In arid and semi-arid regions, freshwater scarcity and high water salinity are serious and chronic problems for crop production and sustainable agriculture development. We conducted a field experiment to evaluate the ...In arid and semi-arid regions, freshwater scarcity and high water salinity are serious and chronic problems for crop production and sustainable agriculture development. We conducted a field experiment to evaluate the effect of irrigation water salinity and nitrogen（N） application rate on soil salinity and cotton yield under drip irrigation during the 2011 and 2012 growing seasons. The experimental design was a 3×4 factorial with three irrigation water salinity levels（0.35, 4.61 and 8.04 dS/m） and four N application rates（0, 240, 360 and 480 kg N/hm2）. Results showed that soil water content increased as the salinity of the irrigation water increased, but decreased as the N application rate increased. Soil salinity increased as the salinity of the irrigation water increased. Specifically, soil salinity measured in 1：5 soil：water extracts was 218% higher in the 4.61 dS/m treatment and 347% higher in the 8.04 dS/m treatment than in the 0.35 dS/m treatment. Nitrogen fertilizer application had relatively little effect on soil salinity, increasing salinity by only 3%–9% compared with the unfertilized treatment. Cotton biomass, cotton yield and evapotranspiration（ET） decreased significantly in both years as the salinity of irrigation water increased, and increased as the N application rate increased regardless of irrigation water salinity; however, the positive effects of N application were reduced when the salinity of the irrigation water was 8.04 dS/m. Water use efficiency（WUE） was significantly higher by 11% in the 0.35 dS/m treatment than in the 8.04 dS/m treatment. There was no significant difference in WUE between the 0.35 dS/m treatment and the 4.61 dS/m treatment. The WUE was also significantly affected by the N application rate. The WUE was highest in the 480 kg N/hm2 treatment, being 31% higher than that in the 0 kg N/hm2 treatment and 12% higher than that in the 240 kg N/hm2 treatment. There was no significant difference between the 360 and 480 kg N/hm2 treatments. The N use efficiency（NUE） was significantly lower in the 8.04 dS/m treatment than in either the 4.61 dS/m or the 0.35 dS/m treatment. There was no significant difference in NUE between the latter two treatments. These results suggest that irrigation water with salinity 〈4.61 dS/m does not have an obvious negative effect on cotton production, WUE or NUE under the experimental conditions. Application of N fertilizer（0–360 kg N/hm2） could alleviate salt damage, promote cotton growth, and increase both cotton yield and water use efficiency.展开更多
By using daily air temperature and precipitation data, and the weather phenomena data of daily snowfall from 98 meteorological stations over the Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau （QTP）, this paper performs an ＂at-risk＂ eval...By using daily air temperature and precipitation data, and the weather phenomena data of daily snowfall from 98 meteorological stations over the Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau （QTP）, this paper performs an ＂at-risk＂ evaluation on snowfall and accumulated snow over the QTP under current climate situation and future climate warming condition. When rainfall, snowfall, or accumulated snow weather phenomena occur, critical values are determined based on dally air temperature and precipitation for current climate conditions. Air temperature of 0 ℃ is defined as the critical value of temperature for rainfall or snowfall, while 0 ℃ air temperature and 4.0 mm （autumn） or 3.0 mm （spring） snowfall amounts are defined as the critical values for accumulated snowfall. Analyses based on the above critical values disclose that under current climate condition, stations with ＂at-risk＂ accumulated snow account for 33% and 36% of all stations, and the ＂at-risk＂ snowfall stations reach 78% and 81% in autumn and spring, respectively. Spatially, most stations with ＂at-risk＂ accumulated snow are located on the southern and eastern edge of the QTP, and stations with ＂at-risk＂ snowfall are also apparent at the northern edge. If the air temperature increases by 2.5 ℃ in 2050, only the snowfall at a few ＂at-risk＂ snowfall stations will transform into rainfall, while most ＂at-risk＂ accumulated snow stations will face the problem that snowfall is hardly accumulated. Additionally, most stations will become ＂at-risk＂ accumulated snow stations, indicating that both the snow depth and the snow cover duration will decline in most areas of the QTP, including a delay of the start date and an advancing of the end date of snow cover.展开更多
Using observed snow cover dam from Chinese meteorological stations, this study indicated that annual mean snow depth, Snow Water Equivalent （SWE）, and snow density during 1957-2009 were 0.49 cm, 0.7 ram, and 0.14 g/...Using observed snow cover dam from Chinese meteorological stations, this study indicated that annual mean snow depth, Snow Water Equivalent （SWE）, and snow density during 1957-2009 were 0.49 cm, 0.7 ram, and 0.14 g/cm3 over China as a whole, re- spectively. On average, they were all the smallest in the Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau （QTP）, and were greater in northwestern China （NW）. Spatially, the regions with greater annual mean snow depth and SWE were located in northeastern China including eastern Inner Mongolia （NE）, northern Xinjiang municipality, and a small fraction of southwestern QTP. Annual mean snow density was below 0.14 g/cm3 in most of China, and was higher in the QTP, NE, and NW. The trend analyses revealed that both annual mean snow depth and SWE presented increasing trends in NE, NW, the QTP, and China as a whole during 1957-2009. Although the trend in China as a whole was not significant, the amplitude of variation became increasingly greater in the second half of the 20th century. Spatially, the statistically significant （95%-level） positive trends for annual mean snow depth were located in western and northem NE, northwestem Xinjiang municipality, and northeastem QTP. The distribution of positive and negative trends for annu- al mean SWE were similar to that of snow depth in position, but not in range. The range with positive trends of SWE was not as large as that of snow depth, but the range with negative trends was larger.展开更多
Based on the number of snow cover days （NSCDs） and homogenized surface air temperature data for the period 1951-2004, this study performs the quantitative analysis on the sensitivity of NSCDs to surface air temperat...Based on the number of snow cover days （NSCDs） and homogenized surface air temperature data for the period 1951-2004, this study performs the quantitative analysis on the sensitivity of NSCDs to surface air temperature over the Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau （QTP）. Results show that both the extreme sensitivity and sensitivity under current climate are higher in the edge than in the central area of the QTP. There exists a strong negative correlation between station＇s elevation and critical temperature, at which the sensitivity reaches extremum. The negative correlation between the elevation and the extreme sensitivity is not as strong as the former one. Currently, the climatological temperatures in quite a few stations do not reach the critical stage. The sensitivity at these stations will become greater under the current background of climate warming, which means NSCDs will be more sensitive to surface air temperature.展开更多
Smart manufacturing still remains critical challenges for pharmaceutical manufacturing.Here,an original data-driven engineering framework was proposed to tackle the challenges.Firstly,from sporadic indicators to five ...Smart manufacturing still remains critical challenges for pharmaceutical manufacturing.Here,an original data-driven engineering framework was proposed to tackle the challenges.Firstly,from sporadic indicators to five kinds of systematic quality characteristics,nearly 2,000,000 real-world data points were successively characterized from Ginkgo Folium tablet manufacturing.Then,from simplex to the multivariate system,the digital process capability diagnosis strategy was proposed by multivariate C_(pk)integrated Bootstrap-t.The C_(pk)of Ginkgo Folium extracts,granules,and tablets were discovered,which was 0.59,0.42,and 0.78,respectively,indicating a relatively weak process capability,especially in granulating.Furthermore,the quality traceability was discovered from unit to end-to-end analysis,which decreased from 2.17 to 1.73.This further proved that attention should be paid to granulating to improve the quality characteristic.In conclusion,this paper provided a data-driven engineering strategy empowering industrial innovation to face the challenge of smart pharmaceutical manufacturing.展开更多
Based on remote sensing snow water equivalent （SWE） data, the simulated SWE in 20C3M experiments from 14 models attend- hag the third phase of the Coupled Models for Inter-comparison Project （CMIP3） was first eval...Based on remote sensing snow water equivalent （SWE） data, the simulated SWE in 20C3M experiments from 14 models attend- hag the third phase of the Coupled Models for Inter-comparison Project （CMIP3） was first evaluated by computing the different percentage, spatial correlation coefficient, and standard deviation of biases during 1979-2000. Then, the diagnosed ten models that performed better simulation in Eurasian SWE were aggregated by arithmetic mean to project the changes of Eurasian SWE in 2002-2060. Results show that SWE will decrease significantly for Eurasia as a whole in the next 50 years. Spatially, significant decreasing trends dominate Eurasia except for significant increase in the northeastern part. Seasonally, decreasing proportion will be greatest in summer indicating that snow cover in wanner seasons is more sensitive to climate warming. However, absolute decreasing trends are not the greatest in winter, but in spring. This is caused by the greater magnitude of negative trends, but smaller positive trends in spring than in winter. The changing characteristics of increasing in eastern Eurasia and decreasing in western Eurasia and over the Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau favor the viewpoint that there will be more rainfall in North China and less in the middle and lower reaches of the Yangtze River in summer. Additionally, the decreasing rate and extent with significant decreasing trends under SRES A2 are greater than those under SRES B1, indicating that the emission of greenhouse gases （GHG） will speed up the decreasing rate of snow cover both temporally and spatially. It is crucial to control the discharge of GHG emissions for mitigating the disappearance of snow cover over Eurasia.展开更多
Background:Tri-ponderal mass index(TMI)has been reported to be a more accurate estimate of body fat than body mass index(BMI).This study aims to compare the effectiveness of TMI and BMI in identifying hypertension,dys...Background:Tri-ponderal mass index(TMI)has been reported to be a more accurate estimate of body fat than body mass index(BMI).This study aims to compare the effectiveness of TMI and BMI in identifying hypertension,dyslipidemia,impaired fasting glucose(IFG),abdominal obesity,and clustered cardio-metabolic risk factors(CMRFs)in 3-to 17-year-old children.Methods:A total of 1587 children aged 3 to 17 years were included.Logistic regression was used to evaluate correlations between BMI and TMI.Area under the curves(AUCs)were used to compare discriminative capability among indicators.BMI was converted to BMI-z scores,and accuracy was compared by false-positive rate,false-negative rate,and total misclassification rate.Results:Among children aged 3 to 17 years,the mean TMI was 13.57±2.50 kg/m 3 for boys and 13.3±2.33 kg/m 3 for girls.Odds ratios(ORs)of TMI for hypertension,dyslipidemia,abdominal obesity,and clustered CMRFs ranged from 1.13 to 3.15,higher than BMI,whose ORs ranged from 1.08 to 2.98.AUCs showed similar ability of TMI(AUC:0.83)and BMI(AUC:0.85)in identifying clustered CMRFs.For abdominal obesity and hypertension,the AUC of TMI was 0.92 and 0.64,respectively,which was significantly better than that of BMI,0.85 and 0.61.AUCs of TMI for dyslipidemia and IFG were 0.58 and 0.49.When 85th and 95th of TMI were set as thresholds,total misclassification rates of TMI for clustered CMRFs ranged from 6.5%to 16.4%,which was not significantly different from that of BMI-z scores standardized according to World Health Organization criteria.Conclusions:TMI was found to have equal or even better effectiveness in comparison with BMI in identifying hypertension,abdominal obesity,and clustered CMRFs TMI was more stable than BMI in 3-to 17-year-old children,while it failed to identify dyslipidemia and IFG.It is worth considering the use of TMI for screening CMRFs in children and adolescents.展开更多
This thesis makes a discussion of the value of art museum education combined with elementary and junior high school education and explains its cooperation basis and activity manner. Meanwhile, it also gives suggestion...This thesis makes a discussion of the value of art museum education combined with elementary and junior high school education and explains its cooperation basis and activity manner. Meanwhile, it also gives suggestions related to art museum education combined with elementary and junior high school education in China.展开更多
Brassinosteroids(BRs)are a class of phytohormones that regulate plant growth and development.In previous studies,we cloned and identified PROTEIN PHOSPHATASE WITH KELCH-LIKE1(OsPPKL1)as the causal gene for the quantit...Brassinosteroids(BRs)are a class of phytohormones that regulate plant growth and development.In previous studies,we cloned and identified PROTEIN PHOSPHATASE WITH KELCH-LIKE1(OsPPKL1)as the causal gene for the quantitative trait locus GRAIN LENGTH3(qGL3)in rice(Oryza sativa).We also showed that qGL3/OsPPKL1 is mainly located in the cytoplasm and nucleus and negatively regulates BR signaling and grain length.Because qGL3 is a negative regulator of BR signaling,its turnover is critical for rapid response to changes in BRs.Here,we demonstrate that qGL3 interacts with the WD40-domain-containing protein WD40-REPEAT PROTEIN48(OsWDR48),which contains a nuclear export signal(NES).The NES signal is crucial for the cytosolic localization of OsWDR48 and also functions in the self-turnover of qGL3.We show that OsWDR48 physically interacts with and genetically acts through qGL3 to modulate BR signaling.Moreover,qGL3 may indirectly promote the phosphorylation of OsWDR48 at the Ser-379 and Ser-386 sites.Substitutions of both phosphorylation sites in OsWDR48 to non-phosphorylatable alanine enhanced the strength of the OsWDR48-qGL3 interaction.Furthermore,we found that brassinolide can promote the accumulation of non-phosphorylated OsWDR48,leading to strong interaction intensity between qGL3 and OsWDR48.Taken together,our results show that OsWDR48 facilitates qGL3 retention and induces degradation of qGL3 in the cytoplasm.These findings suggest that qGL3 self-modulates its turnover by binding to OsWDR48 to regulate its cytoplasmic localization and stability,leading to efficient orchestration of BR signal transduction in rice.展开更多
Oligoasthenospermia is the primary cause of infertility.However,there are still enormous challenges in the screening of critical candidates and targets of oligoasthenospermia owing to its complex mechanism.In this stu...Oligoasthenospermia is the primary cause of infertility.However,there are still enormous challenges in the screening of critical candidates and targets of oligoasthenospermia owing to its complex mechanism.In this study,stem cell factor(SCF),c-kit,and transient receptor potential vanilloid 1(TRPV1)biosensors were successfully established and applied to studying apoptosis and autophagy mechanisms.Interestingly,the detection limit reached 2.787×10^(-15)g/L,and the quantitative limit reached 1.0×10^(-13)g/L.Furthermore,biosensors were used to investigate the interplay between autophagy and apoptosis.Schisandrin A is an excellent candidate to form a system with c-kit similar to SCF/c-kit with a detection constant(K_(D))of 5.701×10^(-11)mol/L,whereas it had no affinity for SCF.In addition,it also inhibited autophagy in oligoasthenospermia through antagonizing TRPV1 with a K_(D) of up to 4.181×10^(-10)mol/L.In addition,in vivo and in vitro experiments were highly consistent with the biosensor.In summary,high-potency schisandrin A and two potential targets were identified,through which schisandrin A could reverse the apoptosis caused by excessive autophagy during oligoasthenospermia.Our study provides promising insights into the discovery of effective compounds and potential targets via a well-established in vitro-in vivo strategy.展开更多
The Microwave Radiation Imager(MWRI),boarded on the FY-3 series satellites:FY-3B,FY-3C,and FY-3D,is the first satellite-based microwave radiometer in China,commencing passive microwave brightness temperature data acqu...The Microwave Radiation Imager(MWRI),boarded on the FY-3 series satellites:FY-3B,FY-3C,and FY-3D,is the first satellite-based microwave radiometer in China,commencing passive microwave brightness temperature data acquisition since 2010.The Advanced Microwave Scanning Radiometer 2(AMSR2) boarded on the Global Change Observation Mission 1st-Water(GCOM-W1),has been operational since 2012.Despite the FY-3 series satellites are equipped with the same MWRI and all MWRIs sharing comparable parameters and configurations as AMSR2,disparities in observation times and satellite platforms result in inconsistencies in the data obtained by different satellites,which further impacting the consistency of retrieved geophysical parameters.To improve the consistency of brightness temperatures from FY-3B,FY-3C,FY-3D/MWRI,and GCOM-W1/AMSR2,cross-calibrations were conducted among brightness temperatures at ten-channel from above four platforms.The consistency of derived snow depth from MWRIs and AMSR2 in China before and after the calibration were also analyzed.The results show that the correlation coefficients of brightness temperatures at all channels between sensors exceed0.98.After cross-calibration,the RMSEs and biases of brightness temperatures at all frequencies and snow depth in China derived from them reduce to varying degrees.The consistencies in both brightness temperatures and snow depth of FY-3B/MWRI,FY-3D/MWRI,and AMSR2 are higher than those of FY-3C and others.These findings advocate for the utilization of cross-calibrated brightness temperatures from FY-3B/MWRI,FY-3D/MWRI,and AMSR2,which share similar satellite overpass time,to derived a long-term snow depth dataset.展开更多
基金funded by the National Basic Research Program of China (2009CB825101)the National Natural Science Foundation of China (30960210)
文摘In arid and semi-arid regions, freshwater scarcity and high water salinity are serious and chronic problems for crop production and sustainable agriculture development. We conducted a field experiment to evaluate the effect of irrigation water salinity and nitrogen（N） application rate on soil salinity and cotton yield under drip irrigation during the 2011 and 2012 growing seasons. The experimental design was a 3×4 factorial with three irrigation water salinity levels（0.35, 4.61 and 8.04 dS/m） and four N application rates（0, 240, 360 and 480 kg N/hm2）. Results showed that soil water content increased as the salinity of the irrigation water increased, but decreased as the N application rate increased. Soil salinity increased as the salinity of the irrigation water increased. Specifically, soil salinity measured in 1：5 soil：water extracts was 218% higher in the 4.61 dS/m treatment and 347% higher in the 8.04 dS/m treatment than in the 0.35 dS/m treatment. Nitrogen fertilizer application had relatively little effect on soil salinity, increasing salinity by only 3%–9% compared with the unfertilized treatment. Cotton biomass, cotton yield and evapotranspiration（ET） decreased significantly in both years as the salinity of irrigation water increased, and increased as the N application rate increased regardless of irrigation water salinity; however, the positive effects of N application were reduced when the salinity of the irrigation water was 8.04 dS/m. Water use efficiency（WUE） was significantly higher by 11% in the 0.35 dS/m treatment than in the 8.04 dS/m treatment. There was no significant difference in WUE between the 0.35 dS/m treatment and the 4.61 dS/m treatment. The WUE was also significantly affected by the N application rate. The WUE was highest in the 480 kg N/hm2 treatment, being 31% higher than that in the 0 kg N/hm2 treatment and 12% higher than that in the 240 kg N/hm2 treatment. There was no significant difference between the 360 and 480 kg N/hm2 treatments. The N use efficiency（NUE） was significantly lower in the 8.04 dS/m treatment than in either the 4.61 dS/m or the 0.35 dS/m treatment. There was no significant difference in NUE between the latter two treatments. These results suggest that irrigation water with salinity 〈4.61 dS/m does not have an obvious negative effect on cotton production, WUE or NUE under the experimental conditions. Application of N fertilizer（0–360 kg N/hm2） could alleviate salt damage, promote cotton growth, and increase both cotton yield and water use efficiency.
基金supported by the opening fund from the State Key Laboratory of Cryospheric Sciences, Cold and Arid Regions Environmental and Engineering Research Institute,Chinese Academy of Sciences(SKLCS 08-07)the National Postdoctoral Scientific Foundation (20080440342)
文摘By using daily air temperature and precipitation data, and the weather phenomena data of daily snowfall from 98 meteorological stations over the Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau （QTP）, this paper performs an ＂at-risk＂ evaluation on snowfall and accumulated snow over the QTP under current climate situation and future climate warming condition. When rainfall, snowfall, or accumulated snow weather phenomena occur, critical values are determined based on dally air temperature and precipitation for current climate conditions. Air temperature of 0 ℃ is defined as the critical value of temperature for rainfall or snowfall, while 0 ℃ air temperature and 4.0 mm （autumn） or 3.0 mm （spring） snowfall amounts are defined as the critical values for accumulated snowfall. Analyses based on the above critical values disclose that under current climate condition, stations with ＂at-risk＂ accumulated snow account for 33% and 36% of all stations, and the ＂at-risk＂ snowfall stations reach 78% and 81% in autumn and spring, respectively. Spatially, most stations with ＂at-risk＂ accumulated snow are located on the southern and eastern edge of the QTP, and stations with ＂at-risk＂ snowfall are also apparent at the northern edge. If the air temperature increases by 2.5 ℃ in 2050, only the snowfall at a few ＂at-risk＂ snowfall stations will transform into rainfall, while most ＂at-risk＂ accumulated snow stations will face the problem that snowfall is hardly accumulated. Additionally, most stations will become ＂at-risk＂ accumulated snow stations, indicating that both the snow depth and the snow cover duration will decline in most areas of the QTP, including a delay of the start date and an advancing of the end date of snow cover.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(40901045)the China Meteorological Administration's special funds for scientific research on public causes(GYHY200906017)
文摘Using observed snow cover dam from Chinese meteorological stations, this study indicated that annual mean snow depth, Snow Water Equivalent （SWE）, and snow density during 1957-2009 were 0.49 cm, 0.7 ram, and 0.14 g/cm3 over China as a whole, re- spectively. On average, they were all the smallest in the Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau （QTP）, and were greater in northwestern China （NW）. Spatially, the regions with greater annual mean snow depth and SWE were located in northeastern China including eastern Inner Mongolia （NE）, northern Xinjiang municipality, and a small fraction of southwestern QTP. Annual mean snow density was below 0.14 g/cm3 in most of China, and was higher in the QTP, NE, and NW. The trend analyses revealed that both annual mean snow depth and SWE presented increasing trends in NE, NW, the QTP, and China as a whole during 1957-2009. Although the trend in China as a whole was not significant, the amplitude of variation became increasingly greater in the second half of the 20th century. Spatially, the statistically significant （95%-level） positive trends for annual mean snow depth were located in western and northem NE, northwestem Xinjiang municipality, and northeastem QTP. The distribution of positive and negative trends for annu- al mean SWE were similar to that of snow depth in position, but not in range. The range with positive trends of SWE was not as large as that of snow depth, but the range with negative trends was larger.
基金supported by the National Postdoctoral Scientific Foundation(20080440342)the opening fund from the State Key Laboratory of Cryospheric Sciences,Cold and Arid Regions Environmental and Engineering Research Institute,Chinese Academy of Sciences(SKLCS 08-07)
文摘Based on the number of snow cover days （NSCDs） and homogenized surface air temperature data for the period 1951-2004, this study performs the quantitative analysis on the sensitivity of NSCDs to surface air temperature over the Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau （QTP）. Results show that both the extreme sensitivity and sensitivity under current climate are higher in the edge than in the central area of the QTP. There exists a strong negative correlation between station＇s elevation and critical temperature, at which the sensitivity reaches extremum. The negative correlation between the elevation and the extreme sensitivity is not as strong as the former one. Currently, the climatological temperatures in quite a few stations do not reach the critical stage. The sensitivity at these stations will become greater under the current background of climate warming, which means NSCDs will be more sensitive to surface air temperature.
基金co-National Outstanding Youth Science Fund Project of National Natural Science Foundation of China(Grant No.82022073,China)Major scientific and technological R&D projects in Jiangxi Province(Grant No.20203ABC28W018,China)National Key Research and Development Program of China(Grant No.2018YFC1706900,China)。
文摘Smart manufacturing still remains critical challenges for pharmaceutical manufacturing.Here,an original data-driven engineering framework was proposed to tackle the challenges.Firstly,from sporadic indicators to five kinds of systematic quality characteristics,nearly 2,000,000 real-world data points were successively characterized from Ginkgo Folium tablet manufacturing.Then,from simplex to the multivariate system,the digital process capability diagnosis strategy was proposed by multivariate C_(pk)integrated Bootstrap-t.The C_(pk)of Ginkgo Folium extracts,granules,and tablets were discovered,which was 0.59,0.42,and 0.78,respectively,indicating a relatively weak process capability,especially in granulating.Furthermore,the quality traceability was discovered from unit to end-to-end analysis,which decreased from 2.17 to 1.73.This further proved that attention should be paid to granulating to improve the quality characteristic.In conclusion,this paper provided a data-driven engineering strategy empowering industrial innovation to face the challenge of smart pharmaceutical manufacturing.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (40901045)
文摘Based on remote sensing snow water equivalent （SWE） data, the simulated SWE in 20C3M experiments from 14 models attend- hag the third phase of the Coupled Models for Inter-comparison Project （CMIP3） was first evaluated by computing the different percentage, spatial correlation coefficient, and standard deviation of biases during 1979-2000. Then, the diagnosed ten models that performed better simulation in Eurasian SWE were aggregated by arithmetic mean to project the changes of Eurasian SWE in 2002-2060. Results show that SWE will decrease significantly for Eurasia as a whole in the next 50 years. Spatially, significant decreasing trends dominate Eurasia except for significant increase in the northeastern part. Seasonally, decreasing proportion will be greatest in summer indicating that snow cover in wanner seasons is more sensitive to climate warming. However, absolute decreasing trends are not the greatest in winter, but in spring. This is caused by the greater magnitude of negative trends, but smaller positive trends in spring than in winter. The changing characteristics of increasing in eastern Eurasia and decreasing in western Eurasia and over the Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau favor the viewpoint that there will be more rainfall in North China and less in the middle and lower reaches of the Yangtze River in summer. Additionally, the decreasing rate and extent with significant decreasing trends under SRES A2 are greater than those under SRES B1, indicating that the emission of greenhouse gases （GHG） will speed up the decreasing rate of snow cover both temporally and spatially. It is crucial to control the discharge of GHG emissions for mitigating the disappearance of snow cover over Eurasia.
基金The Special Fund of the Pediatric Medical Coordinated Development Center of Beijing Hospitals Authority(No.XTCX201813)
文摘Background:Tri-ponderal mass index(TMI)has been reported to be a more accurate estimate of body fat than body mass index(BMI).This study aims to compare the effectiveness of TMI and BMI in identifying hypertension,dyslipidemia,impaired fasting glucose(IFG),abdominal obesity,and clustered cardio-metabolic risk factors(CMRFs)in 3-to 17-year-old children.Methods:A total of 1587 children aged 3 to 17 years were included.Logistic regression was used to evaluate correlations between BMI and TMI.Area under the curves(AUCs)were used to compare discriminative capability among indicators.BMI was converted to BMI-z scores,and accuracy was compared by false-positive rate,false-negative rate,and total misclassification rate.Results:Among children aged 3 to 17 years,the mean TMI was 13.57±2.50 kg/m 3 for boys and 13.3±2.33 kg/m 3 for girls.Odds ratios(ORs)of TMI for hypertension,dyslipidemia,abdominal obesity,and clustered CMRFs ranged from 1.13 to 3.15,higher than BMI,whose ORs ranged from 1.08 to 2.98.AUCs showed similar ability of TMI(AUC:0.83)and BMI(AUC:0.85)in identifying clustered CMRFs.For abdominal obesity and hypertension,the AUC of TMI was 0.92 and 0.64,respectively,which was significantly better than that of BMI,0.85 and 0.61.AUCs of TMI for dyslipidemia and IFG were 0.58 and 0.49.When 85th and 95th of TMI were set as thresholds,total misclassification rates of TMI for clustered CMRFs ranged from 6.5%to 16.4%,which was not significantly different from that of BMI-z scores standardized according to World Health Organization criteria.Conclusions:TMI was found to have equal or even better effectiveness in comparison with BMI in identifying hypertension,abdominal obesity,and clustered CMRFs TMI was more stable than BMI in 3-to 17-year-old children,while it failed to identify dyslipidemia and IFG.It is worth considering the use of TMI for screening CMRFs in children and adolescents.
文摘This thesis makes a discussion of the value of art museum education combined with elementary and junior high school education and explains its cooperation basis and activity manner. Meanwhile, it also gives suggestions related to art museum education combined with elementary and junior high school education in China.
基金supported by the China National Key R&D Program(2022YFD1200100)the Natural Science Foundation of China(32000227)+2 种基金the Jiangsu Agricultural Science and Technology Innovation Fund(CX(23)3123)the Jiangsu Province Government(BE2022336)the Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center for Modern Crop Production,and the Cyrus Tang Seed Innovation Center,Nanjing Agricultural University.
文摘Brassinosteroids(BRs)are a class of phytohormones that regulate plant growth and development.In previous studies,we cloned and identified PROTEIN PHOSPHATASE WITH KELCH-LIKE1(OsPPKL1)as the causal gene for the quantitative trait locus GRAIN LENGTH3(qGL3)in rice(Oryza sativa).We also showed that qGL3/OsPPKL1 is mainly located in the cytoplasm and nucleus and negatively regulates BR signaling and grain length.Because qGL3 is a negative regulator of BR signaling,its turnover is critical for rapid response to changes in BRs.Here,we demonstrate that qGL3 interacts with the WD40-domain-containing protein WD40-REPEAT PROTEIN48(OsWDR48),which contains a nuclear export signal(NES).The NES signal is crucial for the cytosolic localization of OsWDR48 and also functions in the self-turnover of qGL3.We show that OsWDR48 physically interacts with and genetically acts through qGL3 to modulate BR signaling.Moreover,qGL3 may indirectly promote the phosphorylation of OsWDR48 at the Ser-379 and Ser-386 sites.Substitutions of both phosphorylation sites in OsWDR48 to non-phosphorylatable alanine enhanced the strength of the OsWDR48-qGL3 interaction.Furthermore,we found that brassinolide can promote the accumulation of non-phosphorylated OsWDR48,leading to strong interaction intensity between qGL3 and OsWDR48.Taken together,our results show that OsWDR48 facilitates qGL3 retention and induces degradation of qGL3 in the cytoplasm.These findings suggest that qGL3 self-modulates its turnover by binding to OsWDR48 to regulate its cytoplasmic localization and stability,leading to efficient orchestration of BR signal transduction in rice.
基金co-supported by National Outstanding Youth Science Fund Project of National Natural Science Foundation of China(No.82022073)National Natural Science Foundation of China(No.82174389)+1 种基金Natural Science Foundation of Beijing Municipality(No.7202115,China)Postdoctoral Research Foundation of China(No.2021M690474)。
文摘Oligoasthenospermia is the primary cause of infertility.However,there are still enormous challenges in the screening of critical candidates and targets of oligoasthenospermia owing to its complex mechanism.In this study,stem cell factor(SCF),c-kit,and transient receptor potential vanilloid 1(TRPV1)biosensors were successfully established and applied to studying apoptosis and autophagy mechanisms.Interestingly,the detection limit reached 2.787×10^(-15)g/L,and the quantitative limit reached 1.0×10^(-13)g/L.Furthermore,biosensors were used to investigate the interplay between autophagy and apoptosis.Schisandrin A is an excellent candidate to form a system with c-kit similar to SCF/c-kit with a detection constant(K_(D))of 5.701×10^(-11)mol/L,whereas it had no affinity for SCF.In addition,it also inhibited autophagy in oligoasthenospermia through antagonizing TRPV1 with a K_(D) of up to 4.181×10^(-10)mol/L.In addition,in vivo and in vitro experiments were highly consistent with the biosensor.In summary,high-potency schisandrin A and two potential targets were identified,through which schisandrin A could reverse the apoptosis caused by excessive autophagy during oligoasthenospermia.Our study provides promising insights into the discovery of effective compounds and potential targets via a well-established in vitro-in vivo strategy.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foun-dation of China(42125604,42171143)Innovative Development Project of China Meteorological Administration(CXFZ 2022J039).
文摘The Microwave Radiation Imager(MWRI),boarded on the FY-3 series satellites:FY-3B,FY-3C,and FY-3D,is the first satellite-based microwave radiometer in China,commencing passive microwave brightness temperature data acquisition since 2010.The Advanced Microwave Scanning Radiometer 2(AMSR2) boarded on the Global Change Observation Mission 1st-Water(GCOM-W1),has been operational since 2012.Despite the FY-3 series satellites are equipped with the same MWRI and all MWRIs sharing comparable parameters and configurations as AMSR2,disparities in observation times and satellite platforms result in inconsistencies in the data obtained by different satellites,which further impacting the consistency of retrieved geophysical parameters.To improve the consistency of brightness temperatures from FY-3B,FY-3C,FY-3D/MWRI,and GCOM-W1/AMSR2,cross-calibrations were conducted among brightness temperatures at ten-channel from above four platforms.The consistency of derived snow depth from MWRIs and AMSR2 in China before and after the calibration were also analyzed.The results show that the correlation coefficients of brightness temperatures at all channels between sensors exceed0.98.After cross-calibration,the RMSEs and biases of brightness temperatures at all frequencies and snow depth in China derived from them reduce to varying degrees.The consistencies in both brightness temperatures and snow depth of FY-3B/MWRI,FY-3D/MWRI,and AMSR2 are higher than those of FY-3C and others.These findings advocate for the utilization of cross-calibrated brightness temperatures from FY-3B/MWRI,FY-3D/MWRI,and AMSR2,which share similar satellite overpass time,to derived a long-term snow depth dataset.
