A fully coupled thermo-hydro-mechano-chemical(THMC) formulation is described in this paper.Special attention is paid to phenomena likely to be encountered in clay barriers used as engineered barriers in the disposal o...A fully coupled thermo-hydro-mechano-chemical(THMC) formulation is described in this paper.Special attention is paid to phenomena likely to be encountered in clay barriers used as engineered barriers in the disposal of nuclear radioactive waste.The types of processes considered in the chemical formulation include hydrolysis,complex formation,oxidation/reduction reactions,acid/base reactions,precipitation/dissolution of minerals and cation exchange.Both kinetics-and equilibrium-controlled reactions are incorporated.The formulation is implemented in a numerical code.An application is presented concerning the performance of a large-scale in-situ heating test simulating high-level radioactive waste repository conditions.展开更多
The paper presents two case studies that provide information on the process of homogenization of initially heterogeneous clay barriers and seals. The first case is the canister retrieval test performed in the Asp Hard...The paper presents two case studies that provide information on the process of homogenization of initially heterogeneous clay barriers and seals. The first case is the canister retrieval test performed in the Asp Hard Rock Laboratory (Sweden). The heterogeneity arises from the use of a combination of blocks and pellets to construct the engineered barrier. The degree of homogenization achieved by the end of the tests is evaluated from data obtained during the dismantling of the test. To assist in the interpretation of the test, a fully coupled thermo-hydro-mechanical (THM) analysis has been carried out. The second case involves the shaft sealing test performed in the HADES underground research laboratory (URL) in Mol (Belgium). Here the seal is made up of a heterogeneous mixture of bentonite pellets and bentonite powders. In addition to the full scale test, the process of homogenization of the mixture has also been observed in the laboratory using X-ray tomography. Both field test and laboratory tests are successfully modelled by a coupled hydro-mechanical (HM) analysis using a double structure constitutive law. The paper concludes with some considerations on the capability of highly expansive materials to provide a significant degree of homogenization upon hydration.展开更多
The interest in structural health monitoring of carbon fiber-reinforced polymers using electrical methods to detect damage in structures is growing because once the material is fabricated the evaluation of strain and ...The interest in structural health monitoring of carbon fiber-reinforced polymers using electrical methods to detect damage in structures is growing because once the material is fabricated the evaluation of strain and damage is simple and feasible.In order to obtain the conductivity,the polymer matrix must be conductive and the use of nanoreinforcement seems to be the most feasible method.In this work,the behavior of nanoreinforced polymer with carbon nanotubes(CNTs)and composites with glass and carbon fibers with nanoreinforced matrices was investigated.These composites were evaluated in tensile tests by simultaneously measuring stress,strain and resistivity.During elastic deformation,a linear increase in resistance was observed and during fracture of the composite fibers,stronger and discontinuous changes in the resistivity were observed.Among other factors,the percentage of nanotubes incorporated in the matrix turned out to be an important factor in the sensitivity of the method.展开更多
基金supported by ENRESA and the European Commissionsupport given by CNPq(Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Cientíco e Tecnológico)and the assistance of the Ministerio de Ciencia y Tecnología of Spain through research grant(BIA2008-06537)
文摘A fully coupled thermo-hydro-mechano-chemical(THMC) formulation is described in this paper.Special attention is paid to phenomena likely to be encountered in clay barriers used as engineered barriers in the disposal of nuclear radioactive waste.The types of processes considered in the chemical formulation include hydrolysis,complex formation,oxidation/reduction reactions,acid/base reactions,precipitation/dissolution of minerals and cation exchange.Both kinetics-and equilibrium-controlled reactions are incorporated.The formulation is implemented in a numerical code.An application is presented concerning the performance of a large-scale in-situ heating test simulating high-level radioactive waste repository conditions.
基金co-funded by ANDRA,CIEMAT,ONDRAF-NIRAS and the European Commission (EC contracts FIKWCT-2000-00010 and STRP-036458)The support of the Spanish Ministry of Science and Innovation trough grant BIA2011-27217 is also gratefully acknowledged
文摘The paper presents two case studies that provide information on the process of homogenization of initially heterogeneous clay barriers and seals. The first case is the canister retrieval test performed in the Asp Hard Rock Laboratory (Sweden). The heterogeneity arises from the use of a combination of blocks and pellets to construct the engineered barrier. The degree of homogenization achieved by the end of the tests is evaluated from data obtained during the dismantling of the test. To assist in the interpretation of the test, a fully coupled thermo-hydro-mechanical (THM) analysis has been carried out. The second case involves the shaft sealing test performed in the HADES underground research laboratory (URL) in Mol (Belgium). Here the seal is made up of a heterogeneous mixture of bentonite pellets and bentonite powders. In addition to the full scale test, the process of homogenization of the mixture has also been observed in the laboratory using X-ray tomography. Both field test and laboratory tests are successfully modelled by a coupled hydro-mechanical (HM) analysis using a double structure constitutive law. The paper concludes with some considerations on the capability of highly expansive materials to provide a significant degree of homogenization upon hydration.
基金the funds received from Ministerio de Ciencia e Innovación(MAT2010-20724-C02-01)and Comunidad de Madrid(ESTRUMAT).
文摘The interest in structural health monitoring of carbon fiber-reinforced polymers using electrical methods to detect damage in structures is growing because once the material is fabricated the evaluation of strain and damage is simple and feasible.In order to obtain the conductivity,the polymer matrix must be conductive and the use of nanoreinforcement seems to be the most feasible method.In this work,the behavior of nanoreinforced polymer with carbon nanotubes(CNTs)and composites with glass and carbon fibers with nanoreinforced matrices was investigated.These composites were evaluated in tensile tests by simultaneously measuring stress,strain and resistivity.During elastic deformation,a linear increase in resistance was observed and during fracture of the composite fibers,stronger and discontinuous changes in the resistivity were observed.Among other factors,the percentage of nanotubes incorporated in the matrix turned out to be an important factor in the sensitivity of the method.
