AIM To determine whether fructo-oligosaccharide(FOS) affects visceral sensitivity, inflammation, and production of intestinal short-chain fatty acids(SCFA) in an irritable bowel syndrome(IBS) mouse model.METHODS Mice ...AIM To determine whether fructo-oligosaccharide(FOS) affects visceral sensitivity, inflammation, and production of intestinal short-chain fatty acids(SCFA) in an irritable bowel syndrome(IBS) mouse model.METHODS Mice were randomly assigned to daily oral gavage of saline solution with or without FOS(8 g/kg body weight) for 14 d. Mice were further assigned to receive either daily one-hour water avoidance stress(WAS) or sham-WAS for the first 10 d. After 2 wk, visceral sensitivity was measured by abdominal withdrawal reflex in response to colorectal distension and mucosal inflammation was evaluated. Gas chromatography, real-time reverse transcription PCR, and immunohistochemistry assays were used to quantify cecal concentrations of SCFA, intestinal cytokine expression, and number of intestinal mast cells per high-power field(HPF), respectively.RESULTS Mice subjected to WAS exhibited visceral hypersensitivity and low-grade inflammation. Among mice subjected to WAS, FOS increased visceral hypersensitivity and led to higher cecal concentrations of acetic acid(2.49 ± 0.63 mmol/L vs 1.49 ± 0.72 mmol/L, P < 0.05), propionic acid(0.48 ± 0.09 mmol/L vs 0.36 ± 0.05 mmol/L, P < 0.01), butyric acid(0.28 ± 0.09 mmol/L vs 0.19 ± 0.003 mmol/L, P < 0.05), as well as total SCFA(3.62 ± 0.87 mmol/L vs 2.27 ± 0.75 mmol/L, P < 0.01) compared to saline administration. FOS also increased ileal interleukin(IL)-23 mR NA(4.71 ± 4.16 vs 1.00 ± 0.99, P < 0.05) and colonic IL-1β mR NA(2.15 ± 1.68 vs 0.88 ± 0.53, P < 0.05) expressions as well as increased mean mast cell counts in the ileum(12.3 ± 2.6 per HPF vs 8.3 ± 3.6 per HPF, P < 0.05) and colon(6.3 ± 3.2 per HPF vs 3.4 ± 1.2 per HPF, P < 0.05) compared to saline administration in mice subjected to WAS. No difference in visceral sensitivity, intestinal inflammation, or cecal SCFA levels was detected with or without FOS administration in mice subjected to sham-WAS.CONCLUSION FOS administration intensifies visceral hypersensitivity and gut inflammation in stress-induced IBS mice, but not in the control mice, and is also associated with increased intestinal SCFA production.展开更多
AIM: To evaluate whether Helicobacter pylori(H. pylori) eradication therapy benefits patients with functional dyspepsia(FD).METHODS: Randomized controlled trials(RCTs) investigating the efficacy and safety of H. pylor...AIM: To evaluate whether Helicobacter pylori(H. pylori) eradication therapy benefits patients with functional dyspepsia(FD).METHODS: Randomized controlled trials(RCTs) investigating the efficacy and safety of H. pylori eradication therapy for patients with functional dyspepsia published in English(up to May 2015) were identified by searching Pub Med, EMBASE, and The Cochrane Library. Pooled estimates were measured using the fixed or random effect model. Overall effect was expressed as a pooled risk ratio(RR) or a standard mean difference(SMD). All data were analyzed with Review Manager 5.3 and Stata 12.0.RESULTS: This systematic review included 25 RCTs with a total of 5555 patients with FD. Twenty-three of these studies were used to evaluate the benefits of H. pylori eradication therapy for symptom improvement; the pooled RR was 1.23(95%CI: 1.12-1.36, P < 0.0001). H. pylori eradication therapy demonstrated symptom improvement during long-term follow-up at ≥ 1 year(RR = 1.24; 95%CI: 1.12-1.37, P < 0.0001) but not during short-term follow-up at < 1 year(RR = 1.26; 95%CI: 0.83-1.92, P = 0.27). Seven studies showed no benefit of H. pylori eradication therapy on quality of life with an SMD of-0.01(95%CI:-0.11 to 0.08, P = 0.80). Six studies demonstrated that H. pylori eradication therapy reduced the development of peptic ulcer disease compared to no eradication therapy(RR = 0.35; 95%CI: 0.18-0.68, P = 0.002). Eight studies showed that H. pylori eradication therapy increased the likelihood of treatment-related side effects compared to no eradication therapy(RR = 2.02; 95%CI: 1.12-3.65, P = 0.02). Ten studies demonstrated that patients who received H. pylori eradication therapy were more likely to obtain histologic resolution of chronic gastritis compared to those who did not receive eradication therapy(RR = 7.13; 95%CI: 3.68-13.81, P < 0.00001).CONCLUSION: The decision to eradicate H. pylori in patients with functional dyspepsia requires individual assessment.展开更多
In this paper,we introduce a method of quantitatively evaluating and controlling the space charge effect of a lasercooled three-dimensional(3 D) ion system in a linear Paul trap.The relationship among cooling efficien...In this paper,we introduce a method of quantitatively evaluating and controlling the space charge effect of a lasercooled three-dimensional(3 D) ion system in a linear Paul trap.The relationship among cooling efficiency,ion quantity,and trapping strength is analyzed quantitatively,and the dynamic space distribution and temporal evolution of the 3 D ion system on a secular motion period time scale in the cooling process are obtained.The ion number influences the eigen-micromotion feature of the ion system.When trapping parameter q is ~ 0.3,relatively ideal cooling efficiency and equilibrium temperature can be obtained.The decrease of axial electrostatic potential is helpful in reducing the micromotion heating effect and the degradation in the total energy.Within a single secular motion period under different cooling conditions,ions transform from the cloud state(each ion disperses throughout the envelope of the ion system) to the liquid state(each ion is concentrated at a specific location in the ion system) and then to the crystal state(each ion is subjected to a fixed motion track).These results are conducive to long-term storage and precise control,motion effect suppression,high-efficiency cooling,and increasing the precision of spectroscopy for a 3 D ion system.展开更多
A two-ion pair in a linear Paul trap is extensively used in the research of the simplest quantum-logic system;however,there are few quantitative and comprehensive studies on the motional mode coupling of two-ion syste...A two-ion pair in a linear Paul trap is extensively used in the research of the simplest quantum-logic system;however,there are few quantitative and comprehensive studies on the motional mode coupling of two-ion systems yet.This study proposes a method to investigate the motional mode coupling of sympathetically cooled two-ion crystals by quantifying three-dimensional(3 D)secular spectra of trapped ions using molecular dynamics simulations.The 3 D resonance peaks of the^(40)Ca^(+)–^(27)Al^(+)pair obtained by using this method were in good agreement with the 3 D in-and out-of-phase modes predicted by the mode coupling theory for two ions in equilibrium and the frequency matching errors were lower than 2%.The obtained and predicted amplitudes of these modes were also qualitatively similar.It was observed that the strength of the sympathetic interaction of the^(40)Ca^(+)–^(27)Al^(+)pair was primarily determined by its axial in-phase coupling.In addition,the frequencies and amplitudes of the ion pair's resonance modes(in all dimensions)were sensitive to the relative masses of the ion pair,and a decrease in the mass mismatch enhanced the sympathetic cooling rates.The sympathetic interactions of the^(40)Ca^(+)–^(27)Al^(+)pair were slightly weaker than those of the^(24)Mg^(+)–^(27)Al^(+)pair,but significantly stronger than those of^(9)Be^(+)–^(27)Al^(+).However,the Doppler cooling limit temperature of^(40)Ca^(+)is comparable to that of^(9)Be^(+)but lower than approximately half of that of^(24)Mg^(+).Furthermore,laser cooling systems for^(40)Ca^(+)are more reliable than those for^(24)Mg^(+)and^(9)Be^(+).Therefore,^(40)Ca^(+)is probably the best laser-cooled ion for sympathetic cooling and quantum-logic operations of^(27)Al^(+)and has particularly more notable comprehensive advantages in the development of high reliability,compact,and transportable^(27)Al^(+)optical clocks.This methodology may be extended to multi-ion systems,and it will greatly aid efforts to control the dynamic behaviors of sympathetic cooling as well as the development of low-heating-rate quantum logic clocks.展开更多
文摘AIM To determine whether fructo-oligosaccharide(FOS) affects visceral sensitivity, inflammation, and production of intestinal short-chain fatty acids(SCFA) in an irritable bowel syndrome(IBS) mouse model.METHODS Mice were randomly assigned to daily oral gavage of saline solution with or without FOS(8 g/kg body weight) for 14 d. Mice were further assigned to receive either daily one-hour water avoidance stress(WAS) or sham-WAS for the first 10 d. After 2 wk, visceral sensitivity was measured by abdominal withdrawal reflex in response to colorectal distension and mucosal inflammation was evaluated. Gas chromatography, real-time reverse transcription PCR, and immunohistochemistry assays were used to quantify cecal concentrations of SCFA, intestinal cytokine expression, and number of intestinal mast cells per high-power field(HPF), respectively.RESULTS Mice subjected to WAS exhibited visceral hypersensitivity and low-grade inflammation. Among mice subjected to WAS, FOS increased visceral hypersensitivity and led to higher cecal concentrations of acetic acid(2.49 ± 0.63 mmol/L vs 1.49 ± 0.72 mmol/L, P < 0.05), propionic acid(0.48 ± 0.09 mmol/L vs 0.36 ± 0.05 mmol/L, P < 0.01), butyric acid(0.28 ± 0.09 mmol/L vs 0.19 ± 0.003 mmol/L, P < 0.05), as well as total SCFA(3.62 ± 0.87 mmol/L vs 2.27 ± 0.75 mmol/L, P < 0.01) compared to saline administration. FOS also increased ileal interleukin(IL)-23 mR NA(4.71 ± 4.16 vs 1.00 ± 0.99, P < 0.05) and colonic IL-1β mR NA(2.15 ± 1.68 vs 0.88 ± 0.53, P < 0.05) expressions as well as increased mean mast cell counts in the ileum(12.3 ± 2.6 per HPF vs 8.3 ± 3.6 per HPF, P < 0.05) and colon(6.3 ± 3.2 per HPF vs 3.4 ± 1.2 per HPF, P < 0.05) compared to saline administration in mice subjected to WAS. No difference in visceral sensitivity, intestinal inflammation, or cecal SCFA levels was detected with or without FOS administration in mice subjected to sham-WAS.CONCLUSION FOS administration intensifies visceral hypersensitivity and gut inflammation in stress-induced IBS mice, but not in the control mice, and is also associated with increased intestinal SCFA production.
文摘AIM: To evaluate whether Helicobacter pylori(H. pylori) eradication therapy benefits patients with functional dyspepsia(FD).METHODS: Randomized controlled trials(RCTs) investigating the efficacy and safety of H. pylori eradication therapy for patients with functional dyspepsia published in English(up to May 2015) were identified by searching Pub Med, EMBASE, and The Cochrane Library. Pooled estimates were measured using the fixed or random effect model. Overall effect was expressed as a pooled risk ratio(RR) or a standard mean difference(SMD). All data were analyzed with Review Manager 5.3 and Stata 12.0.RESULTS: This systematic review included 25 RCTs with a total of 5555 patients with FD. Twenty-three of these studies were used to evaluate the benefits of H. pylori eradication therapy for symptom improvement; the pooled RR was 1.23(95%CI: 1.12-1.36, P < 0.0001). H. pylori eradication therapy demonstrated symptom improvement during long-term follow-up at ≥ 1 year(RR = 1.24; 95%CI: 1.12-1.37, P < 0.0001) but not during short-term follow-up at < 1 year(RR = 1.26; 95%CI: 0.83-1.92, P = 0.27). Seven studies showed no benefit of H. pylori eradication therapy on quality of life with an SMD of-0.01(95%CI:-0.11 to 0.08, P = 0.80). Six studies demonstrated that H. pylori eradication therapy reduced the development of peptic ulcer disease compared to no eradication therapy(RR = 0.35; 95%CI: 0.18-0.68, P = 0.002). Eight studies showed that H. pylori eradication therapy increased the likelihood of treatment-related side effects compared to no eradication therapy(RR = 2.02; 95%CI: 1.12-3.65, P = 0.02). Ten studies demonstrated that patients who received H. pylori eradication therapy were more likely to obtain histologic resolution of chronic gastritis compared to those who did not receive eradication therapy(RR = 7.13; 95%CI: 3.68-13.81, P < 0.00001).CONCLUSION: The decision to eradicate H. pylori in patients with functional dyspepsia requires individual assessment.
基金Project supported by the National Key Research and Development Program of China(Grant No.2017YFA0304401)the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Grant Nos.11622434,11474318,91336211,and 11634013)+2 种基金the Strategic Priority Research Program of the Chinese Academy of Sciences(Grant No.XDB21030100)Hubei Province Science Fund for Distinguished Young Scholars(Grant No.2017CFA040)the Youth Innovation Promotion Association of the Chinese Academy of Sciences(Grant No.2015274)
文摘In this paper,we introduce a method of quantitatively evaluating and controlling the space charge effect of a lasercooled three-dimensional(3 D) ion system in a linear Paul trap.The relationship among cooling efficiency,ion quantity,and trapping strength is analyzed quantitatively,and the dynamic space distribution and temporal evolution of the 3 D ion system on a secular motion period time scale in the cooling process are obtained.The ion number influences the eigen-micromotion feature of the ion system.When trapping parameter q is ~ 0.3,relatively ideal cooling efficiency and equilibrium temperature can be obtained.The decrease of axial electrostatic potential is helpful in reducing the micromotion heating effect and the degradation in the total energy.Within a single secular motion period under different cooling conditions,ions transform from the cloud state(each ion disperses throughout the envelope of the ion system) to the liquid state(each ion is concentrated at a specific location in the ion system) and then to the crystal state(each ion is subjected to a fixed motion track).These results are conducive to long-term storage and precise control,motion effect suppression,high-efficiency cooling,and increasing the precision of spectroscopy for a 3 D ion system.
基金the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Grant No.11803023)the Equipment Pre-research Foundation(Grant No.6142411196406)Key Research and Development Program of Shaanxi Province,China(Grant No.2017ZDXM-GY-113)。
文摘A two-ion pair in a linear Paul trap is extensively used in the research of the simplest quantum-logic system;however,there are few quantitative and comprehensive studies on the motional mode coupling of two-ion systems yet.This study proposes a method to investigate the motional mode coupling of sympathetically cooled two-ion crystals by quantifying three-dimensional(3 D)secular spectra of trapped ions using molecular dynamics simulations.The 3 D resonance peaks of the^(40)Ca^(+)–^(27)Al^(+)pair obtained by using this method were in good agreement with the 3 D in-and out-of-phase modes predicted by the mode coupling theory for two ions in equilibrium and the frequency matching errors were lower than 2%.The obtained and predicted amplitudes of these modes were also qualitatively similar.It was observed that the strength of the sympathetic interaction of the^(40)Ca^(+)–^(27)Al^(+)pair was primarily determined by its axial in-phase coupling.In addition,the frequencies and amplitudes of the ion pair's resonance modes(in all dimensions)were sensitive to the relative masses of the ion pair,and a decrease in the mass mismatch enhanced the sympathetic cooling rates.The sympathetic interactions of the^(40)Ca^(+)–^(27)Al^(+)pair were slightly weaker than those of the^(24)Mg^(+)–^(27)Al^(+)pair,but significantly stronger than those of^(9)Be^(+)–^(27)Al^(+).However,the Doppler cooling limit temperature of^(40)Ca^(+)is comparable to that of^(9)Be^(+)but lower than approximately half of that of^(24)Mg^(+).Furthermore,laser cooling systems for^(40)Ca^(+)are more reliable than those for^(24)Mg^(+)and^(9)Be^(+).Therefore,^(40)Ca^(+)is probably the best laser-cooled ion for sympathetic cooling and quantum-logic operations of^(27)Al^(+)and has particularly more notable comprehensive advantages in the development of high reliability,compact,and transportable^(27)Al^(+)optical clocks.This methodology may be extended to multi-ion systems,and it will greatly aid efforts to control the dynamic behaviors of sympathetic cooling as well as the development of low-heating-rate quantum logic clocks.
