Mediterranean woodland environments are characterised by high spatial and temporal heterogeneity,which means the inhabiting species face a wide variety of selective pressures.Species may respond differently to habitat...Mediterranean woodland environments are characterised by high spatial and temporal heterogeneity,which means the inhabiting species face a wide variety of selective pressures.Species may respond differently to habitat heterogeneity and so distinct eco-evolutionary scenarios may be responsible for the inter-habitat variability in reproductive strategies observed in certain species.The inter-forest variability of some reproductive traits in passerines has been examined by comparing forest patches or separated fragments.However,there is still little information regarding how such highly mobile animals adjust their breeding performance across continuous and heterogeneous woodlands.Here we studied the reproductive performance of a population of Blue Tits(Cyanistes caeruleus) in an area of continuous Mediterranean woodland that included two mountain slopes and four different types of forest,ranging from deciduous oak forests to perennial non-oak forests.We studied the habitat heterogeneity and inter-forest phenotypic variation in terms of reproductive performance and adult and nestling biometry,besides also exploring the effects of ectoparasites on Blue Tit reproduction.Eggs were laid earliest in deciduous Pyrenean Oak(Quercus pyrenaica) forests,while clutch size and the number of fledglings were highest in the humid Pyrenean Oak forest,which had the greatest tree coverage and most humid climate,and lowest in the coniferous Scots Pine(Pinus sylvestris) forest.There were no inter-forest differences in hatching(percentage of nests with at least one egg hatched) and fledging(percentage of nests in which at least one nestling fledged)success.Similarly,there were no inter-forest differences in adult and nestling biometry,but adults that raised more fledglings had a lower body mass,while males whose females laid larger clutches had smaller tarsi.Most ectoparasites did not affect Blue Tit reproduction,although Culicoides had a negative impact on nestling body mass.These results suggest that Blue Tits can adjust their reproductive effort to the forest where they breed even across a very small spatial scale.Different eco-evolutionary scenarios,such as phenotypic plasticity or genetic structuring and local adaptation,might explain the phenotypic differentiation in the reproductive strategies observed over small areas in woodlands.展开更多
Several ectoparasites parasitise nestlings decreasing their body condition,growth and survival.To minimise any loss of fitness due to ectoparasites,birds have developed a wide variety of defence mechanisms,potentially...Several ectoparasites parasitise nestlings decreasing their body condition,growth and survival.To minimise any loss of fitness due to ectoparasites,birds have developed a wide variety of defence mechanisms,potentially including hatching asynchrony.According to the Tasty Chick Hypothesis(TCH),the cost of parasitism would be reduced if ectoparasites tend to eat on less immunocompetent nestlings,typically the last-hatched chick in asynchronously hatched broods,as they are in poor body condition.Two predictions of the TCH are that immune capacity is lower in smaller nestlings than in larger ones and that parasites should provoke a more negative effect on smaller nestlings.Here,we test these predictions in a population of Blue Tits(Cyanistes caeruleus)whose broods are parasitised by Hen Fleas(Ceratophyllus gallinae)and Blowflies(Protocalliphora azurea).We recorded the presence of both ectoparasites and analysed the immunocompetence(number of leucocytes per 10,000 erythrocytes and cutaneous immune response to phytohaemagglutinin)and body condition of smaller and larger nestlings within individual broods.The leucocyte count was higher in smaller nestlings than in larger ones,whereas the cutaneous immune response did not differ between smaller and larger nestlings.Smaller nestlings,but not larger nestlings,had lower body mass when fleas were present.Blowflies,by contrast,had no detectable negative effect on nestlings.Overall,our findings provide partial support to the TCH.Lower immune capacity in smaller nestlings than in larger ones was not supported,but Hen Fleas seemed to negatively impact on smaller nestlings more than on larger ones.展开更多
Predation is one of the main selective forces in nature, frequently selecting potential prey for developing escape strategies. Escape ability is typically influenced by several morphological parameters, such as morpho...Predation is one of the main selective forces in nature, frequently selecting potential prey for developing escape strategies. Escape ability is typically influenced by several morphological parameters, such as morphology of the locomotor appendices, muscular capacity, body mass, or fluctuating asymmetry, and may differ between sexes and age classes. In this study, we tested the relationship among these variables and jumping performance in 712 Iberian green frogs Pelophylax perezi from an urban population. The results suggest that the main determinant of jumping capacity was body size (explaining 48% of variance). Larger frogs jumped farther, but jumping performance reached an asymptote for the largest frogs. Once controlled by structural body size, the heaviest frogs jumped shorter distances, suggesting a trade-off between fat storage and jumping performance. Relative hind limb length also determined a small but significant percentage of variance (2.4%) in jumping performance-that is, the longer the hind limbs, the greater the jumping capacity. Juveniles had relatively shorter and less muscular hind limbs than adults (for a given body size), and their jumping performance was poorer. In our study population, the hind limbs of the frogs were very symmetrical, and we found no effect of fluctuating asymmetry on jumping performance. Therefore, our study provides evidence that jumping performance in frogs is not only affected by body size, but also by body mass and hind limb length, and differ between age classes.展开更多
Lifespan is one of the main components of life history.Shorter lifespans can be expected in marginal habitats.However,in the case of ectotherms,lifespan typically increases with altitude,even though temperature-one of...Lifespan is one of the main components of life history.Shorter lifespans can be expected in marginal habitats.However,in the case of ectotherms,lifespan typically increases with altitude,even though temperature-one of the main factors to determine ectotherms'life history-declines with elevation.This pattern can be explained by the fact that a shorter activity time favors survival.In this study,we analyzed how lifespan and other life-history traits of the lizard Psammodromus algirus vary along a 2,200 m elevational gradient in Sierra Nevada(SE Spain).Populations at inter-mediate altitudes(1,200-1,700 m),corresponding to the optimal habitat for this species,had the shortest lifespans,whereas populations inhabiting marginal habitats(at both low and at high altitudes)lived longest.Therefore,this lizard did not follow the typical pattern of ectotherms,as it also lived longer at the lower limit of its distribution,nor did it show a longer lifespan in areas with optimal habitats.These results might be explained by a complex combination of different gradients along the mountain,namely that activity time decreases with altitude whereas food availability increases.This could explain why lifespan was maximum at both high(limited activity time)and low(limited food availability)altitudes,resulting in similar lifespans in areas with contrasting environmental conditions.Our findings also indicated that reproductive investment and body condition increase with elevation,suggesting that alpine populations are locally adapted.展开更多
基金funded by two projects in the National Plan of the Spanish Ministry of Economy and Competition (CGL2014-55969-P and CGL2017-84938-P)a project of the Andalusian Regional Government (A-RNM-48-UGR20)+4 种基金financed with ERDF funds from the European Union (EU)JGB was supported by a FPU pre-doctoral contract from the Spanish Ministry of Education (FPU18/03034)MC by a grant from the Spanish Ministry of Economy and Competition through the SeveroOchoa Programme for Centres of Excellence in ResearchDevelopment and Innovation (R+D+I)(SEV-2012-0262),contract No.SVP-2014-068620JLRS and EP were funded by Erasmus+grants from the EU.
文摘Mediterranean woodland environments are characterised by high spatial and temporal heterogeneity,which means the inhabiting species face a wide variety of selective pressures.Species may respond differently to habitat heterogeneity and so distinct eco-evolutionary scenarios may be responsible for the inter-habitat variability in reproductive strategies observed in certain species.The inter-forest variability of some reproductive traits in passerines has been examined by comparing forest patches or separated fragments.However,there is still little information regarding how such highly mobile animals adjust their breeding performance across continuous and heterogeneous woodlands.Here we studied the reproductive performance of a population of Blue Tits(Cyanistes caeruleus) in an area of continuous Mediterranean woodland that included two mountain slopes and four different types of forest,ranging from deciduous oak forests to perennial non-oak forests.We studied the habitat heterogeneity and inter-forest phenotypic variation in terms of reproductive performance and adult and nestling biometry,besides also exploring the effects of ectoparasites on Blue Tit reproduction.Eggs were laid earliest in deciduous Pyrenean Oak(Quercus pyrenaica) forests,while clutch size and the number of fledglings were highest in the humid Pyrenean Oak forest,which had the greatest tree coverage and most humid climate,and lowest in the coniferous Scots Pine(Pinus sylvestris) forest.There were no inter-forest differences in hatching(percentage of nests with at least one egg hatched) and fledging(percentage of nests in which at least one nestling fledged)success.Similarly,there were no inter-forest differences in adult and nestling biometry,but adults that raised more fledglings had a lower body mass,while males whose females laid larger clutches had smaller tarsi.Most ectoparasites did not affect Blue Tit reproduction,although Culicoides had a negative impact on nestling body mass.These results suggest that Blue Tits can adjust their reproductive effort to the forest where they breed even across a very small spatial scale.Different eco-evolutionary scenarios,such as phenotypic plasticity or genetic structuring and local adaptation,might explain the phenotypic differentiation in the reproductive strategies observed over small areas in woodlands.
基金supported by two projects in the National Plan of the Spanish Ministry of Economy and Competition(CGL2014-55969-P and CGL2017-84938-P)the Andalusian government(A-RNM-48-UGR20)+2 种基金financed with FEDER funds from the European Union(EU)funded by Erasmus+grants from the EUsupported by a FPU pre-doctoral contract from the Spanish Ministry of Education(FPU18/03034)。
文摘Several ectoparasites parasitise nestlings decreasing their body condition,growth and survival.To minimise any loss of fitness due to ectoparasites,birds have developed a wide variety of defence mechanisms,potentially including hatching asynchrony.According to the Tasty Chick Hypothesis(TCH),the cost of parasitism would be reduced if ectoparasites tend to eat on less immunocompetent nestlings,typically the last-hatched chick in asynchronously hatched broods,as they are in poor body condition.Two predictions of the TCH are that immune capacity is lower in smaller nestlings than in larger ones and that parasites should provoke a more negative effect on smaller nestlings.Here,we test these predictions in a population of Blue Tits(Cyanistes caeruleus)whose broods are parasitised by Hen Fleas(Ceratophyllus gallinae)and Blowflies(Protocalliphora azurea).We recorded the presence of both ectoparasites and analysed the immunocompetence(number of leucocytes per 10,000 erythrocytes and cutaneous immune response to phytohaemagglutinin)and body condition of smaller and larger nestlings within individual broods.The leucocyte count was higher in smaller nestlings than in larger ones,whereas the cutaneous immune response did not differ between smaller and larger nestlings.Smaller nestlings,but not larger nestlings,had lower body mass when fleas were present.Blowflies,by contrast,had no detectable negative effect on nestlings.Overall,our findings provide partial support to the TCH.Lower immune capacity in smaller nestlings than in larger ones was not supported,but Hen Fleas seemed to negatively impact on smaller nestlings more than on larger ones.
文摘Predation is one of the main selective forces in nature, frequently selecting potential prey for developing escape strategies. Escape ability is typically influenced by several morphological parameters, such as morphology of the locomotor appendices, muscular capacity, body mass, or fluctuating asymmetry, and may differ between sexes and age classes. In this study, we tested the relationship among these variables and jumping performance in 712 Iberian green frogs Pelophylax perezi from an urban population. The results suggest that the main determinant of jumping capacity was body size (explaining 48% of variance). Larger frogs jumped farther, but jumping performance reached an asymptote for the largest frogs. Once controlled by structural body size, the heaviest frogs jumped shorter distances, suggesting a trade-off between fat storage and jumping performance. Relative hind limb length also determined a small but significant percentage of variance (2.4%) in jumping performance-that is, the longer the hind limbs, the greater the jumping capacity. Juveniles had relatively shorter and less muscular hind limbs than adults (for a given body size), and their jumping performance was poorer. In our study population, the hind limbs of the frogs were very symmetrical, and we found no effect of fluctuating asymmetry on jumping performance. Therefore, our study provides evidence that jumping performance in frogs is not only affected by body size, but also by body mass and hind limb length, and differ between age classes.
基金the Ministerio de Ciencia e Innovacion(project CG L2009-13185)M.C.was supported by the Ministerio de Economia y Competencia,through the Scvcro Ochoa Programme for Centres of Excellence in R+D-I-I[SEV-2012-0262]with the contract SVP-2014-068620.F.J.Z.C.(ref:AP2009-3505)and S.R.(ref:AP2009-1325)were supported through 2 predoctoral grants(FPU programme)from the Ministerio de Educacion(Ministry of Education).
文摘Lifespan is one of the main components of life history.Shorter lifespans can be expected in marginal habitats.However,in the case of ectotherms,lifespan typically increases with altitude,even though temperature-one of the main factors to determine ectotherms'life history-declines with elevation.This pattern can be explained by the fact that a shorter activity time favors survival.In this study,we analyzed how lifespan and other life-history traits of the lizard Psammodromus algirus vary along a 2,200 m elevational gradient in Sierra Nevada(SE Spain).Populations at inter-mediate altitudes(1,200-1,700 m),corresponding to the optimal habitat for this species,had the shortest lifespans,whereas populations inhabiting marginal habitats(at both low and at high altitudes)lived longest.Therefore,this lizard did not follow the typical pattern of ectotherms,as it also lived longer at the lower limit of its distribution,nor did it show a longer lifespan in areas with optimal habitats.These results might be explained by a complex combination of different gradients along the mountain,namely that activity time decreases with altitude whereas food availability increases.This could explain why lifespan was maximum at both high(limited activity time)and low(limited food availability)altitudes,resulting in similar lifespans in areas with contrasting environmental conditions.Our findings also indicated that reproductive investment and body condition increase with elevation,suggesting that alpine populations are locally adapted.
