 mg/m</span><sup><span style="font-family:Verdana;">3</span></sup><span style="font-family:Verdana;"> for the evening. These results constitute a database for biomonitoring.</span></span>展开更多
基金supported by the Chinese Ministry of Sciences and Technology--the host of China-Africa Science and Technology Partnership Program(CASTEP)the National Special Research Program for Forestry Welfare of China(201104009)
文摘Remote-sensing data for protected areas in northern Togo, obtained in three different years （2007, 2000, and 1987）, were used to assess and map changes in land cover and land use for this drought prone zone. The normalized difference vegetation index （NDVI） was applied to the images to map changes in vegetation. An unsupervised classification, followed by classes recoding, filtering, identifications, area computing and post-classification process were applied to the composite of the three years of NDVI images. Maximum likelihood classification was applied to the 2007 image （ETM＋2007） using a supervised classification process. Seven vegetation classes were defined from training data sets. The seven classes included the following biomes： riparian forest, dry forest, flooded vegetation, wooded savanna, fallows, parkland, and water. For these classes, the overall accuracy and the overall kappa statistic for the classi- fied map were 72.5% and 0.67, respectively. Data analyses indicated a great change in land resources; especially between 1987 and 2000 proba- bly due to the impact of democratization process social, economic, and political disorder from 1990. Wide-scale loss of vegetation occurred during this period. However, areas of vegetation clearing and regrowth were more visible between 2000 and 2007. The main source of confusion in the contingency matrix was due to heterogeneity within certain classes. It could also be due to spectral homogeneity among the classes. This research provides a baseline for future ecological landscape research and for the next management program in the area.
基金the Chinese Ministry of Sciences and Technology,the host of China-Africa Science and Technology Partnership Program(CASTEP)the special fund of forestry industry for public welfare projects(200904022)
文摘The research was done in the Atacora Mountain chain in Togo which tended to assess the change of vegetation cover during a 24-year period.It also aims to evaluate the dynamic of the net primary productivity(NPP) of the living plants over the same period.The Landsat imagery covering three different periods(1987, 2000, and 2011) was pre-processed to correct atmospheric and radiometric parameters as well as gapfilling the 2011 SCL-off images.Then, the vegetation indices such as NDVI(normalized difference vegetation index), SR(simple ratiovegetation index), SAVI(soil-adjusted vegetation index), and CASA(carnegie- ames- stanford approach)model for NPP were applied on these images after masking the study area.The results showed a quiet decrease in the vegetation cover.The vegetation loss was more significant from 2000 to 2011 than from1987 to 2000, and anthropogenic activities can be deemed as the main cause of the vegetation loss.The biomass assessment by NPP computation also showed a decrease over the time.Similar to the change of the vegetation cover, the ecosystem net productivity was very low in 2011 compared to 2000 and 1987.It seems that the general health condition of thevegetation, including its potentiality in carbon sinking,was negatively affected in this area, which has already been under threatened.A perpetual monitoring of these ecosystems by means of efficient techniques could enhance the sustainable management tools of in the framework of reducing emissions from deforestation and forest degradation(REDD).
基金supported by the Chinese and Togolese governments under the direction of Beijing Forestry University and Universitéde Lomé
文摘These days, human activities in the savanna and the remaining dry and riparian forests of the Sudanian ecoregions continue to have their impact. These anthropogenic practices are still the main cause of disturbances in these areas. In order to investigate and assess the importance of these disturbances, caused by people bordering on protected areas and to determine the relation between these activities and the environment in which they are carried out, 220 samples were selected in the three main protected areas of northern Togo. The investigation was mainly qualitative, considering the floristic sampling of this drought area; any anthropogenic activities observed were recorded. A simple investigative questionnaire about the activities of rural people in the reserved areas was distributed to individuals encountered in the study area. Each sample in the investigation ended with a site description of its ecologi- cal characterization, i.e., soil features, topography, fauna footprints, dominant plant species and GPS position; we also took photo- graphs of the site. Data processing was entirely based on descriptive statistics and a factor analysis. The results show that eight kinds of human activities, i.e., the use of pastures, tree cutting, bush fires, charcoal production, harvesting of plant material, fanning, honey harvesting and hunting, were noted to be serious disturbances to the integrity of the ecosystems. Among these disturbances, three are recurrent in all the sampled areas of which the use of pastures accounts for 31.88%, tree cutting for 30.35% and bush fires for 30.13%. Fire and pasture disturbances are closely linked and are responsible for the current features of the savanna area of the region. Tree cutting is more a direct function of the need for the production of wood fuel, generally used by city populations. Hunting, farm- ing and honey production are of lesser importance in the area and therefore, do not pose a significantly negative effect on the growth of fauna and flora. Knowledge of these disturbances in the context of requalification and a renewed demarcation of protected areas in Togo is essential for their sustainable management.
文摘This study aims to identify the drivers of environmental degradation due to the dependency of surrounding residents on three protected areas in Togo, Africa (Oti-Keran, Togodo, and Abdoulaye national parks (abbr. OTA national parks)). Surveys of villagers conducted in and around the OTA national parks added to data downloaded from Indexmundi data portal. National-level trend analysis results indicated: 1) the number of terrestrial protected areas showed an upward trend, while savannah and forest cover showed alarming decrease trends. 2) At the local level, supplying socio-economic needs in the three selected protected areas directly resulted in biodiversity degradation through animal grazing, hunting and farming. 3) Over 70% of the respondent’s livelihoods consisted of farming and related dependencies on the protected areas for timber and non-timber forest products and income despite the protected status hold by these classified areas. 4) The OTA national parks have been experiencing an increase of anthropogenic pressure such as uncontrolled tree logging and hunting, which seriously impacts animal and vegetation biodiversity. 5) Policymakers should invest more resources in implementing an integrated management system based not only on a holistic vision of the PA that includes participatory management but also accounts for multi-dimensional principles to enable anthropogenic activities in and around the protected areas to satisfy sustainable development requirements.
文摘Air quality has been a major health issue in urban areas in recent decades.</span></span><span><span><span style="font-family:""> Human activities release a large number of pollutants into the atmosphere which ha</span></span></span><span><span><span style="font-family:"">s</span></span></span><span><span><span style="font-family:""> a direct impact on plant health and lead</span></span></span><span><span><span style="font-family:"">s</span></span></span><span><span><span style="font-family:""> to ecosystem degradation. The objective of this study is to contribute to a better evaluation of the impact of the air quality of the city of Togo on biological resources. The determination of pollutants was done on samples of plant species with a strong link with the source of pollution. The determination of Sulfur dioxide (SO<sub>2</sub>) was done by the ripper method. The determination of carbon and estimation of CO<sub>2</sub> and CO by the colorimetric method. The determination of nitrogen was done by <span>the Kjeldhal method. The results showed that at the industrial level the</span> amount of CO<sub>2</sub> in </span></span></span><span><span><span style="font-family:""><i></span></span></span><span><span><i><span style="font-family:"">Alternanthera r</span></i></span></span><span><span><i><span style="font-family:"">e</span></i></span></span><span><span><i><span style="font-family:"">pens</span></i></span></span><span><span><i><span style="font-family:""></i></span></i></span></span><span><span><span style="font-family:""> is high with a value of 53.3911 <span>mg/ml. On the other hand</span></span></span></span><span><span><span style="font-family:"">,</span></span></span><span><span><span style="font-family:""> the quantity of CO in </span></span></span><span><span><span style="font-family:""><i></span></span></span><span><span><i><span style="font-family:"">Senna occidentalis</span></i></span></span><span><span><i><span style="font-family:""></i></span></i></span></span><span><span><span style="font-family:""> is</span></span></span><span><span><span style="font-family:""> 44.3619 mg/ml. In </span></span></span><span><span><span style="font-family:""><i></span></span></span><span><span><i><span style="font-family:"">Pithecellobium dulce</span></i></span></span><span><span><i><span style="font-family:""></i></span></i></span></span><span><span><span style="font-family:"">,</span></span></span><span><span><span style="font-family:""> the quantity of SO<sub>2</sub> and NO<sub>2</sub> are evaluated respectively to 0</span></span></span><span><span><span style="font-family:"">.</span></span></span><span><span><span style="font-family:"">1588 mg/ml and 0</span></span></span><span><span><span style="font-family:"">.</span></span></span><span><span><span style="font-family:"">3696 mg/ml. Regarding to the dumps, the quantity of CO<sub>2</sub> in </span></span></span><span><span><span style="font-family:""><i></span></span></span><span><span><i><span style="font-family:"">Newbouldia laevis</span></i></span></span><span><span><i><span style="font-family:""></i></span></i></span></span><span><span><span style="font-family:""> is very high with a value of 65.8508 mg/ml. On the other hand the amount of CO in </span></span></span><span><span><span style="font-family:""><i></span></span></span><span><span><i><span style="font-family:"">Senna occidentalis</span></i></span></span><span><span><i><span style="font-family:""></i></span></i></span></span><span><span><i><span style="font-family:""> </span></i></span></span><span><span><span style="font-family:"">is 51.6106 mg/ml. The quantity of SO<sub>2</sub> in </span></span></span><span><span><span style="font-family:""><i></span></span></span><span><span><i><span style="font-family:"">Newbouldia laevis</span></i></span></span><span><span><i><span style="font-family:""></i></span></i></span></span><span><span><span style="font-family:""> is 0.2101 mg/ml and NO<sub>2</sub> in </span></span></span><span><span><span style="font-family:""><i></span></span></span><span><span><i><span style="font-family:"">Ocimum canum</span></i></span></span><span><span><i><span style="font-family:""></i></span></i></span></span><span><span><span style="font-family:""> is 0.2744 mg/ml. At the level of roads, the quantities of CO<sub>2</sub> and CO in </span></span></span><span><span><span style="font-family:""><i></span></span></span><span><span><i><span style="font-family:"">Eragrostis tenella</span></i></span></span><span><span><i><span style="font-family:""></i></span></i></span></span><span><span><span style="font-family:""> are very high with values respectively equal to 74.4092</span></span></span><span><span><span style="font-family:""> mg/ml and 62.2654 mg/ml. On the other hand</span></span></span><span><span><span style="font-family:"">,</span></span></span><span><span><span style="font-family:""> the amount of NO<sub>2</sub> in </span></span></span><span><span><span style="font-family:""><i></span></span></span><span><span><i><span style="font-family:"">Amaranthus</span></i></span></span><span><span><i><span style="font-family:""></i></span></i></span></span><span><span><span style="font-family:""> sp is 0.2304 mg/ml and that of SO<sub>2</sub> in </span></span></span><span><span><span style="font-family:""><i></span></span></span><span><span><i><span style="font-family:"">Eragrostis Tenella</span></i></span></span><span><span><i><span style="font-family:""></i></span></i></span></span><span><span><span style="font-family:""> is 0.1691 mg/ml. The use of a plant bioindicator sensitive to pollutants, allowed concluding that the air of the city of Lome is polluted. The concentration of <span>carbon dioxide and carbon monoxide is much more evident in return </span></span></span></span><span><span><span style="font-family:"">when </span></span></span><span><span><span style="font-family:"">the </span></span></span><span><span><span style="font-family:"">health of plant species is threatened.
文摘The aim of this work is to inventory Edible Wild Fruit Species （EWFS） highly consumed by local people during food shortage periods in Togo. Ethnobotanical surveys were carried out in four ecological zones （I, II, III ＆ IV） involving a sample of 433 persons from 29 ethnic groups. Semi-structured interview, field observation, group discussions were used to collect data. Food shortage periods were defined using the agricultural calendar of main crops in three ecological zones （I, II, ＆ III）. One hundred and one EWFS belonging to 84 genera and 39 families were inventoried. The three main types of use of the EWFS were direct consumption, condiments and medicines. Twenty among the 101 EWFS recorded were highly consumed during food shortage periods with respectively 15 EWFS in ecological I, 14 in zone 1I and 12 in ecological zone III. All edible fruits consumed during food shortage periods were fresh fruits with abundant pulp. Six fruit species were sold to bring income to local households. These species were those which benefit from conservation measures through their husbandry in agroforestry systems.
文摘In the current context of REDD＋ opportunities, it is important to evaluate forest genetic resources for local communities＇ benefits. The aim of this ethnobotanical survey with an emphasis in cosmetopoeia--by referring to the word pharmacopoeia--was to explore, investigate, collect and identify natural resources used in traditional cosmetic in Togo for that purpose. The specific objectives were （i） to inventory plant species used as cosmetic in Togolese ethnocultural groups, and （ii） to describe their biological forms for their sustainable use. Based on ethnobotanical approach, this survey identified through multistage sampling design and semi-structured interview, 177 plant species belonging to 167 genera and 59 families with 82.45% dicotyledonous and 17.55% monocotyledonous species. According to life forms, these species were distributed as ligneous （56.50%） and herbaceous （43.50%）. The computation of Whittaker＇s Index of Association led to three communities of ethnic groups. The explanatory effect of the ethnic based-tradition was significant and confirmed by Monte Carlo permutation test （P = 0.0020） after 499 permutations under split-plot constraints. This first outline confirmed ethnobotany as a viable tool in search for plant genetic resources in cosmetic industries. These findings could be incorporated into future conservation management plans of forest genetic resources in Togo and other tropical countries.
文摘The increase in the urban population and the high concentration of many<span style="font-family:Verdana;"> anth</span><span style="font-family:;" "=""><span style="font-family:Verdana;">ropogenic activities in certain regions of the world lead to atmospheric disturbances. The excess concentration of several chemical elements leads to air pollution. In order to identify the types of air pollutants, a study was carried out in the city of Lomé, the capital of Togo. The objective of this study is </span><span style="font-family:Verdana;">to </span></span><span style="font-family:Verdana;">achieve</span><span style="font-family:Verdana;"> a better knowledge of the types of air pollutants in the city of</span><span style="font-family:;" "=""><span style="font-family:Verdana;"> Lomé. The identification of the various atmospheric pollutants linked to the sources of pollution was made using micro-sensors. The standardized method was used to access target gas concentration levels. The average concentrations of NO</span><sub><span style="font-family:Verdana;">2</span></sub><span style="font-family:Verdana;"> gaseous pollutants at landfills are on average 0.333 μg/m</span><sup><span style="font-family:Verdana;">3</span></sup><span style="font-family:Verdana;">;0.403 mg/m</span><sup><span style="font-family:Verdana;">3</span></sup><span style="font-family:Verdana;"> at the industrial level, at the transport level they are on average 0.434 mg/m</span><sup><span style="font-family:Verdana;">3</span></sup><span style="font-family:Verdana;"> for the morning and 0.457 mg/m</span><sup><span style="font-family:Verdana;">3</span></sup><span style="font-family:Verdana;"> for the evening. Concentrations of carbon dioxide (CO</span><sub><span style="font-family:Verdana;">2</span></sub><span style="font-family:Verdana;">) are higher in industrial areas</span></span><span style="font-family:Verdana;"> than in others sources of pollution</span><span style="font-family:;" "=""><span style="font-family:Verdana;">. The average concentration measured at this level is 1632.79 mg/m</span><sup><span style="font-family:Verdana;">3</span></sup><span style="font-family:Verdana;">. In terms of road transport, in the mornings the average concentration is 1493.23 </span><span><span style="font-family:Verdana;">mg/m</span><sup><span style="font-family:Verdana;">3</span></sup><span style="font-family:Verdana;">, in the evening the average concentration is 1354.09 mg/m</span><sup><span style="font-family:Verdana;">3</span></sup><span style="font-family:Verdana;">. On the</span></span><span style="font-family:Verdana;"> other </span><span style="font-family:Verdana;">hand, they are lower at the level of the landfills, the average of which is</span><span style="font-family:Verdana;"> 1265.08 ppm. The highest SO</span><sub><span style="font-family:Verdana;">2</span></sub><span style="font-family:Verdana;"> concentrations are also observed only in the landfills of Port</span></span><span style="font-family:;" "=""> </span><span style="font-family:Verdana;">1 and Bè_Kpota</span><span style="font-family:;" "=""> </span><span style="font-family:;" "=""><span style="font-family:Verdana;">2 with concentrations respectively and </span><span><span style="font-family:Verdana;">relatively low and equal to 0.081 mg/m</span><sup><span style="font-family:Verdana;">3</span></sup><span style="font-family:Verdana;"> and 0.1616 mg/m</span><sup><span style="font-family:Verdana;">3</span></sup><span style="font-family:Verdana;">. The</span></span><span style="font-family:Verdana;"> concentration of ground-level ozone is zero in industries and landfills. On the other hand, at the level of road transport, some values were recorded at the level of two road </span><span><span style="font-family:Verdana;">transports. These are Carrefour Attikoumé Djidjole (17.03 mg/m</span><sup><span style="font-family:Verdana;">3</span></sup><span style="font-family:Verdana;">) and</span></span><span style="font-family:Verdana;"> Carrefour 2 Lions (0.001 mg/m</span><sup><span style="font-family:Verdana;">3</span></sup><span style="font-family:Verdana;">). The concentrations of carbon monoxide (CO) in the capital at the industrial level are on average 22.57 mg/m</span><sup><span style="font-family:Verdana;">3</span></sup><span style="font-family:Verdana;">;at landfills it is on average 0.24 mg/m</span><sup><span style="font-family:Verdana;">3</span></sup><span style="font-family:Verdana;">. In terms of road transport, they are on average 7.890 mg/m</span><sup><span style="font-family:Verdana;">3</span></sup><span style="font-family:Verdana;"> for the morning and 8.23 mg/m</span><sup><span style="font-family:Verdana;">3</span></sup><span style="font-family:Verdana;"> for the evening. These results constitute a database for biomonitoring.</span></span>
