The experiment was conducted at Veterinary Research Station of Faculty of Veterinary Medicine,Royal University of Agriculture.The experimental period lasted 60 days,starting from October 1st to November 30th 2022.CRD(...The experiment was conducted at Veterinary Research Station of Faculty of Veterinary Medicine,Royal University of Agriculture.The experimental period lasted 60 days,starting from October 1st to November 30th 2022.CRD(Completely Randomized Design)was used with 2 treatments/groups,vaccination group and non-vaccination group“control”,and 6 replications.The vaccination groups received two times of vaccination by dropping into the ocular at 7 days and 21 days.Meanwhile,blood samples were collected 3 times to detect the antibody level of ND(Newcastle Disease)and contained 21 days old,35 days old and 49 days old chicks.The ELISA(Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay)was performed to detect the antibody of those 2 groups.The result of finding showed that the S/P(Sample to Positive)ratio of control at 21 days,was very low,even in 3rd quartile,which was below the threshold.However,the vaccination group was relatively high,even in 1st quartile,which was higher than the threshold.At 35 days,S/P ratio of control group was still very low,but a bit higher than at 21 days.Meanwhile,the vaccination group was still high,even in 1st quartile,and two-time higher than at 21 days,but an increasing number of samples developed less antibody than threshold,accounting for 12.22%.At 49 days,the control group was still very low,even in 3rd quartile,but a bit higher than at 21 days and 35 days,and was close to the threshold.The vaccination group was still relatively high,even in 1st quartile but lower than three times comparing to 35 days.However,in this age,the number of chickens that developed antibody seemed to be increased in the control group,vice versa for vaccination group.The average S/P ratio was different significant(p<0.001),where vaccination had higher S/P ratio than control.It was similar finding for log-titer,the vaccination had higher figure(p<0.001).The risk of infection of ND was higher in control group,but it will reduce by increasing the age of chicken,while vaccination group was decreased by increasing age,especially at 49 days and we need to consider another vaccination to get full protection.展开更多
The experiment was conducted at the smallholder crocodile farm at Pouk district,Siem reap province,and lasted 12 months,commenced from January 1st to December 31st,2023.The CRBD(Completely Randomized Block Design),was...The experiment was conducted at the smallholder crocodile farm at Pouk district,Siem reap province,and lasted 12 months,commenced from January 1st to December 31st,2023.The CRBD(Completely Randomized Block Design),was used in 3 treatments,such as T1(fed chicken intestine only),T2(fed chicken intestine+trash fish)and T3(fed trash fish only),with 4 replications in each treatment.The block was set by gender of crocodile,male and female.The 36 of local breed crocodiles 4 months old were allocated into each replication randomly.The result found that the length of crocodile gradually increased in the first semester,then it greatly increased from or for second semester for all treatments.In addition,the final body length of crocodile was significant different among treatments(p<0.001),the treatment of T2(fed chicken intestine+trash fish)had the longest one.Body length was also affected by gender,and male crocodile had longer body length(p<0.001).However,there were no significant differences for the interaction between types of feed with gender(p>0.05)(Table 1).The body weight of crocodile had gradually increased in the first semester,then it greatly increased from or for second semester for all treatments,while the final body weight of crocodile was also significant different among treatments(p<0.001)and the gender of crocodile(p<0.001).The average ADG(Daily Weight Gain)was significant different among treatments(p<0.001).Treatment of T2(fed chicken intestine+trash fish)had highest ADG,11.05 g,followed by T3(fed trash fish only),while the T1 had the lowest one.The gender of crocodile affected the ADG of crocodile,and male crocodile had higher ADG than female crocodile(p<0.001).However,there were no significant differences for the interaction between type of feed with gender(p>0.05).Feed intake was calculated based on amount of feed offer and measured in fresh basis.The amount of intake feed in all treatments was the same.FCR(Feed Conversion Ratio)was significant different among treatments(p<0.001)and also gender of crocodile(p<0.001).However,there were no significant differences for the interaction between types of feed with gender(p>0.05).In conclusion,the uses of trash fish and chicken intestine are an alternative feed source for crocodile to result in higher growth performance of crocodile.展开更多
In pig production,the selection of parent stock with high capacity and quality is a very important factor in order to obtain high-yield offspring.Therefore,a“study on the quality of boar semen in Kandal province”was...In pig production,the selection of parent stock with high capacity and quality is a very important factor in order to obtain high-yield offspring.Therefore,a“study on the quality of boar semen in Kandal province”was conducted for the purpose of comparing and evaluating the quality of boar semen(VAC:Volume Activity Concentration)between Duroc breeds,Yorkshire breeds and Landrace breeds.The study was carried out according to an observation study by selecting three breeds of boars around 3 years old,including two Duroc,two Yorkshire and two Landrace.Each boar was observed in three months,three times a month,and the interval was three to four days.The study took place in Takhmao City,Kandal Province,Cambodia.The results showed that the semen volume per ejaculate per head obtained from Yorkshire boar was an average of 250±76.16 mL,which was higher than the semen volume of Landrace with an average of 173.33±59.73 mL.And the semen volume of Duroc was an average of 149.44±72.70 mL.This value indicates that the semen volume per ejaculate per head was significantly different(p<0.01).The activity or mobility of spermatozoa in the semen between the three breeds differed with slightly significant difference(p<0.05),with the spermatozoa scored from the Yorkshire being 0.76±0.06,Landrace being 0.79±0.05 and Duroc being 0.83±0.03.The semen concentration showed that the Yorkshire had an average spermatozoa concentration of 568.89×10^(6) sperm cells/mL,and the Landrace had an average spermatozoa concentration of 321.11×10^(6) sperm cells/mL and the Duroc an average spermatozoa concentration of 568.86×10^(6) sperm cells/mL,which further confirmed that there was a significant difference in the statistical meaning(p<0.001).The semen quality(VAC)per one ejaculate between the three breeds showed significant difference(p<0.05),in which the VAC of the Yorkshire was 39.31×10^(9) sperms per ejaculate,Landrace was 44.54×10^(9) sperm cells per ejaculate and Duroc was 70.28×10^(9) sperm cells per ejaculate.Based on the above results,we can conclude that the semen quality(VAC)values of the three breeds of pigs are good,which can save the breeding because it shows the excellent quality of each breed.展开更多
The study was conducted in Krang Yov commune,S’ang district,Kandal province and was conducted in three villages,including Kampong Po,Andong and Svay Damnak village.In the total,88 families were selected for interview...The study was conducted in Krang Yov commune,S’ang district,Kandal province and was conducted in three villages,including Kampong Po,Andong and Svay Damnak village.In the total,88 families were selected for interview by using snowball technic of nonprobability sampling.According to the results of the interviews,it showed that the number of farmers who raised chickens and had participated in training was very low number,ranging from 10.71%to 34.38%.For chicken raising system,the free ranging was the most popular by allowing the chicken to scavenge around the village,however,the total confinement was also applied.The local breed was more popular and the purpose of raising was for selling meat,however there were few households that raised the fighting cock for hobby.The number of chickens owned per household,was mostly less than 20 birds,while,the average number of birds per household ranged from 16.82 birds to 37.66 birds.However,the average number of birds per household was significant different between the households who have participated in chicken raising training and those who never participated(p<0.05),accounting for 47.52 birds and 19.85 birds,respectively.For the chicken feed,most of the farmers in those three villages used the concentration feed to offer the chicken,especially for supplementation,but,the whole rice was also used to supplement feed.The vaccination for chicken was significant different among the villages(p<0.05),in which the household in Kampong Po village had highest percentage of vaccinating their chicken,40.63%,than those in Svay Damnak and Andong village.The Newcastle vaccination was the more popular in those areas.But,all of the households have experienced with the disease,especially ND(Newcastle Disease)accounting for 67.05%,followed by influenza and fowl pox.When chicken got sick,most of farmers had treated their chicken with different methods,especially buying the medicine from the store and treatment by themselves were mostly applicable.Regarding the specific case of Newcastle disease,most of farmers were familiar with this disease and it frequently occurred in dry season and the knowledge on biosecurity measurement was very high,during suspected cases.However,the real practice with bird infected with Newcastle disease was limited since they treated the affected bird,and few farmers left their affected chicken in the flock,which could cause further spreading of this disease in the flock and village.展开更多
The breeding program is progressing steadily,with increasing the awareness among farmers regarding the its critical role in improving productivity,promoting rapid growth,enhancing disease resistance,and boosting house...The breeding program is progressing steadily,with increasing the awareness among farmers regarding the its critical role in improving productivity,promoting rapid growth,enhancing disease resistance,and boosting household income.At the same time,the dissemination of AI(Artificila Insemination)technique among farmers has been active and effective.For the application of the AI,the quality of boar semen is extended in BTS(Belts Ville Thawing Solution)for more longer preservation period.The study purpose is to evaluate sperm survival time and bacterie contamination in boar semen.Six boars with different breed around 3 years old were used for this study as two Durocs,two Landraces and two Yorkshires.In evaluation sperm survival time in extender on each boar was designed by CRD(Completely Randomized Design)and calculating the survival time of spermatozoa was done after semen dilution and the sperm mobility was determined.The experimental BTS compositions are glucose,sodium bicarbonate acid,trisodium citrate,ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid,potassium chloride and distill water.In the same time,eighteen sample semen ware collected and used for detection of bacterial contamination.The results showed that the survival time of spermatozoa with its straight mobility more than 50%between the commercial BTS and BTS-KH was from 52 to 56 h.They are not significantly different(p>0.05).And the total survival time of spermatozoa was from 92 to 98 h,they are also not significantly different(p>0.05).The survival time of spermatozoa with its straight mobility more than 50%between the Yorkshire,Landrace and Duroc was 55 h 5 min,54 h 25 min and 50 h 18 min respectively.They are significantly different(p>0.05).The total survival time of spermatozoa between the commercial BTS and BTS-KH was 97 h 19 min,91 h 29 min and 92 h 26 min respectively.They are also not significantly different(p>0.05).The main bacteria isolated from the diluted semen were gram-negative bacteria,Escherichia coli 27.78%was contaminated with an average 6.4×106 CFU/mL,and the family Pseudomonaceae was 11.11%with 8.3×106 CFU/mL.In conclusion,the comparative results of the survival time of spematozoa during the breeding period(t=0.5)between the breeds and extender are similar.For bacteria contamination isolate from the semen all breeds may be due to direct and environmental factors.It is a rainy season with heavy rains that can cause infections.展开更多
Misuse, overuse, and missed prescription of antimicrobials are the driving factors to antimicrobial resistance (AMR) leading to a globally increasing public health concern. This study was conducted to assess the curre...Misuse, overuse, and missed prescription of antimicrobials are the driving factors to antimicrobial resistance (AMR) leading to a globally increasing public health concern. This study was conducted to assess the current knowledge, attitudes, and practices (KAP) of village animal health workers (VAHWs) and veterinary drug retailers (VDRs) on antimicrobial use (AMU) and antimicrobial resistance (AMR). The sample size was calculated following [1]. KAP data were scored and categorized following Bloom’s cut-off score. A total of 108 study populations (66 VAHWs and 42 VDRs) were purposively surveyed using a validated KAP questionnaire in 5 provinces across Cambodia. This study found that VAHWs and VDRs have moderate levels of knowledge (61% to 65%) and good attitudes towards AMU (83% to 84%) but employed moderate practices (59% to 74%) on AMU. VAHWs had moderate (66%);while DVRs had poor knowledge (58%) on AMR. Thus, regular awareness education specifically on proper use, prudent use, and stewardships on AMU and AMR in the form of refresher training or awareness events must be provided to VAHWs and VDRs to avoid inappropriate use of antimicrobials and spreading the AMR knowledge across Cambodia.展开更多
A total of 60 crossbred pigs (Yorkshire × Duroc, initially 56.5 kg) were used in a 42-day trial to evaluate the effect of replacing a commercial high protein supplement with soybean meal and/or a base mix in rice...A total of 60 crossbred pigs (Yorkshire × Duroc, initially 56.5 kg) were used in a 42-day trial to evaluate the effect of replacing a commercial high protein supplement with soybean meal and/or a base mix in rice bran-based diets on pig growth performance. Pigs were allotted to pens by body weight and pens were randomly assigned to dietary treatments in completely randomized design. There were 4 dietary treatments with 3 or 4 replicate pens per treatment and 4 pigs per pen. Dietary treatments were: 1) 80% rice bran with 20% high protein supplement (RBS20), 2) 95% rice bran with 5% high protein supplement (RBS5), 3) 97.5% rice bran with 2.5% base mix (RBB2.5), and 4) 92.5% rice bran with 5% soybean meal and 2.5% base mix (RBSBB). The base mix included vitamins, macro and trace minerals, L-Lysine, L-Threonine, and DL-Methionine. Overall (d 0 to 42) average daily gain was greater (P < 0.001) for pigs fed RBSBB and RBS20 diets than pigs fed the RBS5 or RBB2.5 diets. Pigs fed the RBS5 diet had reduced (P < 0.004) average daily feed intake compared to all other treatments. Similarly, feed efficiency (feed/gain) was improved (P < 0.004) for pigs fed RBSBB and RBS20 diets compared with pigs fed RBS5 or RBB2.5. For economics, income over feed cost was the greatest (P < 0.01) for the diet containing soybean meal and base mix compared to pigs fed the RBS20 diet, SBS5, and RBB2.5. In conclusion, feeding pigs a rice bran diet with base mix and soybean meal had similar growth performance and increased economic return compared to feeding a rice bran diet with high protein supplement. Use of soybean meal and base mix provides an opportunity for increased economic return for pig farmers.展开更多
The objective of this study was to evaluate the effect of rice bran quality and dietary supplement source on growing pig performance. A total of 60 castrated male pigs (Yorkshire × Duroc, initially 16.1 kg) were ...The objective of this study was to evaluate the effect of rice bran quality and dietary supplement source on growing pig performance. A total of 60 castrated male pigs (Yorkshire × Duroc, initially 16.1 kg) were used for 52-day trial. Pigs were allotted to pens in a completely randomized design (4 pigs per pen) and assigned to four dietary treatments in a 2 × 2 factorial with factors being rice bran source (high or low-quality) and source of protein, vitamins, and minerals (supplement or soybean meal and base mix). Analyzed protein and fat level for the high- and low-quality rice bran was 11.07% and 5.86% and 11.20% and 4.50%, respectively. Crude fiber content for high- and low-quality rice bran was 13.44% and 27.79%. Diets were formulated in two phases (phase 1: 16 to 27 and phase 2: 27 to 48 kg) to adjust to the pig’s nutrient requirements. There was no evidence for an interaction (P > 0.05) between rice bran quality × supplement type or main effect of supplement type (soybean meal + base mix vs protein supplement) for final body weight, average daily gain (ADG), average daily feed intake (ADFI), and feed efficiency (F/G). However, pigs fed high-quality rice bran had improved (P < 0.001) ADG and F/G and lower ADFI compared to pigs fed low protein rice bran. In conclusion, rice bran quality as measured by protein, crude fiber, and fat influenced growing pig performance, while the type of dietary protein supplement did not. Additionally, rice bran with high protein, fat, and low fiber improved ADG and F/G.展开更多
Biosecurity measures are essential for protecting pig health, however, these practices are not always utilized by smallholder farmers in Cambodia. This study aimed to assess the knowledge and practices, in terms of pi...Biosecurity measures are essential for protecting pig health, however, these practices are not always utilized by smallholder farmers in Cambodia. This study aimed to assess the knowledge and practices, in terms of pig biosecurity measures, of individual stakeholders involved in pig production in rural and peri-urban households in Cambodia. A survey tool was developed and administered using Kobotoolbox, an online electronic survey tool. Surveys were conducted in the provinces of Kampong Thom, Siem Reap, and Battambang during December 2017 to September 2018. There were 225 pig farmers, 43 village animal health workers (VAHWs), 3-district veterinarians (DVs), and 81 feed store owners enrolled in the study. Results showed that several biosecurity guidelines are not followed or well understood by farmers. Specific concerning practices included using natural boars, sharing pig equipment (e.g. scales), feeding kitchen waste, managing other livestock, handling manure, and not restricting access by visitors (VAHWs or DVs, boar owners, pig buyers, neighbors, and meat sellers). Thus, education of pig smallholder farmers and VAHWs on pig biosecurity is needed for improving pig health and production, economic value, and livelihood of smallholder farmers in Cambodia.展开更多
The development of antimicrobial resistance (AMR) due to over or misuse of antibiotics/antimicrobials is a globally increasing public health concern. This study was conducted to assess the current knowledge, attitudes...The development of antimicrobial resistance (AMR) due to over or misuse of antibiotics/antimicrobials is a globally increasing public health concern. This study was conducted to assess the current knowledge, attitudes, and practices (KAP) of swine and poultry producers on antimicrobial use (AMU) and antimicrobial resistance (AMR). A total of 254 swine and poultry producers of 5 provinces in Cambodia were purposively surveyed using validated KAP questionnaires, a useful tool for promoting the rational use of antimicrobials in livestock. Collectively, this study found out that livestock producers in Cambodia have a low level of knowledge, neutral rather than positive attitudes, and employed poor practices on the AMU and AMR. Thus, there is a need to promote among producers the rational and responsible use of antimicrobials. Furthermore, public awareness of the AMR implications on public health can contribute to the prevention or reduction of AMU and AMR in Cambodia.展开更多
文摘The experiment was conducted at Veterinary Research Station of Faculty of Veterinary Medicine,Royal University of Agriculture.The experimental period lasted 60 days,starting from October 1st to November 30th 2022.CRD(Completely Randomized Design)was used with 2 treatments/groups,vaccination group and non-vaccination group“control”,and 6 replications.The vaccination groups received two times of vaccination by dropping into the ocular at 7 days and 21 days.Meanwhile,blood samples were collected 3 times to detect the antibody level of ND(Newcastle Disease)and contained 21 days old,35 days old and 49 days old chicks.The ELISA(Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay)was performed to detect the antibody of those 2 groups.The result of finding showed that the S/P(Sample to Positive)ratio of control at 21 days,was very low,even in 3rd quartile,which was below the threshold.However,the vaccination group was relatively high,even in 1st quartile,which was higher than the threshold.At 35 days,S/P ratio of control group was still very low,but a bit higher than at 21 days.Meanwhile,the vaccination group was still high,even in 1st quartile,and two-time higher than at 21 days,but an increasing number of samples developed less antibody than threshold,accounting for 12.22%.At 49 days,the control group was still very low,even in 3rd quartile,but a bit higher than at 21 days and 35 days,and was close to the threshold.The vaccination group was still relatively high,even in 1st quartile but lower than three times comparing to 35 days.However,in this age,the number of chickens that developed antibody seemed to be increased in the control group,vice versa for vaccination group.The average S/P ratio was different significant(p<0.001),where vaccination had higher S/P ratio than control.It was similar finding for log-titer,the vaccination had higher figure(p<0.001).The risk of infection of ND was higher in control group,but it will reduce by increasing the age of chicken,while vaccination group was decreased by increasing age,especially at 49 days and we need to consider another vaccination to get full protection.
文摘The experiment was conducted at the smallholder crocodile farm at Pouk district,Siem reap province,and lasted 12 months,commenced from January 1st to December 31st,2023.The CRBD(Completely Randomized Block Design),was used in 3 treatments,such as T1(fed chicken intestine only),T2(fed chicken intestine+trash fish)and T3(fed trash fish only),with 4 replications in each treatment.The block was set by gender of crocodile,male and female.The 36 of local breed crocodiles 4 months old were allocated into each replication randomly.The result found that the length of crocodile gradually increased in the first semester,then it greatly increased from or for second semester for all treatments.In addition,the final body length of crocodile was significant different among treatments(p<0.001),the treatment of T2(fed chicken intestine+trash fish)had the longest one.Body length was also affected by gender,and male crocodile had longer body length(p<0.001).However,there were no significant differences for the interaction between types of feed with gender(p>0.05)(Table 1).The body weight of crocodile had gradually increased in the first semester,then it greatly increased from or for second semester for all treatments,while the final body weight of crocodile was also significant different among treatments(p<0.001)and the gender of crocodile(p<0.001).The average ADG(Daily Weight Gain)was significant different among treatments(p<0.001).Treatment of T2(fed chicken intestine+trash fish)had highest ADG,11.05 g,followed by T3(fed trash fish only),while the T1 had the lowest one.The gender of crocodile affected the ADG of crocodile,and male crocodile had higher ADG than female crocodile(p<0.001).However,there were no significant differences for the interaction between type of feed with gender(p>0.05).Feed intake was calculated based on amount of feed offer and measured in fresh basis.The amount of intake feed in all treatments was the same.FCR(Feed Conversion Ratio)was significant different among treatments(p<0.001)and also gender of crocodile(p<0.001).However,there were no significant differences for the interaction between types of feed with gender(p>0.05).In conclusion,the uses of trash fish and chicken intestine are an alternative feed source for crocodile to result in higher growth performance of crocodile.
文摘In pig production,the selection of parent stock with high capacity and quality is a very important factor in order to obtain high-yield offspring.Therefore,a“study on the quality of boar semen in Kandal province”was conducted for the purpose of comparing and evaluating the quality of boar semen(VAC:Volume Activity Concentration)between Duroc breeds,Yorkshire breeds and Landrace breeds.The study was carried out according to an observation study by selecting three breeds of boars around 3 years old,including two Duroc,two Yorkshire and two Landrace.Each boar was observed in three months,three times a month,and the interval was three to four days.The study took place in Takhmao City,Kandal Province,Cambodia.The results showed that the semen volume per ejaculate per head obtained from Yorkshire boar was an average of 250±76.16 mL,which was higher than the semen volume of Landrace with an average of 173.33±59.73 mL.And the semen volume of Duroc was an average of 149.44±72.70 mL.This value indicates that the semen volume per ejaculate per head was significantly different(p<0.01).The activity or mobility of spermatozoa in the semen between the three breeds differed with slightly significant difference(p<0.05),with the spermatozoa scored from the Yorkshire being 0.76±0.06,Landrace being 0.79±0.05 and Duroc being 0.83±0.03.The semen concentration showed that the Yorkshire had an average spermatozoa concentration of 568.89×10^(6) sperm cells/mL,and the Landrace had an average spermatozoa concentration of 321.11×10^(6) sperm cells/mL and the Duroc an average spermatozoa concentration of 568.86×10^(6) sperm cells/mL,which further confirmed that there was a significant difference in the statistical meaning(p<0.001).The semen quality(VAC)per one ejaculate between the three breeds showed significant difference(p<0.05),in which the VAC of the Yorkshire was 39.31×10^(9) sperms per ejaculate,Landrace was 44.54×10^(9) sperm cells per ejaculate and Duroc was 70.28×10^(9) sperm cells per ejaculate.Based on the above results,we can conclude that the semen quality(VAC)values of the three breeds of pigs are good,which can save the breeding because it shows the excellent quality of each breed.
文摘The study was conducted in Krang Yov commune,S’ang district,Kandal province and was conducted in three villages,including Kampong Po,Andong and Svay Damnak village.In the total,88 families were selected for interview by using snowball technic of nonprobability sampling.According to the results of the interviews,it showed that the number of farmers who raised chickens and had participated in training was very low number,ranging from 10.71%to 34.38%.For chicken raising system,the free ranging was the most popular by allowing the chicken to scavenge around the village,however,the total confinement was also applied.The local breed was more popular and the purpose of raising was for selling meat,however there were few households that raised the fighting cock for hobby.The number of chickens owned per household,was mostly less than 20 birds,while,the average number of birds per household ranged from 16.82 birds to 37.66 birds.However,the average number of birds per household was significant different between the households who have participated in chicken raising training and those who never participated(p<0.05),accounting for 47.52 birds and 19.85 birds,respectively.For the chicken feed,most of the farmers in those three villages used the concentration feed to offer the chicken,especially for supplementation,but,the whole rice was also used to supplement feed.The vaccination for chicken was significant different among the villages(p<0.05),in which the household in Kampong Po village had highest percentage of vaccinating their chicken,40.63%,than those in Svay Damnak and Andong village.The Newcastle vaccination was the more popular in those areas.But,all of the households have experienced with the disease,especially ND(Newcastle Disease)accounting for 67.05%,followed by influenza and fowl pox.When chicken got sick,most of farmers had treated their chicken with different methods,especially buying the medicine from the store and treatment by themselves were mostly applicable.Regarding the specific case of Newcastle disease,most of farmers were familiar with this disease and it frequently occurred in dry season and the knowledge on biosecurity measurement was very high,during suspected cases.However,the real practice with bird infected with Newcastle disease was limited since they treated the affected bird,and few farmers left their affected chicken in the flock,which could cause further spreading of this disease in the flock and village.
文摘The breeding program is progressing steadily,with increasing the awareness among farmers regarding the its critical role in improving productivity,promoting rapid growth,enhancing disease resistance,and boosting household income.At the same time,the dissemination of AI(Artificila Insemination)technique among farmers has been active and effective.For the application of the AI,the quality of boar semen is extended in BTS(Belts Ville Thawing Solution)for more longer preservation period.The study purpose is to evaluate sperm survival time and bacterie contamination in boar semen.Six boars with different breed around 3 years old were used for this study as two Durocs,two Landraces and two Yorkshires.In evaluation sperm survival time in extender on each boar was designed by CRD(Completely Randomized Design)and calculating the survival time of spermatozoa was done after semen dilution and the sperm mobility was determined.The experimental BTS compositions are glucose,sodium bicarbonate acid,trisodium citrate,ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid,potassium chloride and distill water.In the same time,eighteen sample semen ware collected and used for detection of bacterial contamination.The results showed that the survival time of spermatozoa with its straight mobility more than 50%between the commercial BTS and BTS-KH was from 52 to 56 h.They are not significantly different(p>0.05).And the total survival time of spermatozoa was from 92 to 98 h,they are also not significantly different(p>0.05).The survival time of spermatozoa with its straight mobility more than 50%between the Yorkshire,Landrace and Duroc was 55 h 5 min,54 h 25 min and 50 h 18 min respectively.They are significantly different(p>0.05).The total survival time of spermatozoa between the commercial BTS and BTS-KH was 97 h 19 min,91 h 29 min and 92 h 26 min respectively.They are also not significantly different(p>0.05).The main bacteria isolated from the diluted semen were gram-negative bacteria,Escherichia coli 27.78%was contaminated with an average 6.4×106 CFU/mL,and the family Pseudomonaceae was 11.11%with 8.3×106 CFU/mL.In conclusion,the comparative results of the survival time of spematozoa during the breeding period(t=0.5)between the breeds and extender are similar.For bacteria contamination isolate from the semen all breeds may be due to direct and environmental factors.It is a rainy season with heavy rains that can cause infections.
文摘Misuse, overuse, and missed prescription of antimicrobials are the driving factors to antimicrobial resistance (AMR) leading to a globally increasing public health concern. This study was conducted to assess the current knowledge, attitudes, and practices (KAP) of village animal health workers (VAHWs) and veterinary drug retailers (VDRs) on antimicrobial use (AMU) and antimicrobial resistance (AMR). The sample size was calculated following [1]. KAP data were scored and categorized following Bloom’s cut-off score. A total of 108 study populations (66 VAHWs and 42 VDRs) were purposively surveyed using a validated KAP questionnaire in 5 provinces across Cambodia. This study found that VAHWs and VDRs have moderate levels of knowledge (61% to 65%) and good attitudes towards AMU (83% to 84%) but employed moderate practices (59% to 74%) on AMU. VAHWs had moderate (66%);while DVRs had poor knowledge (58%) on AMR. Thus, regular awareness education specifically on proper use, prudent use, and stewardships on AMU and AMR in the form of refresher training or awareness events must be provided to VAHWs and VDRs to avoid inappropriate use of antimicrobials and spreading the AMR knowledge across Cambodia.
文摘A total of 60 crossbred pigs (Yorkshire × Duroc, initially 56.5 kg) were used in a 42-day trial to evaluate the effect of replacing a commercial high protein supplement with soybean meal and/or a base mix in rice bran-based diets on pig growth performance. Pigs were allotted to pens by body weight and pens were randomly assigned to dietary treatments in completely randomized design. There were 4 dietary treatments with 3 or 4 replicate pens per treatment and 4 pigs per pen. Dietary treatments were: 1) 80% rice bran with 20% high protein supplement (RBS20), 2) 95% rice bran with 5% high protein supplement (RBS5), 3) 97.5% rice bran with 2.5% base mix (RBB2.5), and 4) 92.5% rice bran with 5% soybean meal and 2.5% base mix (RBSBB). The base mix included vitamins, macro and trace minerals, L-Lysine, L-Threonine, and DL-Methionine. Overall (d 0 to 42) average daily gain was greater (P < 0.001) for pigs fed RBSBB and RBS20 diets than pigs fed the RBS5 or RBB2.5 diets. Pigs fed the RBS5 diet had reduced (P < 0.004) average daily feed intake compared to all other treatments. Similarly, feed efficiency (feed/gain) was improved (P < 0.004) for pigs fed RBSBB and RBS20 diets compared with pigs fed RBS5 or RBB2.5. For economics, income over feed cost was the greatest (P < 0.01) for the diet containing soybean meal and base mix compared to pigs fed the RBS20 diet, SBS5, and RBB2.5. In conclusion, feeding pigs a rice bran diet with base mix and soybean meal had similar growth performance and increased economic return compared to feeding a rice bran diet with high protein supplement. Use of soybean meal and base mix provides an opportunity for increased economic return for pig farmers.
文摘The objective of this study was to evaluate the effect of rice bran quality and dietary supplement source on growing pig performance. A total of 60 castrated male pigs (Yorkshire × Duroc, initially 16.1 kg) were used for 52-day trial. Pigs were allotted to pens in a completely randomized design (4 pigs per pen) and assigned to four dietary treatments in a 2 × 2 factorial with factors being rice bran source (high or low-quality) and source of protein, vitamins, and minerals (supplement or soybean meal and base mix). Analyzed protein and fat level for the high- and low-quality rice bran was 11.07% and 5.86% and 11.20% and 4.50%, respectively. Crude fiber content for high- and low-quality rice bran was 13.44% and 27.79%. Diets were formulated in two phases (phase 1: 16 to 27 and phase 2: 27 to 48 kg) to adjust to the pig’s nutrient requirements. There was no evidence for an interaction (P > 0.05) between rice bran quality × supplement type or main effect of supplement type (soybean meal + base mix vs protein supplement) for final body weight, average daily gain (ADG), average daily feed intake (ADFI), and feed efficiency (F/G). However, pigs fed high-quality rice bran had improved (P < 0.001) ADG and F/G and lower ADFI compared to pigs fed low protein rice bran. In conclusion, rice bran quality as measured by protein, crude fiber, and fat influenced growing pig performance, while the type of dietary protein supplement did not. Additionally, rice bran with high protein, fat, and low fiber improved ADG and F/G.
文摘Biosecurity measures are essential for protecting pig health, however, these practices are not always utilized by smallholder farmers in Cambodia. This study aimed to assess the knowledge and practices, in terms of pig biosecurity measures, of individual stakeholders involved in pig production in rural and peri-urban households in Cambodia. A survey tool was developed and administered using Kobotoolbox, an online electronic survey tool. Surveys were conducted in the provinces of Kampong Thom, Siem Reap, and Battambang during December 2017 to September 2018. There were 225 pig farmers, 43 village animal health workers (VAHWs), 3-district veterinarians (DVs), and 81 feed store owners enrolled in the study. Results showed that several biosecurity guidelines are not followed or well understood by farmers. Specific concerning practices included using natural boars, sharing pig equipment (e.g. scales), feeding kitchen waste, managing other livestock, handling manure, and not restricting access by visitors (VAHWs or DVs, boar owners, pig buyers, neighbors, and meat sellers). Thus, education of pig smallholder farmers and VAHWs on pig biosecurity is needed for improving pig health and production, economic value, and livelihood of smallholder farmers in Cambodia.
文摘The development of antimicrobial resistance (AMR) due to over or misuse of antibiotics/antimicrobials is a globally increasing public health concern. This study was conducted to assess the current knowledge, attitudes, and practices (KAP) of swine and poultry producers on antimicrobial use (AMU) and antimicrobial resistance (AMR). A total of 254 swine and poultry producers of 5 provinces in Cambodia were purposively surveyed using validated KAP questionnaires, a useful tool for promoting the rational use of antimicrobials in livestock. Collectively, this study found out that livestock producers in Cambodia have a low level of knowledge, neutral rather than positive attitudes, and employed poor practices on the AMU and AMR. Thus, there is a need to promote among producers the rational and responsible use of antimicrobials. Furthermore, public awareness of the AMR implications on public health can contribute to the prevention or reduction of AMU and AMR in Cambodia.
