Background: Seasonal adjustments in body mass and energy budget are important for the survival of small birds in temperate zones. Seasonal changes in body mass, body temperature, gross energy intake(GEI), digestible e...Background: Seasonal adjustments in body mass and energy budget are important for the survival of small birds in temperate zones. Seasonal changes in body mass, body temperature, gross energy intake(GEI), digestible energy intake(DEI), body fat content, as well as length and mass of the digestive tract, were measured in Chinese Bulbuls(Pycnonotus sinensis) caught in the wild at Wenzhou, China.Methods: Body mass was determined with a Sartorius balance. The caloric contents of the dried food and feces were then determined using a oxygen bomb calorimeter. Total fat was extracted from the dried carcasses by ether extraction in a Soxhlet apparatus. The digestive tract of each bird was measured and weighed, and was then dried to a constant mass.Results: Body mass showed a significant seasonal variation and was higher in spring and winter than in summer and autumn. Body fat was higher in winter than in other seasons. GEI and DEI were significantly higher in winter.The length and mass of the digestive tract were greatest in winter and the magnitude of both these parameters was positively correlated with body mass, GEI and DEI. Small passerines typically have higher daily energy expenditure in winter, necessitating increased food consumption.Conclusions: This general observation is consistent with the observed winter increase in gut volume and body mass in Chinese Bulbuls. These results suggest that Chinese Bulbuls adjust to winter conditions by increasing their body mass, body fat, GEI, DEI and digestive tract size.展开更多
Background: Acclimatization to winter conditions is an essential prerequisite for survival of small passerines of the northern temperate zone. In the present study, we measured diurnal variations in body mass, body te...Background: Acclimatization to winter conditions is an essential prerequisite for survival of small passerines of the northern temperate zone. In the present study, we measured diurnal variations in body mass, body temperature and basal metabolic rate(BMR) for seasonally acclimatized Hwameis(Garrulax canorus).Methods: Body mass was determined with a Sartorius balance. Metabolic rates of Hwameis were measured with an open-circuit respirometry system.Results: Body masses varied with time of day and were higher in daytime for Hwameis in both summer and winter, and body masses in winter were higher compared to that in summer. Body temperatures of Hwameis were higher in daytime, and the summer acclimatized birds had significantly higher body temperatures compared to the winter acclimatized birds. BMRs of Hwameis were significantly higher during the daytime compared to the nighttime of the daily cycle in both summer and winter, and Hwameis in winter had significantly higher BMRs than that in summer.Conclusions: This result showed that Hwameis rely mostly on metabolic capacity to maintain their body temperature in cold weathers, and Hwameis exhibited daily and seasonal flexibility in morphology and physiology which is important under changing environmental conditions.展开更多
Sulfite (S(IV)) is a promising substitute for sulfate radical-based advanced oxidation processes.Here,a composite of in-situ anchoring Ni Co_(2)O_(4)nanosheets on biochar (BC) was firstly employed as a heterogeneous a...Sulfite (S(IV)) is a promising substitute for sulfate radical-based advanced oxidation processes.Here,a composite of in-situ anchoring Ni Co_(2)O_(4)nanosheets on biochar (BC) was firstly employed as a heterogeneous activator for sulfite (Ni Co_(2)O_(4)@BC-sulfite) to degrade atrazine (ATZ) in the neutral environment.The synergistic coupling of BC and Ni Co_(2)O_(4)endows the resulting composite excellent catalytic activity.82% of the degradation ratio of ATZ (1 mg/L) could be achieved within 10 min at initial concentrations of 0.6 g/L Ni Co_(2)O_(4)@BC,3.0 mmol/L sulfite in neutral environment.When further supplementing sulfite into the system at 20 min (considering the depletion of sulfite),outstanding degradation efficiency (100%) were achieved in the next 10 min without any other energy input by the Ni Co_(2)O_(4)@BC-sulfite system.The features of the prepared catalysts and the effects of some key parameters on ATZ degradation were systematically examined.A strong inner-sphere complexation (≡Co_(2)+/Ni^(2+)-SO_(3)^(2-)) was explored between sulfite and the metal sites on the Ni Co_(2)O_(4)@BC surface.The redox cycle of the surface metal efficiently mediated sulfite activation and triggered the series radical chain reactions.The generated radicals,in particular the surface-bound radicals were involved in ATZ degradation.High performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS) technique was used to detect the degradation intermediates.Density functional theory (DFT) calculations were performed to illustrate the possible degradation pathways of ATZ.Finally,an underlying mechanism for ATZ removal was proposed.The present study offered a low-cost and sustainable catalyst for sulfite activation to remove ATZ in an environmentally friendly manner from wastewater.展开更多
基金financially supported by grants from the National Natural Science Foundation of China (No.31070366 and No.31470472)the Natural Science Foundation (LY13C030005) in Zhejian Provincethe Zhejiang Province ‘Xinmiao’ Project
文摘Background: Seasonal adjustments in body mass and energy budget are important for the survival of small birds in temperate zones. Seasonal changes in body mass, body temperature, gross energy intake(GEI), digestible energy intake(DEI), body fat content, as well as length and mass of the digestive tract, were measured in Chinese Bulbuls(Pycnonotus sinensis) caught in the wild at Wenzhou, China.Methods: Body mass was determined with a Sartorius balance. The caloric contents of the dried food and feces were then determined using a oxygen bomb calorimeter. Total fat was extracted from the dried carcasses by ether extraction in a Soxhlet apparatus. The digestive tract of each bird was measured and weighed, and was then dried to a constant mass.Results: Body mass showed a significant seasonal variation and was higher in spring and winter than in summer and autumn. Body fat was higher in winter than in other seasons. GEI and DEI were significantly higher in winter.The length and mass of the digestive tract were greatest in winter and the magnitude of both these parameters was positively correlated with body mass, GEI and DEI. Small passerines typically have higher daily energy expenditure in winter, necessitating increased food consumption.Conclusions: This general observation is consistent with the observed winter increase in gut volume and body mass in Chinese Bulbuls. These results suggest that Chinese Bulbuls adjust to winter conditions by increasing their body mass, body fat, GEI, DEI and digestive tract size.
基金financially supported by grants from the National Natural Science Foundation of China (No. 31070366 and 31470472)the Natural Science Foundation (LY13C030005) in Zhejiang Provincethe Zhejiang Province "Xinmiao" Project (2014R424032)
文摘Background: Acclimatization to winter conditions is an essential prerequisite for survival of small passerines of the northern temperate zone. In the present study, we measured diurnal variations in body mass, body temperature and basal metabolic rate(BMR) for seasonally acclimatized Hwameis(Garrulax canorus).Methods: Body mass was determined with a Sartorius balance. Metabolic rates of Hwameis were measured with an open-circuit respirometry system.Results: Body masses varied with time of day and were higher in daytime for Hwameis in both summer and winter, and body masses in winter were higher compared to that in summer. Body temperatures of Hwameis were higher in daytime, and the summer acclimatized birds had significantly higher body temperatures compared to the winter acclimatized birds. BMRs of Hwameis were significantly higher during the daytime compared to the nighttime of the daily cycle in both summer and winter, and Hwameis in winter had significantly higher BMRs than that in summer.Conclusions: This result showed that Hwameis rely mostly on metabolic capacity to maintain their body temperature in cold weathers, and Hwameis exhibited daily and seasonal flexibility in morphology and physiology which is important under changing environmental conditions.
基金supported by the National Science Foundation of China (Nos.22076057,21777052)the National Key R&D Program of China (No.2018YFC1802003)+1 种基金the Project for Application Foundation Frontier for Wuhan (No.2019020701011486)The Program of Introducing Talents of Discipline to Universities of China (111 program,B17019)。
文摘Sulfite (S(IV)) is a promising substitute for sulfate radical-based advanced oxidation processes.Here,a composite of in-situ anchoring Ni Co_(2)O_(4)nanosheets on biochar (BC) was firstly employed as a heterogeneous activator for sulfite (Ni Co_(2)O_(4)@BC-sulfite) to degrade atrazine (ATZ) in the neutral environment.The synergistic coupling of BC and Ni Co_(2)O_(4)endows the resulting composite excellent catalytic activity.82% of the degradation ratio of ATZ (1 mg/L) could be achieved within 10 min at initial concentrations of 0.6 g/L Ni Co_(2)O_(4)@BC,3.0 mmol/L sulfite in neutral environment.When further supplementing sulfite into the system at 20 min (considering the depletion of sulfite),outstanding degradation efficiency (100%) were achieved in the next 10 min without any other energy input by the Ni Co_(2)O_(4)@BC-sulfite system.The features of the prepared catalysts and the effects of some key parameters on ATZ degradation were systematically examined.A strong inner-sphere complexation (≡Co_(2)+/Ni^(2+)-SO_(3)^(2-)) was explored between sulfite and the metal sites on the Ni Co_(2)O_(4)@BC surface.The redox cycle of the surface metal efficiently mediated sulfite activation and triggered the series radical chain reactions.The generated radicals,in particular the surface-bound radicals were involved in ATZ degradation.High performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS) technique was used to detect the degradation intermediates.Density functional theory (DFT) calculations were performed to illustrate the possible degradation pathways of ATZ.Finally,an underlying mechanism for ATZ removal was proposed.The present study offered a low-cost and sustainable catalyst for sulfite activation to remove ATZ in an environmentally friendly manner from wastewater.
