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The function of animal ‘eyespots’:Conspicuousness but not eye mimicry is key 被引量:2
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作者 martin stevens Abi CANTOR +1 位作者 Julia GRAHAM Isabel S.WINNEY 《Current Zoology》 SCIE CAS CSCD 北大核心 2009年第5期319-326,共8页
Many animals are marked with conspicuous circular features often called 'eyespots', which intimidate predators, preventing or halting an attack. It has long been assumed that eyespots work by mimicking the eyes of l... Many animals are marked with conspicuous circular features often called 'eyespots', which intimidate predators, preventing or halting an attack. It has long been assumed that eyespots work by mimicking the eyes of larger animals, but recent experiments have indicated that conspicuousness and contrast is important in eyespot function, and not eye mimicry. We undertake two further experiments to distinguish between the conspicuousness and mimicry hypotheses, by using artificial prey presented to wild avian predators in the field. In experiment 1, we test if eyespot effectiveness depends on the marking shape (bar or circle) and arrangement (eye-like and non-eye-like positions). We find no difference between shapes or arrangement; all spots were equally effective in scaring birds. In experiment 2, we test if the often yellow and black colors of eyespots mimic the eyes of birds of prey. We find no effect of shape, and no advantage to yellow and black spots over non-eye-like but equally conspicuous colors. The consistent finding is that eyespot function lies in being a conspicuous signal to predators, and not necessarily due to eye mimicry [ Current Zoology 55 (5) : 319 - 326, 2009]. 展开更多
关键词 EYESPOTS CONSPICUOUSNESS MIMICRY PREDATION Protective coloration
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Sensory Ecology,Evolution,and Behavior
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作者 martin stevens 《Current Zoology》 SCIE CAS CSCD 北大核心 2010年第3期I0001-I0003,共3页
1 Introduction Sensory ecology deals with how animals capture information from their environment,and the sensory systems involved in doing so(Hailman,1977;Lygoe,1979;Dusenbery, 1992;Mappes and Stevens 2010).Although the
关键词 生态处理 行为学 感官 进化 行为生态学 系统发育 神经生物学 分子生物学
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Do animal eyespots really mimic eyes? 被引量:3
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作者 martin stevens Graeme D RUXTON 《Current Zoology》 SCIE CAS CSCD 2014年第1期26-36,共11页
The diversity of anti-predator adaptations in the natural world has long been an active area of research in evolutionary and behavioural biology. A common visually-obvious feature found on prey are 'eyespots', being... The diversity of anti-predator adaptations in the natural world has long been an active area of research in evolutionary and behavioural biology. A common visually-obvious feature found on prey are 'eyespots', being approximately circular mark- ings often with concentric rings and conspicuous colours. These are found on a range of animals, especially adult and larval Lepidoptera and fish. One of the most widespread functions of eyespots seems to be to intimidate or startle predators: delaying, preventing or halting an attack. However, while the fact that they can influence predators in this way is tmcuntroversial, the mechanism(s) behind why they are effective is debated. Traditionally, they have been assumed to work by mimicking the eyes of the predator's own enemies, and much research in this field is conducted under the implicit or explicit assumption that this theory is correct. However, eyespots might work simply by being highly salient stimuli that promote sensory overload, biases, or neo- phobic reactions in predators. A range of recent studies has aimed to test these alternatives. Here, we critically evaluate this work and what it tells us about the mechanisms underlying eyespot function. We conclude that although eye mimicry is plausible, there remains a lack of evidence to support it and most observations are at least equally consistent with alternative mechanisms. Finally we also discuss how the debate can be resolved 展开更多
关键词 EYESPOTS PREDATION Animal coloration MIMICRY Warning signals
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Anti-Predator Coloration and Behaviour: A Longstanding Topic with Many Outstanding Questions
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作者 martin stevens 《Current Zoology》 SCIE CAS CSCD 2015年第4期702-707,共6页
1 Introduction The study of anti-predator coloration and behaviour has a long and rich history in biology. It has from the very outset of Darwin's theory of natural selection provided numerous areas to test mechanis... 1 Introduction The study of anti-predator coloration and behaviour has a long and rich history in biology. It has from the very outset of Darwin's theory of natural selection provided numerous areas to test mechanisms and function in evolution. While Darwin perhaps concentrated most of his attention regarding animal coloration on his theory of sexual selection (Darwin, 1871), his contem- poraries placed much greater emphasis and time to explain the variety of ways that coloration and behaviour protected animals from attack from predators. 展开更多
关键词 反捕食 行为 自然选择理论 色彩 保护动物 达尔文 着色 生物学
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