Many aphid species exhibit both cyclical parthenogenesis(CP)and the obligate parthenogenesis(OP)life history,which are genetically determined.In CP aphid lineages,the parthenogenetic individuals can switch from asexua...Many aphid species exhibit both cyclical parthenogenesis(CP)and the obligate parthenogenesis(OP)life history,which are genetically determined.In CP aphid lineages,the parthenogenetic individuals can switch from asexual to sexual reproduction quickly in response to environmental factors such as changes in photoperiod and temperature.However,the OP aphid lineages do not undergo sexual reproduction under any conditions.So far,mechanisms underlying the reproduction switch in CP aphids have not been fully elucidated.Rhopalosiphum padi,a serious worldwide insect pest of wheat,has both CP and OP lineages.Uridine diphosphate-glycosyltransferases(UGTs)are enzymes that participate in the metabolic detoxification of xenobiotics.Here,we identified 43 RpUGT genes from R.padi genome and transcriptome sequences,and found that:(1)the UGT content of the CP lineage was significantly higher than that in the OP lineage at the key time points when CP lineage mainly produce virginoparae,gynoparae,and males under inducing condition,while there were no significant difference under normal conditions;(2)RpUGT344J7 gene was highly expressed during the time points when CP lineages produce gynopara and males;(3)the critical time points for CP lineages to produce virginoparaee,gynoparae,and males were affected when the CP lineages were injected with dsRpUGT344J7;(4)the knockdown of RpUGT344J7 caused a significant reduction in the total number of virginoparae,gynoparae,and males in the offspring under inducing condition.The findings contribute to our understanding of the molecular mechanisms underlying the quick shift from asexual to sexual reproduction in aphid species.展开更多
The rapid global spread of coronavirus disease 2019(COVID-19)has promoted concern over human pathogens and their significant threats to public health security.The monitoring and control of human pathogens in public sa...The rapid global spread of coronavirus disease 2019(COVID-19)has promoted concern over human pathogens and their significant threats to public health security.The monitoring and control of human pathogens in public sanitation and health facilities are of great importance.Excessive sludge is an inevitable byproduct of sewage that contains human and animal feces in wastewater treatment plants(WWTPs).It is an important sink of different pollutants and pathogens,and the proper treatment and disposal of sludge are important to minimize potential risks to the environment and public health.However,there is a lack of comprehensive analysis of the diversity,exposure risks,assessment methods and inactivation techniques of pathogenic microorganisms in sludge.Based on this consideration,this review summarizes the control performance of pathogenic microorganisms such as enterovirus,Salmonella spp.,and Escherichia coli by different sludge treatment technologies,including composting,anaerobic digestion,aerobic digestion,and microwave irradiation,and the mechanisms of pathogenic microorganism inactivation in sludge treatment processes are discussed.Additionally,this study reviews the diversity,detection methods,and exposure risks of pathogenic microorganisms in sludge.This review advances the quantitative assessment of pathogenic microorganism risks involved in sludge reuse and is practically valuable to optimize the treatment and disposal of sludge for pathogenic microorganism control.展开更多
基金funded by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(grant nos.32272541,31901878,and 32172407)the National Key R&D Program of China(grant no.2022YFD1400900).
文摘Many aphid species exhibit both cyclical parthenogenesis(CP)and the obligate parthenogenesis(OP)life history,which are genetically determined.In CP aphid lineages,the parthenogenetic individuals can switch from asexual to sexual reproduction quickly in response to environmental factors such as changes in photoperiod and temperature.However,the OP aphid lineages do not undergo sexual reproduction under any conditions.So far,mechanisms underlying the reproduction switch in CP aphids have not been fully elucidated.Rhopalosiphum padi,a serious worldwide insect pest of wheat,has both CP and OP lineages.Uridine diphosphate-glycosyltransferases(UGTs)are enzymes that participate in the metabolic detoxification of xenobiotics.Here,we identified 43 RpUGT genes from R.padi genome and transcriptome sequences,and found that:(1)the UGT content of the CP lineage was significantly higher than that in the OP lineage at the key time points when CP lineage mainly produce virginoparae,gynoparae,and males under inducing condition,while there were no significant difference under normal conditions;(2)RpUGT344J7 gene was highly expressed during the time points when CP lineages produce gynopara and males;(3)the critical time points for CP lineages to produce virginoparaee,gynoparae,and males were affected when the CP lineages were injected with dsRpUGT344J7;(4)the knockdown of RpUGT344J7 caused a significant reduction in the total number of virginoparae,gynoparae,and males in the offspring under inducing condition.The findings contribute to our understanding of the molecular mechanisms underlying the quick shift from asexual to sexual reproduction in aphid species.
基金sponsored by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Grant Nos.51925807,52091542)the Excellent Innovation Project of Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences(CAS RCEES-EEI-2019-02).
文摘The rapid global spread of coronavirus disease 2019(COVID-19)has promoted concern over human pathogens and their significant threats to public health security.The monitoring and control of human pathogens in public sanitation and health facilities are of great importance.Excessive sludge is an inevitable byproduct of sewage that contains human and animal feces in wastewater treatment plants(WWTPs).It is an important sink of different pollutants and pathogens,and the proper treatment and disposal of sludge are important to minimize potential risks to the environment and public health.However,there is a lack of comprehensive analysis of the diversity,exposure risks,assessment methods and inactivation techniques of pathogenic microorganisms in sludge.Based on this consideration,this review summarizes the control performance of pathogenic microorganisms such as enterovirus,Salmonella spp.,and Escherichia coli by different sludge treatment technologies,including composting,anaerobic digestion,aerobic digestion,and microwave irradiation,and the mechanisms of pathogenic microorganism inactivation in sludge treatment processes are discussed.Additionally,this study reviews the diversity,detection methods,and exposure risks of pathogenic microorganisms in sludge.This review advances the quantitative assessment of pathogenic microorganism risks involved in sludge reuse and is practically valuable to optimize the treatment and disposal of sludge for pathogenic microorganism control.
