<b><span style="font-family:Verdana;">Background: </span></b><span style="font-family:;" "=""><span style="font-family:Verdana;">The dis...<b><span style="font-family:Verdana;">Background: </span></b><span style="font-family:;" "=""><span style="font-family:Verdana;">The distribution of childhood nutritional diseases is shifting from a predominance of under nutrition to a dual burden of under-and over nutrition in low and </span><span style="font-family:Verdana;">middle income</span><span style="font-family:Verdana;"> countries. Rapid economic development and urbanization </span><span style="font-family:Verdana;">lead</span><span style="font-family:Verdana;"> to an increase in overweight and obesity and diet-related chronic diseases. The co-existence of under-and </span><span style="font-family:Verdana;">over nutrition</span><span style="font-family:Verdana;"> is </span><span style="font-family:Verdana;">double</span><span style="font-family:Verdana;"> burden and this is a public health challenge for </span><span style="font-family:Verdana;">community</span><span style="font-family:Verdana;">. </span><b><span style="font-family:Verdana;">Objective: </span></b><span style="font-family:Verdana;">To find out the nutritional status of primary school children. </span><b><span style="font-family:Verdana;">Method: </span></b><span style="font-family:Verdana;">The study was </span><span style="font-family:Verdana;">school based</span><span style="font-family:Verdana;"> descriptive study and conducted during November 2014 to February 2015 in basic primary schools, basic middle schools and basic high schools in </span><span style="font-family:Verdana;">urban</span><span style="font-family:Verdana;"> and rural area of Yangon, Mandalay, Taungyi and Mawlamyaing. A total of (2937) Grade IV and Grade V students were measured for weight, height and 592 students were measured for haemoglobin by standard equipment and standard procedure. </span><b><span style="font-family:Verdana;">Results: </span></b><span style="font-family:Verdana;">The overall prevalence</span></span><span style="font-family:Verdana;">s</span><span style="font-family:Verdana;"> of stunting, wasting, overweight, obesity and anaemia were 8.8%, 15%, 4.6% and 3.1% and 36.1%</span><span style="font-family:;" "=""> </span><span style="font-family:Verdana;">respectively. The prevalence</span><span style="font-family:Verdana;">s</span><span style="font-family:;" "=""><span style="font-family:Verdana;"> of stunting, </span><span style="font-family:Verdana;">over weight</span><span style="font-family:Verdana;"> and obesity were more prevalent in boys and wasting and anaemia were more prevalent in girls. The result showed that the stunting was more prevalent in rural than in urban</span></span><span style="font-family:;" "=""> </span><span style="font-family:Verdana;">(7.5% in urban and 12.0% in rural). The prevalence</span><span style="font-family:Verdana;">s</span><span style="font-family:;" "=""><span style="font-family:Verdana;"> of overweight and obesity </span><span style="font-family:Verdana;">were</span><span style="font-family:Verdana;"> higher in urban than </span><span style="font-family:Verdana;">rural</span><span style="font-family:Verdana;"> area (overweight 5.3%</span></span><span style="font-family:;" "=""> </span><span style="font-family:Verdana;">in urban and 2</span><span style="font-family:Verdana;">.</span><span style="font-family:;" "=""><span style="font-family:Verdana;">8% in rural, obesity 3.8% in urban and 0.9% in rural). Children residing in </span><span style="font-family:Verdana;">urban</span><span style="font-family:Verdana;"> area had higher anthropometric parameter than rural children. </span><b><span style="font-family:Verdana;">Conclusion: </span></b><span style="font-family:Verdana;">The present study observed the coexistence of obesity, overweight and undernourishment (wasting and stunting) among Myanmar School children.</span></span><span><span>The findings highlighted the need for continued health promotion efforts to improve </span><span>nutritional</span><span> status of primary school children.</span></span>展开更多
Background: Maternal Iodine Deficiency Disorder can result in inevitable cretinism as well as miscarriages, stillbirth and low birth-weight babies. Objective: There is </span></span></span><span s...Background: Maternal Iodine Deficiency Disorder can result in inevitable cretinism as well as miscarriages, stillbirth and low birth-weight babies. Objective: There is </span></span></span><span style="font-family:Verdana;"><span style="font-family:Verdana;"><span style="font-family:Verdana;"><span style="font-family:Verdana;">a </span></span></span></span><span style="font-family:Verdana;"><span style="font-family:Verdana;"><span style="font-family:Verdana;"><span style="font-family:Verdana;">need to find out contributing factors towards urinary iodine concentrations of pregnant women. Methods: Therefore, the cross-sectional, descriptive study was conducted to assess t</span></span></span></span><span style="font-family:Verdana;"><span style="font-family:Verdana;"><span style="font-family:Verdana;"><span style="font-family:Verdana;">h</span></span></span></span><span><span><span><span style="font-family:""><span style="font-family:Verdana;">e patterns of salt utilization and iodine status of pregnant women living in coastal areas of Mon State in January and May, 2013. Result: A total of 144 pregnant women from </span><span style="font-family:Verdana;">Pa-Nga</span><span style="font-family:Verdana;"> village and </span><span style="font-family:Verdana;">Kalokepi</span><span style="font-family:Verdana;"> village in Th</span><span style="font-family:Verdana;">anbyuzayat</span><span style="font-family:Verdana;"> township were asked by using structured questionnaires including age, parity, socioeconomic status and patterns of salt and iodine</span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-family:Verdana;"><span style="font-family:Verdana;"><span style="font-family:Verdana;"><span style="font-family:Verdana;">-</span></span></span></span><span style="font-family:Verdana;"><span style="font-family:Verdana;"><span style="font-family:Verdana;"><span style="font-family:Verdana;">rich foods (seaweed, fish, prawn) consumption. Casual urine samples were collected from each pregnant woman and urinary iodine concentrations were measured. Three samples each of the iodized salt and non-iodized salt from local markets were collected for determination of iodine content by the iodometric titration method. Only 83.3% of the study population consumed iodized salt and t</span></span></span></span><span style="font-family:Verdana;"><span style="font-family:Verdana;"><span style="font-family:Verdana;"><span style="font-family:Verdana;">h</span></span></span></span><span style="font-family:Verdana;"><span style="font-family:Verdana;"><span style="font-family:Verdana;"><span style="font-family:Verdana;">e remaining (16.7%) consumed non-iodized salt. The median urinary iodine concentration of the study population was 105 μg/L. The mean urinary iodine level of pregnant women who consumed iodized salt and that of pregnant women who consumed non-iodizes salt were 110.47 ± 67.34 μg/L and 95.83 ± 70.13 μg/L (P = 0.336). Iodine content of the iodized salt and non-iodized salt </span></span></span></span><span style="font-family:Verdana;"><span style="font-family:Verdana;"><span style="font-family:Verdana;"><span style="font-family:Verdana;">was</span></span></span></span><span style="font-family:Verdana;"><span style="font-family:Verdana;"><span style="font-family:Verdana;"><span style="font-family:Verdana;"> 20.6 ± 9.2 ppm and 5.1 ± 1.2 ppm respectively. In conclusion, t</span></span></span></span><span style="font-family:Verdana;"><span style="font-family:Verdana;"><span style="font-family:Verdana;"><span style="font-family:Verdana;">h</span></span></span></span><span><span><span><span style="font-family:""><span style="font-family:Verdana;">e median iodine level of pregnant women was lower than that of the optimal iodine nutrition for pregnant women, </span><i><span style="font-family:Verdana;">i.e.</span></i><span style="font-family:Verdana;">, 150 - 250 μg/L and t</span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-family:Verdana;"><span style="font-family:Verdana;"><span style="font-family:Verdana;"><span style="font-family:Verdana;">h</span></span></span></span><span><span><span><span style="font-family:""><span style="font-family:Verdana;">e mean iodine content of salt samples was lower than the permissible level of iodine in iodized salt, </span><i><span style="font-family:Verdana;">i.e.</span></i><span style="font-family:Verdana;">, 30 - 40 ppm. Conclusion: Our findings indicate that iodine nutritional status of pregnant women</span></span></span></span></span><span><span><span><span style="font-family:""><span style="font-family:Verdana;"></span><i><span style="font-family:Verdana;"></span></i><span style="font-family:Verdana;"></span><span> in t</span></span></span></span></span><span><span><span><span>h</span></span></span></span><span><span><span><span>is area is insufficient and salt iodization needs to be monitored for the optimal iodine content in iodized salt.展开更多
文摘<b><span style="font-family:Verdana;">Background: </span></b><span style="font-family:;" "=""><span style="font-family:Verdana;">The distribution of childhood nutritional diseases is shifting from a predominance of under nutrition to a dual burden of under-and over nutrition in low and </span><span style="font-family:Verdana;">middle income</span><span style="font-family:Verdana;"> countries. Rapid economic development and urbanization </span><span style="font-family:Verdana;">lead</span><span style="font-family:Verdana;"> to an increase in overweight and obesity and diet-related chronic diseases. The co-existence of under-and </span><span style="font-family:Verdana;">over nutrition</span><span style="font-family:Verdana;"> is </span><span style="font-family:Verdana;">double</span><span style="font-family:Verdana;"> burden and this is a public health challenge for </span><span style="font-family:Verdana;">community</span><span style="font-family:Verdana;">. </span><b><span style="font-family:Verdana;">Objective: </span></b><span style="font-family:Verdana;">To find out the nutritional status of primary school children. </span><b><span style="font-family:Verdana;">Method: </span></b><span style="font-family:Verdana;">The study was </span><span style="font-family:Verdana;">school based</span><span style="font-family:Verdana;"> descriptive study and conducted during November 2014 to February 2015 in basic primary schools, basic middle schools and basic high schools in </span><span style="font-family:Verdana;">urban</span><span style="font-family:Verdana;"> and rural area of Yangon, Mandalay, Taungyi and Mawlamyaing. A total of (2937) Grade IV and Grade V students were measured for weight, height and 592 students were measured for haemoglobin by standard equipment and standard procedure. </span><b><span style="font-family:Verdana;">Results: </span></b><span style="font-family:Verdana;">The overall prevalence</span></span><span style="font-family:Verdana;">s</span><span style="font-family:Verdana;"> of stunting, wasting, overweight, obesity and anaemia were 8.8%, 15%, 4.6% and 3.1% and 36.1%</span><span style="font-family:;" "=""> </span><span style="font-family:Verdana;">respectively. The prevalence</span><span style="font-family:Verdana;">s</span><span style="font-family:;" "=""><span style="font-family:Verdana;"> of stunting, </span><span style="font-family:Verdana;">over weight</span><span style="font-family:Verdana;"> and obesity were more prevalent in boys and wasting and anaemia were more prevalent in girls. The result showed that the stunting was more prevalent in rural than in urban</span></span><span style="font-family:;" "=""> </span><span style="font-family:Verdana;">(7.5% in urban and 12.0% in rural). The prevalence</span><span style="font-family:Verdana;">s</span><span style="font-family:;" "=""><span style="font-family:Verdana;"> of overweight and obesity </span><span style="font-family:Verdana;">were</span><span style="font-family:Verdana;"> higher in urban than </span><span style="font-family:Verdana;">rural</span><span style="font-family:Verdana;"> area (overweight 5.3%</span></span><span style="font-family:;" "=""> </span><span style="font-family:Verdana;">in urban and 2</span><span style="font-family:Verdana;">.</span><span style="font-family:;" "=""><span style="font-family:Verdana;">8% in rural, obesity 3.8% in urban and 0.9% in rural). Children residing in </span><span style="font-family:Verdana;">urban</span><span style="font-family:Verdana;"> area had higher anthropometric parameter than rural children. </span><b><span style="font-family:Verdana;">Conclusion: </span></b><span style="font-family:Verdana;">The present study observed the coexistence of obesity, overweight and undernourishment (wasting and stunting) among Myanmar School children.</span></span><span><span>The findings highlighted the need for continued health promotion efforts to improve </span><span>nutritional</span><span> status of primary school children.</span></span>
文摘Background: Maternal Iodine Deficiency Disorder can result in inevitable cretinism as well as miscarriages, stillbirth and low birth-weight babies. Objective: There is </span></span></span><span style="font-family:Verdana;"><span style="font-family:Verdana;"><span style="font-family:Verdana;"><span style="font-family:Verdana;">a </span></span></span></span><span style="font-family:Verdana;"><span style="font-family:Verdana;"><span style="font-family:Verdana;"><span style="font-family:Verdana;">need to find out contributing factors towards urinary iodine concentrations of pregnant women. Methods: Therefore, the cross-sectional, descriptive study was conducted to assess t</span></span></span></span><span style="font-family:Verdana;"><span style="font-family:Verdana;"><span style="font-family:Verdana;"><span style="font-family:Verdana;">h</span></span></span></span><span><span><span><span style="font-family:""><span style="font-family:Verdana;">e patterns of salt utilization and iodine status of pregnant women living in coastal areas of Mon State in January and May, 2013. Result: A total of 144 pregnant women from </span><span style="font-family:Verdana;">Pa-Nga</span><span style="font-family:Verdana;"> village and </span><span style="font-family:Verdana;">Kalokepi</span><span style="font-family:Verdana;"> village in Th</span><span style="font-family:Verdana;">anbyuzayat</span><span style="font-family:Verdana;"> township were asked by using structured questionnaires including age, parity, socioeconomic status and patterns of salt and iodine</span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-family:Verdana;"><span style="font-family:Verdana;"><span style="font-family:Verdana;"><span style="font-family:Verdana;">-</span></span></span></span><span style="font-family:Verdana;"><span style="font-family:Verdana;"><span style="font-family:Verdana;"><span style="font-family:Verdana;">rich foods (seaweed, fish, prawn) consumption. Casual urine samples were collected from each pregnant woman and urinary iodine concentrations were measured. Three samples each of the iodized salt and non-iodized salt from local markets were collected for determination of iodine content by the iodometric titration method. Only 83.3% of the study population consumed iodized salt and t</span></span></span></span><span style="font-family:Verdana;"><span style="font-family:Verdana;"><span style="font-family:Verdana;"><span style="font-family:Verdana;">h</span></span></span></span><span style="font-family:Verdana;"><span style="font-family:Verdana;"><span style="font-family:Verdana;"><span style="font-family:Verdana;">e remaining (16.7%) consumed non-iodized salt. The median urinary iodine concentration of the study population was 105 μg/L. The mean urinary iodine level of pregnant women who consumed iodized salt and that of pregnant women who consumed non-iodizes salt were 110.47 ± 67.34 μg/L and 95.83 ± 70.13 μg/L (P = 0.336). Iodine content of the iodized salt and non-iodized salt </span></span></span></span><span style="font-family:Verdana;"><span style="font-family:Verdana;"><span style="font-family:Verdana;"><span style="font-family:Verdana;">was</span></span></span></span><span style="font-family:Verdana;"><span style="font-family:Verdana;"><span style="font-family:Verdana;"><span style="font-family:Verdana;"> 20.6 ± 9.2 ppm and 5.1 ± 1.2 ppm respectively. In conclusion, t</span></span></span></span><span style="font-family:Verdana;"><span style="font-family:Verdana;"><span style="font-family:Verdana;"><span style="font-family:Verdana;">h</span></span></span></span><span><span><span><span style="font-family:""><span style="font-family:Verdana;">e median iodine level of pregnant women was lower than that of the optimal iodine nutrition for pregnant women, </span><i><span style="font-family:Verdana;">i.e.</span></i><span style="font-family:Verdana;">, 150 - 250 μg/L and t</span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-family:Verdana;"><span style="font-family:Verdana;"><span style="font-family:Verdana;"><span style="font-family:Verdana;">h</span></span></span></span><span><span><span><span style="font-family:""><span style="font-family:Verdana;">e mean iodine content of salt samples was lower than the permissible level of iodine in iodized salt, </span><i><span style="font-family:Verdana;">i.e.</span></i><span style="font-family:Verdana;">, 30 - 40 ppm. Conclusion: Our findings indicate that iodine nutritional status of pregnant women</span></span></span></span></span><span><span><span><span style="font-family:""><span style="font-family:Verdana;"></span><i><span style="font-family:Verdana;"></span></i><span style="font-family:Verdana;"></span><span> in t</span></span></span></span></span><span><span><span><span>h</span></span></span></span><span><span><span><span>is area is insufficient and salt iodization needs to be monitored for the optimal iodine content in iodized salt.
