In networking,one major difficulty that nodes suffer from is the need for their addresses to be generated and verified without relying on a third party or public authorized servers.To resolve this issue,the use of sel...In networking,one major difficulty that nodes suffer from is the need for their addresses to be generated and verified without relying on a third party or public authorized servers.To resolve this issue,the use of selfcertifying addresses have become a highly popular and standardized method,of which Cryptographically Generated Addresses(CGA)is a prime example.CGA was primarily designed to deter the theft of IPv6 addresses by binding the generated address to a public key to prove address ownership.Even though the CGA technique is highly effective,this method is still subject to several vulnerabilities with respect to security,in addition to certain limitations in its performance.In this study,the authors present an intensive systematic review of the literature to explore the technical specifications of CGA,its challenges,and existing proposals to enhance the protocol.Given that CGA generation is a time-consuming process,this limitation has hampered the application of CGA in mobile environments where nodes have limited energy and storage.Fulfilling Hash2 conditions in CGA is the heaviest and most timeconsuming part of SEND.To improve the performance of CGA,we replaced the Secure Hash Algorithm(SHA1)with the Message Digest(MD5)hash function.Furthermore,this study also analyzes the possible methods through which a CGA could be attacked.In conducting this analysis,Denial-of-Service(DoS)attacks were identified as the main method of attack toward the CGA verification process,which compromise and threaten the privacy of CGA.Therefore,we propose some modifications to the CGA standard verification algorithm to mitigate DoS attacks and to make CGA more security conscious.展开更多
Objective: Little is known about the prescription pattern of psychotropic drugs for patients with schizophrenia in Pakistan. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the characteristic features of psychotropic drug p...Objective: Little is known about the prescription pattern of psychotropic drugs for patients with schizophrenia in Pakistan. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the characteristic features of psychotropic drug prescriptions for patients with schizophrenia in Pakistan. Methods: Three centers in Pakistan participated in a large scale collaborative study known as Research on Asian Prescription Pattern (REAP). The 2016 REAP survey included centers from 15 countries in Asia and used a unified research protocol. The design of the study was quantitative and of descriptive epidemiology. Analysis was made on the data collected from three centers i.e., Lahore, Karachi and Islamabad. The data collected in Pakistan were compared with those from other Asian countries. The details of REAP were presented on the homepage of REAP (http://www.REAP.Asia). Results: From Pakistan, 298 patients were included. Patients with schizophrenia in Pakistan received higher rate of antipsychotic polypharmacy and a higher rate of co-prescription of mood stabilizers and anxiolytics when compared with participants from other South Asian countries (India and Bangladesh). Conclusion: The main findings of the study were that a majority of the patients were prescribed antipsychotic polypharmacy drugs in Pakistan. Insufficient training on the use of psychotropic drugs and a lack of treatment guideline are considered to be the major contributing factors. Further education and training on the proper use of psychotropic drugs are recommended to psychiatrists in Pakistan. The guidelines on pharmacotherapy for patients with schizophrenia should also be developed and promoted in Pakistan.展开更多
基金supported by Dana Impak Perdana fund,no.UKM DIP-2018-040 and Fundamental Research Grant Scheme fund no FRGS/1/2018/TK04/UKM/02/7 under Author R.Hassan.
文摘In networking,one major difficulty that nodes suffer from is the need for their addresses to be generated and verified without relying on a third party or public authorized servers.To resolve this issue,the use of selfcertifying addresses have become a highly popular and standardized method,of which Cryptographically Generated Addresses(CGA)is a prime example.CGA was primarily designed to deter the theft of IPv6 addresses by binding the generated address to a public key to prove address ownership.Even though the CGA technique is highly effective,this method is still subject to several vulnerabilities with respect to security,in addition to certain limitations in its performance.In this study,the authors present an intensive systematic review of the literature to explore the technical specifications of CGA,its challenges,and existing proposals to enhance the protocol.Given that CGA generation is a time-consuming process,this limitation has hampered the application of CGA in mobile environments where nodes have limited energy and storage.Fulfilling Hash2 conditions in CGA is the heaviest and most timeconsuming part of SEND.To improve the performance of CGA,we replaced the Secure Hash Algorithm(SHA1)with the Message Digest(MD5)hash function.Furthermore,this study also analyzes the possible methods through which a CGA could be attacked.In conducting this analysis,Denial-of-Service(DoS)attacks were identified as the main method of attack toward the CGA verification process,which compromise and threaten the privacy of CGA.Therefore,we propose some modifications to the CGA standard verification algorithm to mitigate DoS attacks and to make CGA more security conscious.
文摘Objective: Little is known about the prescription pattern of psychotropic drugs for patients with schizophrenia in Pakistan. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the characteristic features of psychotropic drug prescriptions for patients with schizophrenia in Pakistan. Methods: Three centers in Pakistan participated in a large scale collaborative study known as Research on Asian Prescription Pattern (REAP). The 2016 REAP survey included centers from 15 countries in Asia and used a unified research protocol. The design of the study was quantitative and of descriptive epidemiology. Analysis was made on the data collected from three centers i.e., Lahore, Karachi and Islamabad. The data collected in Pakistan were compared with those from other Asian countries. The details of REAP were presented on the homepage of REAP (http://www.REAP.Asia). Results: From Pakistan, 298 patients were included. Patients with schizophrenia in Pakistan received higher rate of antipsychotic polypharmacy and a higher rate of co-prescription of mood stabilizers and anxiolytics when compared with participants from other South Asian countries (India and Bangladesh). Conclusion: The main findings of the study were that a majority of the patients were prescribed antipsychotic polypharmacy drugs in Pakistan. Insufficient training on the use of psychotropic drugs and a lack of treatment guideline are considered to be the major contributing factors. Further education and training on the proper use of psychotropic drugs are recommended to psychiatrists in Pakistan. The guidelines on pharmacotherapy for patients with schizophrenia should also be developed and promoted in Pakistan.
