Background: Codiaeum variegatum, sometimes called garden croton, is a tropical plant in the Euphorbiaceae family. Historically used to cure various conditions, including intestinal infections, fever, ulcers, wounds, a...Background: Codiaeum variegatum, sometimes called garden croton, is a tropical plant in the Euphorbiaceae family. Historically used to cure various conditions, including intestinal infections, fever, ulcers, wounds, and gonorrhea. This work aimed to investigate the antinociceptive effects of ethanolic extract of Codiaeum variegatum leaves (EECV) in animal models. Methods: Five different pain models—the hot plate, tail immersion, acetic acid-induced writhing, formalin, and glutamate-induced nociception tests—were utilized to assess the antinociceptive activity in mice. The traditional drugs such as diclofenac sodium (10 mg/kg, i.p.) and morphine sulphate (5 mg/kg). EECV was administered orally at varying doses of 100, 200, and 300 mg/kg (0.1 mL/mouse), while the control group was given deionized water. Results: The current study found that all mouse models of heat- and chemical-induced pain had robust EECV reflections of their antinociceptive properties (*p Conclusions: The current finding offers a fresh perspective on the ethanolic extract of Codiaeum variegatum leaves’ antinociceptive properties in mice. This plant’s phytochemical analysis revealed the presence of triterpenoids, sterols, alkaloids, flavonoids, and general glycosides, all of which may have antinociceptive properties. More research on the mechanism of action and associated pharmacological studies, such as in vivo analysis, medication formulation, and clinical trials, is strongly advised.展开更多
In this paper, we study the continuous growth of computer technology and the increasing importance of human-computer interaction. Interactive touch-less is now an undergoing developing technology in real life. Touchle...In this paper, we study the continuous growth of computer technology and the increasing importance of human-computer interaction. Interactive touch-less is now an undergoing developing technology in real life. Touchless technology introduces a new way of interacting with computers by object tracking method. Nowadays most mobile devices are using touchscreen technology. However, this technology is still not cheap enough to be used in desktop systems. Designing a touchless device such as a mouse or keyboard using a webcam and computer vision techniques can be an alternative way of touch screen technology. Recent trends in technology aim to build highly interactive and easy-to-use applications as a replacement for conventional devices. Such a device is touchless mouse. Its development is completed on the MATLAB platform. The overall objective is to apply image processing techniques from video to track the movement of color which is captured by a webcam and that is converted into mouse movements and operations to control the system. The sub-system which is implemented here would allow a person to control his/her mouse without any input other than the marker movements. We use three fingers (with color) as three color markers (red, green, blue) for completing the activities of a mouse. My first goal was to successfully track the marker color and the second goal was to track the marker position from the acquired image frame for performing the mouse operations. The webcam is used to capture the information on the marker and trigger the associated actions. I use java.awt. Robot file for performing the mouse operations using the acquired data from the image frame.展开更多
Background: Diospyros malabarica (Desr.) Kostel, a small to medium-sized tree in the Ebenaceae family, is known as “Deshi Gab” in Bangladesh. Fever, diabetes, snake bite, diarrhea, biliousness, and ulcer ailments ar...Background: Diospyros malabarica (Desr.) Kostel, a small to medium-sized tree in the Ebenaceae family, is known as “Deshi Gab” in Bangladesh. Fever, diabetes, snake bite, diarrhea, biliousness, and ulcer ailments are all treated with the herb. This study’s goal was to examine in mouse models the antinociceptive properties of methanol extract of Diospyros malabarica leaves (MEDM). Methods: For the purpose of determining the antinociceptive activity in mice, five distinct pain models including hot plate, tail immersion, acetic acid-induced writhing, formalin and glutamate-induced nociception tests were used. The conventional medications were morphine sulphate (5 mg/kg, intraperitoneally) and diclofenac sodium (10 mg/kg, intraperitoneally). While the control group was expecting deionized water, MEDM was given orally at dosages of 200, 400, and 600 mg/kg (0.1 mL/mouse, orally). Results: According to the current research, MEDM strongly reflected the antinociceptive activity of all mouse models of chemical and heat-induced pain (*p < 0.05). 400 and 600 mg/kg demonstrated a considerable (*p < 0.05) ability to prolong the reaction of latency to pain in opposition to thermally produced nociception in hot plate and tail immersion tests. Inhibition levels in the acetic acid-induced writhing test were 11.57%, 37.77%, and 51.83%, respectively. The extract suppressed 20.78%, 45.48%, and 56.93% of licking during the initial stages of formalin-induced nociception. In the late phase, the extract showed higher rates of licking than the control group (13.14%, 50.28%, and 66.85%). The glutamate-induced nociception test was significantly (*p < 0.05) prevented by the plant extract. Compared to the control, it demonstrated an inhibition of licking of 22.85%, 47.32%, and 63.42%, respectively. Conclusions: It is evident that the plant extract has exceptional analgesic properties. To determine the precise processes behind antinociceptive effect and to identify the substances that produce this activity, more research is required. The study’s findings also support the long-standing use of MEDM in painful conditions.展开更多
In this work, we will discuss Caristi’s fixed point theorem for mapping results introduced in the setting of normed spaces. This work is a generalization of the classical Caristi’s fixed point theorem. Also, Caristi...In this work, we will discuss Caristi’s fixed point theorem for mapping results introduced in the setting of normed spaces. This work is a generalization of the classical Caristi’s fixed point theorem. Also, Caristi’s type of fixed points theorem was partial discussed in Reich, Mizoguchi and Takahashi’s and Amini-Harandi’s results, we developed ideas that many known fixed point theorems can easily be derived from the Caristi theorem.展开更多
This paper aims at treating a study of Banach fixed point theorem for mapping results that introduced in the setting of normed space. The classical Banach fixed point theorem is a generalization of this work. A fixed ...This paper aims at treating a study of Banach fixed point theorem for mapping results that introduced in the setting of normed space. The classical Banach fixed point theorem is a generalization of this work. A fixed point theory is a beautiful mixture of Mathematical analysis to explain some conditions in which maps give excellent solutions. Here later many mathematicians used this fixed point theory to establish their results, see for instance, Picard-Lindel of Theorem, The Picard theorem, Implicit function theorem etc. Also, we developed ideas that many of known fixed point theorems can easily be derived from the Banach theorem. It extends some recent works on the extension of Banach contraction principle to metric space with norm spaces.展开更多
This paper aims at treating a study on the order of every element for addition and multiplication composition in the higher order of groups for different algebraic structures as groups;order of a group and order of el...This paper aims at treating a study on the order of every element for addition and multiplication composition in the higher order of groups for different algebraic structures as groups;order of a group and order of element of a group in real numbers. Here we discuss the higher order of groups in different types of order which will give us practical knowledge to see the applications of the addition and multiplication composition. If G is a finite group, n is a positive integer and a ⋴G, then the order of the products na. When G is a finite group, every element must have finite order. However, the converse is false: there are infinite groups where each element has finite order. For example, in the group of all roots of unity in C<sup>×</sup> each element has finite order. Finally, we find out the order of every element of a group in different types of higher order of group.展开更多
Trachysperum ammi has been traditionally used for the treatment of neurological disorders such as depression and anxiety. To date, T. ammi has reported for its chemical constituents in different diseases condition. Th...Trachysperum ammi has been traditionally used for the treatment of neurological disorders such as depression and anxiety. To date, T. ammi has reported for its chemical constituents in different diseases condition. The traditional evidence convinced us to perform the antidepressant-like activity of methanolic extract of Trachysperum ammi (META). The antidepressant activity of META assessed by using forced swimming test (FST), tail suspension test (TST), and locomotor activity test. The seed parts of META at doses level of 50, 100 and 200 mg/kg body weight administered orally to examine the CNS stimulants activity test in mice behavioral models. Here, we reported that META significantly reduced immobility time in the FST after repeated administration of 50, 100 and 200 mg/kg to mice for 14 days. The intensity of immobility significantly reduced at all of the doses (p < 0.05) whereas, we were found the strongest effect observed at 200 mg/kg. The antidepressant-like effect of META caused the reduction (p < 0.05) in the immobility in TST of mice when orally administered with 50, 100 and 200 mg/kg for 14 days, respectively. Additionally, we were executed locomotor activity test to check the motor stimulating activity. META has employed at a dosage of 50, 100 and 200 mg/kg for 14 days, the results have found that 50 mg/kg produced the locomotion effects as similar to the control group. Interestingly, the locomotion, rearing, and defecation significantly (p < 0.05) increased at the dosage of 100 and 200 mg/kg of META. Our present findings suggest that the seed parts of Trachysperum ammi may possess antidepressant-like activity which may use as a supportive treatment to management of neurological disorders.展开更多
Bacopa monniera Linn. or Brahmi, a plant in the family Scrophulariaceae, is used as a traditional medicine for memory improvement, dementia like anxiety, depression, epilepsy etc. for a long time in Bangladesh. This s...Bacopa monniera Linn. or Brahmi, a plant in the family Scrophulariaceae, is used as a traditional medicine for memory improvement, dementia like anxiety, depression, epilepsy etc. for a long time in Bangladesh. This study evaluated the anxiolytic effects of the methanolic extract of B. monniera (MEBM) in animal models of anxiety. For the further tests and phytochemical screening, the whole plant of B. monniera extracted following maceration method. The extract was evaluated for anxiolytic activity using light/dark box, elevated plus maze, marble burying and rota rod tests in mice at the doses of 50, 100, and 200 mg/kg body weight. Diazepam (1.0 mg/kg), an anxiolytic drug used as standard drug. MEBM showed a strong and dose-dependent anxiolytic effects in animal models of anxiety. MEBM significantly increased the time spent in the light compartment, the latency time, and the entries of open arms in light/dark and elevated plus maze tests. In addition, MEBM also significantly decreased the number of buried marbles in marble burying test and increased the time of performance in rota rod test (p < 0.05). These were the major findings of this study. Therefore, our results reported that MEBM possesses anxiolytic effects in animal models of anxiety that support the traditional use of this plant as a potent agent to combat anxiety.展开更多
Hexagonal nano-crystalline boron carbonitride (h-BCN) films grown on Si (100) substrate have been precisely investigated. The films were synthesized by radio frequency plasma enhanced chemical vapor deposition using t...Hexagonal nano-crystalline boron carbonitride (h-BCN) films grown on Si (100) substrate have been precisely investigated. The films were synthesized by radio frequency plasma enhanced chemical vapor deposition using tris-dimethylamino borane as a single-source molecular precursor. The deposition was performed by setting RF power at 400 - 800 W. The reaction pressure was at 2.6 Pa and the substrate temperature was recorded at 700°C - 800°C. Formation of the nano-crystalline h-BCN compound has been confirmed by X-ray diffraction analysis. The diffraction peaks at 26.3° together with a small unknown peak at 29.2° were elucidated due to the formation of an h-BCN structure. The films composed of B, C, and N atoms with different B-N, B-C, C-N chemical bonds in forming the sp2-BCN atomic configuration studied by X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy. Orientation and local structures of the h-BCN hybrid were studied by near-edge X-ray absorption fine structure (NEXAFS) measurements. The dominant presence of p* and s* resonance peaks of the sp2-hybrid orbitals in the B K-edge NEXAFS spectra revealed the formation of the sp2-BCN configuration around B atoms like-BN3 in h-BN. The orientation was suggested on the basis of the polarization dependence of B K-edge and N K-edge of the NEXAFS spectra.展开更多
The synthesis and structure of hexagonal boron carbonitride (h-BCN) film on polycrystalline diamond surface were reported. Polycrystalline diamond and/or diamond-like carbon were first fabricated on Si (100) and then ...The synthesis and structure of hexagonal boron carbonitride (h-BCN) film on polycrystalline diamond surface were reported. Polycrystalline diamond and/or diamond-like carbon were first fabricated on Si (100) and then diamond like carbon was used as substrate. The deposition was performed by radio frequency plasma enhanced chemical vapor deposition. In order to reduce the content of nitrogen void defects, the deposition was performed at the high temperature of 950°C under the working pressure of 2.6 Pa. The typical sample with atomic composition of B31 C37 N26 O6 in the h-BCN lattice was characterized by X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy. The fine structure of the film was studied by near-edge X-ray absorption fine structure (NEXAFS) measurements. The B K-edge and N K-edge of NEXAFS spectra revealed that the synthesized h-BCN film had the ideal honeycomb- like BN3 configuration without nitrogen void defects.展开更多
文摘Background: Codiaeum variegatum, sometimes called garden croton, is a tropical plant in the Euphorbiaceae family. Historically used to cure various conditions, including intestinal infections, fever, ulcers, wounds, and gonorrhea. This work aimed to investigate the antinociceptive effects of ethanolic extract of Codiaeum variegatum leaves (EECV) in animal models. Methods: Five different pain models—the hot plate, tail immersion, acetic acid-induced writhing, formalin, and glutamate-induced nociception tests—were utilized to assess the antinociceptive activity in mice. The traditional drugs such as diclofenac sodium (10 mg/kg, i.p.) and morphine sulphate (5 mg/kg). EECV was administered orally at varying doses of 100, 200, and 300 mg/kg (0.1 mL/mouse), while the control group was given deionized water. Results: The current study found that all mouse models of heat- and chemical-induced pain had robust EECV reflections of their antinociceptive properties (*p Conclusions: The current finding offers a fresh perspective on the ethanolic extract of Codiaeum variegatum leaves’ antinociceptive properties in mice. This plant’s phytochemical analysis revealed the presence of triterpenoids, sterols, alkaloids, flavonoids, and general glycosides, all of which may have antinociceptive properties. More research on the mechanism of action and associated pharmacological studies, such as in vivo analysis, medication formulation, and clinical trials, is strongly advised.
文摘In this paper, we study the continuous growth of computer technology and the increasing importance of human-computer interaction. Interactive touch-less is now an undergoing developing technology in real life. Touchless technology introduces a new way of interacting with computers by object tracking method. Nowadays most mobile devices are using touchscreen technology. However, this technology is still not cheap enough to be used in desktop systems. Designing a touchless device such as a mouse or keyboard using a webcam and computer vision techniques can be an alternative way of touch screen technology. Recent trends in technology aim to build highly interactive and easy-to-use applications as a replacement for conventional devices. Such a device is touchless mouse. Its development is completed on the MATLAB platform. The overall objective is to apply image processing techniques from video to track the movement of color which is captured by a webcam and that is converted into mouse movements and operations to control the system. The sub-system which is implemented here would allow a person to control his/her mouse without any input other than the marker movements. We use three fingers (with color) as three color markers (red, green, blue) for completing the activities of a mouse. My first goal was to successfully track the marker color and the second goal was to track the marker position from the acquired image frame for performing the mouse operations. The webcam is used to capture the information on the marker and trigger the associated actions. I use java.awt. Robot file for performing the mouse operations using the acquired data from the image frame.
文摘Background: Diospyros malabarica (Desr.) Kostel, a small to medium-sized tree in the Ebenaceae family, is known as “Deshi Gab” in Bangladesh. Fever, diabetes, snake bite, diarrhea, biliousness, and ulcer ailments are all treated with the herb. This study’s goal was to examine in mouse models the antinociceptive properties of methanol extract of Diospyros malabarica leaves (MEDM). Methods: For the purpose of determining the antinociceptive activity in mice, five distinct pain models including hot plate, tail immersion, acetic acid-induced writhing, formalin and glutamate-induced nociception tests were used. The conventional medications were morphine sulphate (5 mg/kg, intraperitoneally) and diclofenac sodium (10 mg/kg, intraperitoneally). While the control group was expecting deionized water, MEDM was given orally at dosages of 200, 400, and 600 mg/kg (0.1 mL/mouse, orally). Results: According to the current research, MEDM strongly reflected the antinociceptive activity of all mouse models of chemical and heat-induced pain (*p < 0.05). 400 and 600 mg/kg demonstrated a considerable (*p < 0.05) ability to prolong the reaction of latency to pain in opposition to thermally produced nociception in hot plate and tail immersion tests. Inhibition levels in the acetic acid-induced writhing test were 11.57%, 37.77%, and 51.83%, respectively. The extract suppressed 20.78%, 45.48%, and 56.93% of licking during the initial stages of formalin-induced nociception. In the late phase, the extract showed higher rates of licking than the control group (13.14%, 50.28%, and 66.85%). The glutamate-induced nociception test was significantly (*p < 0.05) prevented by the plant extract. Compared to the control, it demonstrated an inhibition of licking of 22.85%, 47.32%, and 63.42%, respectively. Conclusions: It is evident that the plant extract has exceptional analgesic properties. To determine the precise processes behind antinociceptive effect and to identify the substances that produce this activity, more research is required. The study’s findings also support the long-standing use of MEDM in painful conditions.
文摘In this work, we will discuss Caristi’s fixed point theorem for mapping results introduced in the setting of normed spaces. This work is a generalization of the classical Caristi’s fixed point theorem. Also, Caristi’s type of fixed points theorem was partial discussed in Reich, Mizoguchi and Takahashi’s and Amini-Harandi’s results, we developed ideas that many known fixed point theorems can easily be derived from the Caristi theorem.
文摘This paper aims at treating a study of Banach fixed point theorem for mapping results that introduced in the setting of normed space. The classical Banach fixed point theorem is a generalization of this work. A fixed point theory is a beautiful mixture of Mathematical analysis to explain some conditions in which maps give excellent solutions. Here later many mathematicians used this fixed point theory to establish their results, see for instance, Picard-Lindel of Theorem, The Picard theorem, Implicit function theorem etc. Also, we developed ideas that many of known fixed point theorems can easily be derived from the Banach theorem. It extends some recent works on the extension of Banach contraction principle to metric space with norm spaces.
文摘This paper aims at treating a study on the order of every element for addition and multiplication composition in the higher order of groups for different algebraic structures as groups;order of a group and order of element of a group in real numbers. Here we discuss the higher order of groups in different types of order which will give us practical knowledge to see the applications of the addition and multiplication composition. If G is a finite group, n is a positive integer and a ⋴G, then the order of the products na. When G is a finite group, every element must have finite order. However, the converse is false: there are infinite groups where each element has finite order. For example, in the group of all roots of unity in C<sup>×</sup> each element has finite order. Finally, we find out the order of every element of a group in different types of higher order of group.
文摘Trachysperum ammi has been traditionally used for the treatment of neurological disorders such as depression and anxiety. To date, T. ammi has reported for its chemical constituents in different diseases condition. The traditional evidence convinced us to perform the antidepressant-like activity of methanolic extract of Trachysperum ammi (META). The antidepressant activity of META assessed by using forced swimming test (FST), tail suspension test (TST), and locomotor activity test. The seed parts of META at doses level of 50, 100 and 200 mg/kg body weight administered orally to examine the CNS stimulants activity test in mice behavioral models. Here, we reported that META significantly reduced immobility time in the FST after repeated administration of 50, 100 and 200 mg/kg to mice for 14 days. The intensity of immobility significantly reduced at all of the doses (p < 0.05) whereas, we were found the strongest effect observed at 200 mg/kg. The antidepressant-like effect of META caused the reduction (p < 0.05) in the immobility in TST of mice when orally administered with 50, 100 and 200 mg/kg for 14 days, respectively. Additionally, we were executed locomotor activity test to check the motor stimulating activity. META has employed at a dosage of 50, 100 and 200 mg/kg for 14 days, the results have found that 50 mg/kg produced the locomotion effects as similar to the control group. Interestingly, the locomotion, rearing, and defecation significantly (p < 0.05) increased at the dosage of 100 and 200 mg/kg of META. Our present findings suggest that the seed parts of Trachysperum ammi may possess antidepressant-like activity which may use as a supportive treatment to management of neurological disorders.
文摘Bacopa monniera Linn. or Brahmi, a plant in the family Scrophulariaceae, is used as a traditional medicine for memory improvement, dementia like anxiety, depression, epilepsy etc. for a long time in Bangladesh. This study evaluated the anxiolytic effects of the methanolic extract of B. monniera (MEBM) in animal models of anxiety. For the further tests and phytochemical screening, the whole plant of B. monniera extracted following maceration method. The extract was evaluated for anxiolytic activity using light/dark box, elevated plus maze, marble burying and rota rod tests in mice at the doses of 50, 100, and 200 mg/kg body weight. Diazepam (1.0 mg/kg), an anxiolytic drug used as standard drug. MEBM showed a strong and dose-dependent anxiolytic effects in animal models of anxiety. MEBM significantly increased the time spent in the light compartment, the latency time, and the entries of open arms in light/dark and elevated plus maze tests. In addition, MEBM also significantly decreased the number of buried marbles in marble burying test and increased the time of performance in rota rod test (p < 0.05). These were the major findings of this study. Therefore, our results reported that MEBM possesses anxiolytic effects in animal models of anxiety that support the traditional use of this plant as a potent agent to combat anxiety.
文摘Hexagonal nano-crystalline boron carbonitride (h-BCN) films grown on Si (100) substrate have been precisely investigated. The films were synthesized by radio frequency plasma enhanced chemical vapor deposition using tris-dimethylamino borane as a single-source molecular precursor. The deposition was performed by setting RF power at 400 - 800 W. The reaction pressure was at 2.6 Pa and the substrate temperature was recorded at 700°C - 800°C. Formation of the nano-crystalline h-BCN compound has been confirmed by X-ray diffraction analysis. The diffraction peaks at 26.3° together with a small unknown peak at 29.2° were elucidated due to the formation of an h-BCN structure. The films composed of B, C, and N atoms with different B-N, B-C, C-N chemical bonds in forming the sp2-BCN atomic configuration studied by X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy. Orientation and local structures of the h-BCN hybrid were studied by near-edge X-ray absorption fine structure (NEXAFS) measurements. The dominant presence of p* and s* resonance peaks of the sp2-hybrid orbitals in the B K-edge NEXAFS spectra revealed the formation of the sp2-BCN configuration around B atoms like-BN3 in h-BN. The orientation was suggested on the basis of the polarization dependence of B K-edge and N K-edge of the NEXAFS spectra.
文摘The synthesis and structure of hexagonal boron carbonitride (h-BCN) film on polycrystalline diamond surface were reported. Polycrystalline diamond and/or diamond-like carbon were first fabricated on Si (100) and then diamond like carbon was used as substrate. The deposition was performed by radio frequency plasma enhanced chemical vapor deposition. In order to reduce the content of nitrogen void defects, the deposition was performed at the high temperature of 950°C under the working pressure of 2.6 Pa. The typical sample with atomic composition of B31 C37 N26 O6 in the h-BCN lattice was characterized by X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy. The fine structure of the film was studied by near-edge X-ray absorption fine structure (NEXAFS) measurements. The B K-edge and N K-edge of NEXAFS spectra revealed that the synthesized h-BCN film had the ideal honeycomb- like BN3 configuration without nitrogen void defects.
