BACKGROUND： The changes of calcitonin gene-related peptide （CGRP） expression are closely associated with peripheral nerve injury, whereas it should be further investigated whether the damage of central nerve can le...BACKGROUND： The changes of calcitonin gene-related peptide （CGRP） expression are closely associated with peripheral nerve injury, whereas it should be further investigated whether the damage of central nerve can lead to the changes of CGRP expression, and whether it is associated with the neural regeneration and repair. OBJECTIVE： To observe the changing law of CGRP expression in the anterior and posterior horns of spinal cord following brachial plexus injury. DESIGN： A randomized controlled trial. SETTINGS： Department of Anatomy, Yunyang Medical College; Department of Anatomy, Basic Medical College, Sun Yat-sen University. MATERIALS： Sixty-five adult male SD rats of clean degree, weighing 180 - 220 g, provided by the experimental animal center of the Basic Medical College, Sun Yat-sen University, were randomly divided into control group （n =5） and experimental group （n =60）, and the latter was subdivided into three damage groups： avulsion of anterior root group （n =20）, disjunction of posterior root group （n =20） and transection of spinal cord group （n =20）. Diaminobenzidine （DAB） chromogen, rabbit anti-CGRP polyclonal antibody were the products of Sigma Company; Leica image analytical apparatus was produced by QUIN Company （Germany）; Histotome by Sigma Company. METHODS： The experiments were carried out in the Department of Anatomy, Basic Medical College, Sun Yat-sen University from September 2004 to March 2005. Three kinds of models of brachial plexus injury were established： In the avulsion of anterior root group, right C7 anterior root was avulsed, and the distal nerve residual root was transected. In the disjunction of posterior root group, right C7 anterior root was avulsed and right C5 - T1 posterior horns were cut to block the sensory afferent pathway. In the transection of spinal cord group, right C7 anterior root was avulsed and C5-6 segments of right spinal cord were semi-transected to block the cortical descending pathway. In the control group, C5 - T1 vertebral plates were prayed open, and then the skin was sutured. The C7 segments of spinal cord were removed on the 1^st, 3^rd, 7^th and 14^th days postoperatively respectively, and the CGRP expressions in the anterior and posterior horns of spinal cord were determined and analyzed using immunohistochemical method and image analysis. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES： ① Number of CGRP immuno-positive motor neurons in the anterior horn of spinal cord; ② Total area ofCGRP immuno-positive fibers in the posterior horn of spinal cord. RESULTS： All the 65 rats were involved in the analysis of results. ① Number of CGRP immuno-positive motor neurons in the anterior horn of spinal cord： CGRP immuno-positive motor neurons could be observed in the anterior horns of C7 spinal cord in the control group and damage groups, the neurons had big cell body with stained cytoplasm, appeared as brown granules, and mainly distributed in the ventral lateral anterior horn of spinal cord. On the Ist day postoperatively, the number of CGRP positive neurons was obviously higher in the in the avulsion of anterior root group than in the control group （P 〈 0.01）, whereas obviously lower in the disjunction of posterior root group than in the control group （P 〈 0.01）, and there was no obvious difference between the transection of spinal cord group and the control group （P 〉 0.05）. On the 7^th day, the numbers of CGRP positive neurons in the damage groups were obviously higher than that in the control group （P 〈 0.01）, also obviously different from those on the 1^st day in the same group respectively （P 〈 0.01）. On the 14^th day, the number of CGRP positive neurons in the disjunction of posterior root group was decreased, but there was no obvious difference as compared with that in the control group, whereas those in the avulsion of anterior root group and transection of spinal cord group were still obviously higher than that in the control group （P 〈 0.01）. The number of CGRP positive neurons was the most in the avulsion of anterior root group, followed by the transection of spinal cord group, and the least in the disjunction of posterior root group, and there were significant differences among them （P 〈 0.01）. ② Total area of CGRP immuno-positive fibers in the posterior horn of spinal cord： Dense CGRP immuno-positive nerve fibers distributed in the layers Ⅰ and Ⅱ of the C7 posterior horn of spinal cord in the control group. On the 1^st day postoperatively, the total areas of CGRP positive fibers in the avulsion of anterior root group and transection of spinal cord group were obviously larger than that in the control group （P 〈 0.01）, whereas there was no obvious difference between the disjunction of posterior root group and control group. On the 7^th day, the CGRP expression in the posterior horn of spinal cord decreased to the lowest level in the disjunction of posterior root group, whereas there were no obvious differences in the avulsion of anterior root group and transection of spinal cord group as compared with that in the control group （P 〉 0.05）. On the 14^th day, the area continued to decrease in the avulsion of anterior root group and transection of spinal cord group, and it was obviously lower in the transection of spinal cord group than in the control group （P 〈 0.01）, and it was slightly increased in the disjunction of posterior root group as compared with that on 7^th day, but still obviously lower than that in the control group （P 〈 0.01）. CONCLUSION： The expression and role of CGRP are in discrepancy in the anterior and posterior horns of spinal cord after brachial plexus injury. The CGRP in anterior horn of spinal cord are derived from the cell body of motor neurons, and may be involved in the repairing mechanism of nerve injury regeneration; Whereas those in the posterior horn are mainly derived from posterior root ganglion, and may be associated with the conduction of noxious stimulations.展开更多
BACKGROUND： The neuropeptide, substance P, has various bioactivities and is widely distributed in the central nervous system. Substance P participates in neural transmission in the spinal cord and plays an important ...BACKGROUND： The neuropeptide, substance P, has various bioactivities and is widely distributed in the central nervous system. Substance P participates in neural transmission in the spinal cord and plays an important role in regeneration and repair of nerve injury. OBJECTIVE： To investigate substance P mRNA expression in the anterior horn of the spinal cord following brachial plexus injury. DESIGN, TIME AND SETTING： A molecular cell biology randomized controlled study was performed at the Department of Anatomy, Zhongshan Medical College, Sun Yat-sen University and the DaAn Gene Laboratory in May 2005. MATERIALS： A total of 29 adult male Sprague Dawley rats were randomly assigned to a control group （n = 5） and an injury group （n = 24）. METHODS： The injury group was divided into three subgroups. In subgroup A, the right seventh cervical vertebra （C7） anterior root was avulsed, and the residual nerve root at the distal end was removed. In subgroup B, the right C7 anterior root was avulsed, and the right C5 first thoracic vertebrae （T1） posterior root was incised. Thus afferent pathways of the posterior root that connected with the anterior horn motor neurons were blocked. In subgroup C, the right C7 anterior root was avulsed, and a right C56 hemisection was performed. Thus the descending fiber pathways of the cortex that connected with anterior horn motor neurons were blocked. In the control group, the C5-T1 vertebral plate was opened, and then the skin was sutured. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURE： Substance P mRNA expression in the anterior horn of the spinal cord was quantified using fluorescent quantitative reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction. RESULTS： Substance P mRNA expression was low in the anterior horn of the rat spinal cord in the control group. Substance P mRNA expression in the anterior horn of the spinal cord was upregulated and was significantly higher in the injury group compared with the control group （P 〈 0.01）. Substance P mRNA expression was highest in subgroup B. CONCLUSION： Brachial plexus anterior root avulsion is responsible for increased substance P expression in the anterior horn of the rat spinal cord. Pathway disjunction in efferent fibers of the posterior root or cortex does not have an effect on substance P expression in the anterior horn of the spinal cord.展开更多
文摘BACKGROUND： The changes of calcitonin gene-related peptide （CGRP） expression are closely associated with peripheral nerve injury, whereas it should be further investigated whether the damage of central nerve can lead to the changes of CGRP expression, and whether it is associated with the neural regeneration and repair. OBJECTIVE： To observe the changing law of CGRP expression in the anterior and posterior horns of spinal cord following brachial plexus injury. DESIGN： A randomized controlled trial. SETTINGS： Department of Anatomy, Yunyang Medical College; Department of Anatomy, Basic Medical College, Sun Yat-sen University. MATERIALS： Sixty-five adult male SD rats of clean degree, weighing 180 - 220 g, provided by the experimental animal center of the Basic Medical College, Sun Yat-sen University, were randomly divided into control group （n =5） and experimental group （n =60）, and the latter was subdivided into three damage groups： avulsion of anterior root group （n =20）, disjunction of posterior root group （n =20） and transection of spinal cord group （n =20）. Diaminobenzidine （DAB） chromogen, rabbit anti-CGRP polyclonal antibody were the products of Sigma Company; Leica image analytical apparatus was produced by QUIN Company （Germany）; Histotome by Sigma Company. METHODS： The experiments were carried out in the Department of Anatomy, Basic Medical College, Sun Yat-sen University from September 2004 to March 2005. Three kinds of models of brachial plexus injury were established： In the avulsion of anterior root group, right C7 anterior root was avulsed, and the distal nerve residual root was transected. In the disjunction of posterior root group, right C7 anterior root was avulsed and right C5 - T1 posterior horns were cut to block the sensory afferent pathway. In the transection of spinal cord group, right C7 anterior root was avulsed and C5-6 segments of right spinal cord were semi-transected to block the cortical descending pathway. In the control group, C5 - T1 vertebral plates were prayed open, and then the skin was sutured. The C7 segments of spinal cord were removed on the 1^st, 3^rd, 7^th and 14^th days postoperatively respectively, and the CGRP expressions in the anterior and posterior horns of spinal cord were determined and analyzed using immunohistochemical method and image analysis. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES： ① Number of CGRP immuno-positive motor neurons in the anterior horn of spinal cord; ② Total area ofCGRP immuno-positive fibers in the posterior horn of spinal cord. RESULTS： All the 65 rats were involved in the analysis of results. ① Number of CGRP immuno-positive motor neurons in the anterior horn of spinal cord： CGRP immuno-positive motor neurons could be observed in the anterior horns of C7 spinal cord in the control group and damage groups, the neurons had big cell body with stained cytoplasm, appeared as brown granules, and mainly distributed in the ventral lateral anterior horn of spinal cord. On the Ist day postoperatively, the number of CGRP positive neurons was obviously higher in the in the avulsion of anterior root group than in the control group （P 〈 0.01）, whereas obviously lower in the disjunction of posterior root group than in the control group （P 〈 0.01）, and there was no obvious difference between the transection of spinal cord group and the control group （P 〉 0.05）. On the 7^th day, the numbers of CGRP positive neurons in the damage groups were obviously higher than that in the control group （P 〈 0.01）, also obviously different from those on the 1^st day in the same group respectively （P 〈 0.01）. On the 14^th day, the number of CGRP positive neurons in the disjunction of posterior root group was decreased, but there was no obvious difference as compared with that in the control group, whereas those in the avulsion of anterior root group and transection of spinal cord group were still obviously higher than that in the control group （P 〈 0.01）. The number of CGRP positive neurons was the most in the avulsion of anterior root group, followed by the transection of spinal cord group, and the least in the disjunction of posterior root group, and there were significant differences among them （P 〈 0.01）. ② Total area of CGRP immuno-positive fibers in the posterior horn of spinal cord： Dense CGRP immuno-positive nerve fibers distributed in the layers Ⅰ and Ⅱ of the C7 posterior horn of spinal cord in the control group. On the 1^st day postoperatively, the total areas of CGRP positive fibers in the avulsion of anterior root group and transection of spinal cord group were obviously larger than that in the control group （P 〈 0.01）, whereas there was no obvious difference between the disjunction of posterior root group and control group. On the 7^th day, the CGRP expression in the posterior horn of spinal cord decreased to the lowest level in the disjunction of posterior root group, whereas there were no obvious differences in the avulsion of anterior root group and transection of spinal cord group as compared with that in the control group （P 〉 0.05）. On the 14^th day, the area continued to decrease in the avulsion of anterior root group and transection of spinal cord group, and it was obviously lower in the transection of spinal cord group than in the control group （P 〈 0.01）, and it was slightly increased in the disjunction of posterior root group as compared with that on 7^th day, but still obviously lower than that in the control group （P 〈 0.01）. CONCLUSION： The expression and role of CGRP are in discrepancy in the anterior and posterior horns of spinal cord after brachial plexus injury. The CGRP in anterior horn of spinal cord are derived from the cell body of motor neurons, and may be involved in the repairing mechanism of nerve injury regeneration; Whereas those in the posterior horn are mainly derived from posterior root ganglion, and may be associated with the conduction of noxious stimulations.
文摘BACKGROUND： The neuropeptide, substance P, has various bioactivities and is widely distributed in the central nervous system. Substance P participates in neural transmission in the spinal cord and plays an important role in regeneration and repair of nerve injury. OBJECTIVE： To investigate substance P mRNA expression in the anterior horn of the spinal cord following brachial plexus injury. DESIGN, TIME AND SETTING： A molecular cell biology randomized controlled study was performed at the Department of Anatomy, Zhongshan Medical College, Sun Yat-sen University and the DaAn Gene Laboratory in May 2005. MATERIALS： A total of 29 adult male Sprague Dawley rats were randomly assigned to a control group （n = 5） and an injury group （n = 24）. METHODS： The injury group was divided into three subgroups. In subgroup A, the right seventh cervical vertebra （C7） anterior root was avulsed, and the residual nerve root at the distal end was removed. In subgroup B, the right C7 anterior root was avulsed, and the right C5 first thoracic vertebrae （T1） posterior root was incised. Thus afferent pathways of the posterior root that connected with the anterior horn motor neurons were blocked. In subgroup C, the right C7 anterior root was avulsed, and a right C56 hemisection was performed. Thus the descending fiber pathways of the cortex that connected with anterior horn motor neurons were blocked. In the control group, the C5-T1 vertebral plate was opened, and then the skin was sutured. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURE： Substance P mRNA expression in the anterior horn of the spinal cord was quantified using fluorescent quantitative reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction. RESULTS： Substance P mRNA expression was low in the anterior horn of the rat spinal cord in the control group. Substance P mRNA expression in the anterior horn of the spinal cord was upregulated and was significantly higher in the injury group compared with the control group （P 〈 0.01）. Substance P mRNA expression was highest in subgroup B. CONCLUSION： Brachial plexus anterior root avulsion is responsible for increased substance P expression in the anterior horn of the rat spinal cord. Pathway disjunction in efferent fibers of the posterior root or cortex does not have an effect on substance P expression in the anterior horn of the spinal cord.
