Changing climatic conditions and extensive human activities have influenced the global water cycle.In recent years,significant changes in climate and land use have degraded the watershed ecosystem of the Ebinur Lake B...Changing climatic conditions and extensive human activities have influenced the global water cycle.In recent years,significant changes in climate and land use have degraded the watershed ecosystem of the Ebinur Lake Basin in Xinjiang,Northwest China.In this paper,variations of runoff,temperature,precipitation,reference evapotranspiration,lake area,socio-economic water usage,groundwater level and water quality in the Ebinur Lake Basin from 1961 to 2015 were systematically analyzed by the Mann-Kendall test methods(M-K)mutation test,the cumulative levelling method,the climate-sensitive method and land-use change index.In addition,we evaluated the effects of human activities on land use change and water quality.The results reveal that there was a significant increase in temperature and precipitation from 1961 to 2015,despite a decrease in reference evapotranspiration.The Wenquan station was not significantly affected by human activities as it is situated at a higher altitude.Runoff at this station increased significantly with climate warming.In contrast,runoff at the Jinghe station was severely affected by numerous human activities.Runoff decreased without obvious fluctuations.The contributions of climate change to runoff variation at the Jinghe and Wenquan stations were 46.87%and 58.94%,respectively;and the contributions of human activities were 53.13%and 41.06%,respectively.Land-use patterns in the basin have changed significantly between 1990 and 2015:urban and rural constructed lands,saline-alkali land,bare land,cultivated land,and forest land have expanded,while areas under grassland,lake,ice/snow and river/channel have declined.Human activities have dramatically intensified land degradation and desertification.From 1961 to 2015,both the inflow into the Ebinur Lake and the area of the lake have declined year by year;groundwater levels have dropped significantly,and the water quality has deteriorated during the study period.In the oasis irrigation area below the runoff pass,human activities mainly influenced the utilization mode and quantity of water resources.Changes in the hydrology and quantity of water resources were driven primarily by the continuous expansion of cultivated land and oasis,as well as the growth of population and the construction of hydraulic engineering projects.After 2015,the effects of some ecological protection projects were observed.However,there was no obvious sign of ecological improvement in the basin,and some environmental problems continue to persist.On this basis,this study recommends that the expansion of oasis should be limited according to the carrying capacity of the local water bodies.Moreover,in order to ensure the ecological security of the basin,it is necessary to determine the optimal oasis area for sustainable development and improve the efficiency of water resources exploitation and utilization.展开更多
[目的]研究热风-真空冷冻联合干燥对脆性龙眼果干品质及益生活性的影响,为高品质龙眼果干工业化节能干燥模式提供理论依据.[方法]以热风干燥、真空冷冻干燥龙眼果干为对照,比较分析热风-真空冷冻联合干燥对脆性龙眼果干水分含量、水分...[目的]研究热风-真空冷冻联合干燥对脆性龙眼果干品质及益生活性的影响,为高品质龙眼果干工业化节能干燥模式提供理论依据.[方法]以热风干燥、真空冷冻干燥龙眼果干为对照,比较分析热风-真空冷冻联合干燥对脆性龙眼果干水分含量、水分活度、皱缩率、复水比等理化特性和总糖、多糖等营养品质的影响.同时采用GC-MS测定风味物质变化,电量表测定能源消耗量.并选用植物乳杆菌和嗜酸乳杆菌发酵龙眼果干,比较发酵过程中活菌数、总糖、还原糖以及短链脂肪酸的变化,评价热风-真空冷冻联合干燥对龙眼体外益生活性的影响.[结果]热风-真空冷冻联合干燥龙眼果干的水分含量、水分活度和皱缩率显著低于热风干燥,而复水比显著高于热风干燥.在总糖、多糖含量以及挥发性风味物质种类和总量上,热风-真空冷冻联合干燥低于真空冷冻干燥而高于热风干燥.在能源消耗上,热风-真空冷冻联合干燥比真空冷冻干燥节约干燥时间12.16%,节约单位能耗25.40%.在益生活性方面,植物乳杆菌和嗜酸乳杆菌均能通过发酵龙眼干增加活菌数量,利用龙眼干中的总糖产生短链脂肪酸,降低发酵液pH,且益生效果受干燥方式和菌株种类的影响较大.当植物乳杆菌发酵热风-真空冷冻干燥的龙眼果干48 h后,活菌数生长最多可达12.40 lg cfu/mL,高于真空冷冻干燥、热风干燥和新鲜龙眼.嗜酸乳杆菌发酵48 h后,热风-真空冷冻联合干燥活菌数达11.84 lg cfu/mL,与真空冷冻干燥接近,低于热风干燥,但高于新鲜龙眼.[结论]热风-真空冷冻联合干燥结合了热风干燥和真空冷冻干燥两种干燥方式的特点,可以显著缩短干燥时间,节约能耗,提高干燥效率和果干品质.展开更多
基金supported by the Scientific Research Foundation for High-Level Talents of Shihezi University(RCZK2018C41,CXRC201801,RCZK2018C22)the National Natural Science Foundation of China(41661040,U1803244)the Scientific and Technological Research Projects of Xinjiang Production and Construction Corps,China(2021AB021)。
文摘Changing climatic conditions and extensive human activities have influenced the global water cycle.In recent years,significant changes in climate and land use have degraded the watershed ecosystem of the Ebinur Lake Basin in Xinjiang,Northwest China.In this paper,variations of runoff,temperature,precipitation,reference evapotranspiration,lake area,socio-economic water usage,groundwater level and water quality in the Ebinur Lake Basin from 1961 to 2015 were systematically analyzed by the Mann-Kendall test methods(M-K)mutation test,the cumulative levelling method,the climate-sensitive method and land-use change index.In addition,we evaluated the effects of human activities on land use change and water quality.The results reveal that there was a significant increase in temperature and precipitation from 1961 to 2015,despite a decrease in reference evapotranspiration.The Wenquan station was not significantly affected by human activities as it is situated at a higher altitude.Runoff at this station increased significantly with climate warming.In contrast,runoff at the Jinghe station was severely affected by numerous human activities.Runoff decreased without obvious fluctuations.The contributions of climate change to runoff variation at the Jinghe and Wenquan stations were 46.87%and 58.94%,respectively;and the contributions of human activities were 53.13%and 41.06%,respectively.Land-use patterns in the basin have changed significantly between 1990 and 2015:urban and rural constructed lands,saline-alkali land,bare land,cultivated land,and forest land have expanded,while areas under grassland,lake,ice/snow and river/channel have declined.Human activities have dramatically intensified land degradation and desertification.From 1961 to 2015,both the inflow into the Ebinur Lake and the area of the lake have declined year by year;groundwater levels have dropped significantly,and the water quality has deteriorated during the study period.In the oasis irrigation area below the runoff pass,human activities mainly influenced the utilization mode and quantity of water resources.Changes in the hydrology and quantity of water resources were driven primarily by the continuous expansion of cultivated land and oasis,as well as the growth of population and the construction of hydraulic engineering projects.After 2015,the effects of some ecological protection projects were observed.However,there was no obvious sign of ecological improvement in the basin,and some environmental problems continue to persist.On this basis,this study recommends that the expansion of oasis should be limited according to the carrying capacity of the local water bodies.Moreover,in order to ensure the ecological security of the basin,it is necessary to determine the optimal oasis area for sustainable development and improve the efficiency of water resources exploitation and utilization.
文摘[目的]研究热风-真空冷冻联合干燥对脆性龙眼果干品质及益生活性的影响,为高品质龙眼果干工业化节能干燥模式提供理论依据.[方法]以热风干燥、真空冷冻干燥龙眼果干为对照,比较分析热风-真空冷冻联合干燥对脆性龙眼果干水分含量、水分活度、皱缩率、复水比等理化特性和总糖、多糖等营养品质的影响.同时采用GC-MS测定风味物质变化,电量表测定能源消耗量.并选用植物乳杆菌和嗜酸乳杆菌发酵龙眼果干,比较发酵过程中活菌数、总糖、还原糖以及短链脂肪酸的变化,评价热风-真空冷冻联合干燥对龙眼体外益生活性的影响.[结果]热风-真空冷冻联合干燥龙眼果干的水分含量、水分活度和皱缩率显著低于热风干燥,而复水比显著高于热风干燥.在总糖、多糖含量以及挥发性风味物质种类和总量上,热风-真空冷冻联合干燥低于真空冷冻干燥而高于热风干燥.在能源消耗上,热风-真空冷冻联合干燥比真空冷冻干燥节约干燥时间12.16%,节约单位能耗25.40%.在益生活性方面,植物乳杆菌和嗜酸乳杆菌均能通过发酵龙眼干增加活菌数量,利用龙眼干中的总糖产生短链脂肪酸,降低发酵液pH,且益生效果受干燥方式和菌株种类的影响较大.当植物乳杆菌发酵热风-真空冷冻干燥的龙眼果干48 h后,活菌数生长最多可达12.40 lg cfu/mL,高于真空冷冻干燥、热风干燥和新鲜龙眼.嗜酸乳杆菌发酵48 h后,热风-真空冷冻联合干燥活菌数达11.84 lg cfu/mL,与真空冷冻干燥接近,低于热风干燥,但高于新鲜龙眼.[结论]热风-真空冷冻联合干燥结合了热风干燥和真空冷冻干燥两种干燥方式的特点,可以显著缩短干燥时间,节约能耗,提高干燥效率和果干品质.
