Jiuzhaigou National Park, located in northwest plateau of Sichuan Province, is a UNESCO World Heritage Site, and one of the most popular scenic areas in China. On August 8, 2017, a Mw 6.5 earthquake occurred 5 km to t...Jiuzhaigou National Park, located in northwest plateau of Sichuan Province, is a UNESCO World Heritage Site, and one of the most popular scenic areas in China. On August 8, 2017, a Mw 6.5 earthquake occurred 5 km to the west of a major scenic area, causing 25 deaths and injuring 525, and the Park was seriously affected. The objective of this study was to explore the controls of seismogenic fault and topographic factors on the spatial patterns of these landslides. Immediately after the main shock, field survey, remote-sensing investigations, and statistical and spatial analysis were undertaken. At least 2212 earthquake-triggered landslides were identified, covering a total area of 11.8 km^2. Thesewere mainly shallow landslides and rock falls. Results demonstrated that landslides exhibited a close spatial correlation with seismogenic faults. More than 85% of the landslides occurred at 2200 to 3700 m elevations. The largest quantity of landslides was recorded in places with local topographic reliefs ranging from 200 to 500 m. Slopes in the range of ~20°-50° are the most susceptible to failure. Landslides occurred mostly on slopes facing east-northeast(ENE), east(E), east-southeast(ESE), and southeast(SE), which were nearly vertical to the orientation of the seismogenic fault slip. The back-slope direction and thin ridge amplification effects were documented. These results provide insights on the control of the spatial pattern of earthquake-triggered landslides modified by the synergetic effect of seismogenic faults and topography.展开更多
To identify refl ector fractures near borehole by using dipole-source refl ected-shearwave logging, we need to understand the relation between the amplitude of the refl ected shear wave and the source radiation, boreh...To identify refl ector fractures near borehole by using dipole-source refl ected-shearwave logging, we need to understand the relation between the amplitude of the refl ected shear wave and the source radiation, borehole conditions, and attenuation owing to the surrounding formations. To assess the effect of these factors on the amplitude of the refl ected waves, we first studied the radiation performance and radiation direction of the dipole source in fast, medium, and slow formations by using the asymptotic solution in the far fi eld of the borehole. Then, the relation between the fracture parameters, and the refl ected-shear-wave amplitude as well as the ratio of the refl ected-shear-wave amplitude to the direct-wave amplitude (relative amplitude, RA) was evaluated by the three-dimensional fi nite-difference (3D FDTD) method. Finally, the fracture detection capability of the dipole reflected-shear-wave logging tool in different formations was analyzed by using the RA. The results suggest that the radiation amplitude of the SH-wave in the slow formation is weaker than those in the fast and medium formations, and the amplitude of the refl ected shear wave is lower. However, the RA in the slow formation is close to or even greater than in the fast and medium formations, which means that dipole-source shear-wave logging has the same or even better fracture detection capability in the slow formation as in the fast and medium formations. In addition, when RA is small, there is a good correlation between the RA and the various fracture parameters in the different types of formation, which can be used in determining the lower limit of the fracture parameters identifi ed by refl ection logging.展开更多
The Lamuajue landslide is located in Lamuajue village on the tight bank of the Meigu River, Sichuan Province, China. This landslide is an ancient landslide with an extremely wide distribution area, covering an area of...The Lamuajue landslide is located in Lamuajue village on the tight bank of the Meigu River, Sichuan Province, China. This landslide is an ancient landslide with an extremely wide distribution area, covering an area of 19 km2 with a maximum width of 5-5 km and an estimated residual volume of 3 × 108 ma. The objectives of this study were to identify the characteristics and failure mechanism of this landslide. In this study, based on field investigations, aerial photography, and profile surveys, the boundary, lithology, structure of the strata, and characteristics of the landslide deposits were determined. A gently angled weak interlayer consisting of shale was the main factor contributing to the occurrence of the Lamuajue landslide. The deposition area can be divided into three zones： zone A is an avalanche deposition area mainly composed of blocks, fragments, and debris with diameters ranging from o.i m to 3 m; zone B is a residual integrated rock mass deposition area with large blocks, boulders and ＂fake bedrock＂; and zone C is a deposition zone of limestone blocks and fragments. Three types of failure mechanism were analyzed and combined to explain the Lamuajue landslide based on the features of the accumulation area. First, a shattering-sliding mechanism caused by earthquakes in zone A. Second, a sliding mechanism along the weak intercalation caused by gravity and water in zone B. Third, a shattering-ejection mechanism generated by earthquakes in zone C. The results provide a distinctive case for the study of gigantic landslides induced by earthquakes, which is very important for understanding and assessing ancient earthquakeinduced landslides.展开更多
针对钢渣集料表面多孔、吸水率高、表面陈化裹附粉尘的问题,利用扫描电子显微镜(scanning electron microscope,SEM)和荧光显微镜分别分析钢渣集料表面形貌和钢渣集料与沥青黏结界面结构,通过计算机断层扫描(computed tomography,CT)定...针对钢渣集料表面多孔、吸水率高、表面陈化裹附粉尘的问题,利用扫描电子显微镜(scanning electron microscope,SEM)和荧光显微镜分别分析钢渣集料表面形貌和钢渣集料与沥青黏结界面结构,通过计算机断层扫描(computed tomography,CT)定量分析钢渣集料表面开口孔隙与沥青渗透深度的关系,研究钢渣集料与沥青拌和和浸渍后钢渣集料有效密度和沥青吸收率变化规律,并用滚瓶法试验来评价沥青与钢渣集料的黏附性能。试验结果表明钢渣集料表面存在独特的多孔结构和陈化产物层,而陈化产物层阻碍沥青与钢渣集料直接黏结,在界面处形成夹层结构,在动水摩擦作用下易导致沥青膜剥落。钢渣集料表面多孔结构对沥青只是部分吸收与填充,且与开口孔隙形状和大小存在较强依赖性,沥青渗透深度约为开口孔径的0.6倍。钢渣集料的吸水率和沥青吸收率具有很好的线性相关性,线性斜率约为0.39。与沥青拌和后,长期静置吸收沥青导致钢渣集料有效密度增加幅度小于0.5%。上述钢渣集料表面形貌特性可显著影响钢渣沥青混合料体积性能和抗水损害能力。展开更多
基金supported by the Key Laboratory Program for Mountain Hazards and Earth Surface Process, CAS (Grant No. KLMHESP17-06)International Science Program-Silk Road Disaster Risk Reduction (Grant No. 131551KYSB20160002)+2 种基金Major International (Regional) Joint Research Project (Grant No.41520104002) Key Research Program of Frontier Sciences,CAS (Grant No. QYZDY-SSWDQC006) 135 Strategic Program of the Institute of Mountain Hazards and Environment, CAS, NO. SDS-135-1701
文摘Jiuzhaigou National Park, located in northwest plateau of Sichuan Province, is a UNESCO World Heritage Site, and one of the most popular scenic areas in China. On August 8, 2017, a Mw 6.5 earthquake occurred 5 km to the west of a major scenic area, causing 25 deaths and injuring 525, and the Park was seriously affected. The objective of this study was to explore the controls of seismogenic fault and topographic factors on the spatial patterns of these landslides. Immediately after the main shock, field survey, remote-sensing investigations, and statistical and spatial analysis were undertaken. At least 2212 earthquake-triggered landslides were identified, covering a total area of 11.8 km^2. Thesewere mainly shallow landslides and rock falls. Results demonstrated that landslides exhibited a close spatial correlation with seismogenic faults. More than 85% of the landslides occurred at 2200 to 3700 m elevations. The largest quantity of landslides was recorded in places with local topographic reliefs ranging from 200 to 500 m. Slopes in the range of ~20°-50° are the most susceptible to failure. Landslides occurred mostly on slopes facing east-northeast(ENE), east(E), east-southeast(ESE), and southeast(SE), which were nearly vertical to the orientation of the seismogenic fault slip. The back-slope direction and thin ridge amplification effects were documented. These results provide insights on the control of the spatial pattern of earthquake-triggered landslides modified by the synergetic effect of seismogenic faults and topography.
基金supported by the National Petroleum Major Projects(No.2017ZX05019-005)CNPC Fundamental Research Projects(No.2016A-3605)
文摘To identify refl ector fractures near borehole by using dipole-source refl ected-shearwave logging, we need to understand the relation between the amplitude of the refl ected shear wave and the source radiation, borehole conditions, and attenuation owing to the surrounding formations. To assess the effect of these factors on the amplitude of the refl ected waves, we first studied the radiation performance and radiation direction of the dipole source in fast, medium, and slow formations by using the asymptotic solution in the far fi eld of the borehole. Then, the relation between the fracture parameters, and the refl ected-shear-wave amplitude as well as the ratio of the refl ected-shear-wave amplitude to the direct-wave amplitude (relative amplitude, RA) was evaluated by the three-dimensional fi nite-difference (3D FDTD) method. Finally, the fracture detection capability of the dipole reflected-shear-wave logging tool in different formations was analyzed by using the RA. The results suggest that the radiation amplitude of the SH-wave in the slow formation is weaker than those in the fast and medium formations, and the amplitude of the refl ected shear wave is lower. However, the RA in the slow formation is close to or even greater than in the fast and medium formations, which means that dipole-source shear-wave logging has the same or even better fracture detection capability in the slow formation as in the fast and medium formations. In addition, when RA is small, there is a good correlation between the RA and the various fracture parameters in the different types of formation, which can be used in determining the lower limit of the fracture parameters identifi ed by refl ection logging.
基金financially supported by the Open Research Fund from the Key Laboratory of Mountain Hazards and Earth Surface Process (Chinese Academy of Sciences) (Grant No.KLMHESP-17-06)the Independent Research Fund from the State Key Laboratory of Geohazard Prevention and Geoenvironment Protection (Chengdu University of Technology) (Grant No.40100-00002219)
文摘The Lamuajue landslide is located in Lamuajue village on the tight bank of the Meigu River, Sichuan Province, China. This landslide is an ancient landslide with an extremely wide distribution area, covering an area of 19 km2 with a maximum width of 5-5 km and an estimated residual volume of 3 × 108 ma. The objectives of this study were to identify the characteristics and failure mechanism of this landslide. In this study, based on field investigations, aerial photography, and profile surveys, the boundary, lithology, structure of the strata, and characteristics of the landslide deposits were determined. A gently angled weak interlayer consisting of shale was the main factor contributing to the occurrence of the Lamuajue landslide. The deposition area can be divided into three zones： zone A is an avalanche deposition area mainly composed of blocks, fragments, and debris with diameters ranging from o.i m to 3 m; zone B is a residual integrated rock mass deposition area with large blocks, boulders and ＂fake bedrock＂; and zone C is a deposition zone of limestone blocks and fragments. Three types of failure mechanism were analyzed and combined to explain the Lamuajue landslide based on the features of the accumulation area. First, a shattering-sliding mechanism caused by earthquakes in zone A. Second, a sliding mechanism along the weak intercalation caused by gravity and water in zone B. Third, a shattering-ejection mechanism generated by earthquakes in zone C. The results provide a distinctive case for the study of gigantic landslides induced by earthquakes, which is very important for understanding and assessing ancient earthquakeinduced landslides.
文摘针对钢渣集料表面多孔、吸水率高、表面陈化裹附粉尘的问题,利用扫描电子显微镜(scanning electron microscope,SEM)和荧光显微镜分别分析钢渣集料表面形貌和钢渣集料与沥青黏结界面结构,通过计算机断层扫描(computed tomography,CT)定量分析钢渣集料表面开口孔隙与沥青渗透深度的关系,研究钢渣集料与沥青拌和和浸渍后钢渣集料有效密度和沥青吸收率变化规律,并用滚瓶法试验来评价沥青与钢渣集料的黏附性能。试验结果表明钢渣集料表面存在独特的多孔结构和陈化产物层,而陈化产物层阻碍沥青与钢渣集料直接黏结,在界面处形成夹层结构,在动水摩擦作用下易导致沥青膜剥落。钢渣集料表面多孔结构对沥青只是部分吸收与填充,且与开口孔隙形状和大小存在较强依赖性,沥青渗透深度约为开口孔径的0.6倍。钢渣集料的吸水率和沥青吸收率具有很好的线性相关性,线性斜率约为0.39。与沥青拌和后,长期静置吸收沥青导致钢渣集料有效密度增加幅度小于0.5%。上述钢渣集料表面形貌特性可显著影响钢渣沥青混合料体积性能和抗水损害能力。
