Anthropogenic methane emissions are a leading cause of the increase in global averagetemperatures,often referred to as global warming.Flooded soils play a significant role in methaneproduction,where the anaerobic cond...Anthropogenic methane emissions are a leading cause of the increase in global averagetemperatures,often referred to as global warming.Flooded soils play a significant role in methaneproduction,where the anaerobic conditions promote the production of methane by methanogenicmicroorganisms.Rice fields contribute a considerable portion of agricultural methane emissions,as riceplants provide both factors that enhance and limit methane production.Rice plants harbor both methaneproducingand methane-oxidizing microorganisms.Exudates from rice roots provide source for methaneproduction,while oxygen delivered from the root aerenchyma enhances methane oxidation.Studies haveshown that the diversity of these microorganisms depends on rice cultivars with some genes characterizedas harboring specific groups of microorganisms related to methane emissions.However,there is still aneed for research to determine the balance between methane production and oxidation,as rice plantspossess the ability to regulate net methane production.Various agronomical practices,such as fertilizerand water management,have been employed to mitigate methane emissions.Nevertheless,studiescorrelating agronomic and chemical management of methane with productivity are limited.Moreover,evidences for breeding low-methane-emitting rice varieties are scattered largely due to the absence ofcoordinated breeding programs.Research has indicated that phenotypic characteristics,such as rootbiomass,shoot architecture,and aerenchyma,are highly correlated with methane emissions.This reviewdiscusses available studies that involve the correlation between plant characteristics and methaneemissions.It emphasizes the necessity and importance of breeding low-methane-emitting rice varieties inaddition to existing agronomic,biological,and chemical practices.The review also delves into the idealphenotypic and physiological characteristics of low-methane-emitting rice and potential breeding techniques,drawing from studies conducted with diverse varieties,mutants,and transgenic plants.展开更多
Chimeric plants composed of green and albino tissues have great ornamental value.To unveil the functional genes responsible for albino phenotypes in chimeric plants,we inspected the complete plastid genomes(plastomes)...Chimeric plants composed of green and albino tissues have great ornamental value.To unveil the functional genes responsible for albino phenotypes in chimeric plants,we inspected the complete plastid genomes(plastomes)in green and albino leaf tissues from 23 ornamental chimeric plants belonging to 20 species,including monocots,dicots,and gymnosperms.In nine chimeric plants,plastomes were identical between green and albino tissues.Meanwhile,another 14 chimeric plants were heteroplasmic,showing a mutation between green and albino tissues.We identified 14 different point mutations in eight functional plastid genes related to plastid-encoded RNA polymerase(rpo)or photosystems which caused albinism in the chimeric plants.Among them,12 were deleterious mutations in the target genes,in which early termination appeared due to small deletion-mediated frameshift or single nucleotide substitution.Another was single nucleotide substitution in an intron of the ycf3 and the other was a missense mutation in coding region of the rpoC2 gene.We inspected chlorophyll structure,protein functional model of the rpoC2,and expression levels of the related genes in green and albino tissues of Reynoutria japonica.A single amino acid change,histidine-to-proline substitution,in the rpoC2 protein may destabilize the peripheral helix of plastid-encoded RNA polymerase,impairing the biosynthesis of the photosynthesis system in the albino tissue of R.japonica chimera plant.展开更多
Jasmonic acid(JA) functions in plant development,including senescence and immunity. Arabidopsis thaliana CORONATINE INSENSITIVE 1 encodes a JA receptor and functions in the JA-responsive signaling pathway. The Arabido...Jasmonic acid(JA) functions in plant development,including senescence and immunity. Arabidopsis thaliana CORONATINE INSENSITIVE 1 encodes a JA receptor and functions in the JA-responsive signaling pathway. The Arabidopsis genome harbors a single COI gene, but the rice(Oryza sativa) genome harbors three COI homologs, Os COI1 a,Os COI1 b, and Os COI2. Thus, it remains unclear whether each Os COI has distinct, additive, synergistic, or redundant functions in development. Here, we use the oscoi1b-1 knockout mutants to show that Os COI1 b mainly affects leaf senescence under senescence-promoting conditions. oscoi1b-1 mutants stayed green during dark-induced and natural senescence,with substantial retention of chlorophylls and photosynthetic capacity. Furthermore, several senescence-associated genes were downregulated in oscoi1b-1 mutants, including homologs of Arabidopsis thaliana ETHYLENE INSENSITIVE 3 and ORESARA 1, important regulators of leaf senescence. These results suggest that crosstalk between JA signaling and Resea ethylene signaling affects leaf senescence. The Arabidopsis coi1-1 plants containing 35S:Os COI1 a or 35S:Os COI1 b rescued the delayed leaf senescence during dark incubation, suggesting that both Os COI1 a and Os COI1 b are required for promoting leaf senescence in rice. oscoi1b-1 mutants showed significant decreases in spikelet fertility and grain weight,leading to severe reduction of grain yield, indicating that Os COI1-mediated JA signaling affects spikelet fertility and grain filling.展开更多
Plants maintain their internal temperature under environments with fluctuating temperatures by adjusting their morphology and architecture,an adaptive process termed thermomorphogenesis.Notably,the rhythmic patterns o...Plants maintain their internal temperature under environments with fluctuating temperatures by adjusting their morphology and architecture,an adaptive process termed thermomorphogenesis.Notably,the rhythmic patterns of plant thermomorphogenesis are governed by day-length information.However,it remains elusive how thermomorphogenic rhythms are regulated by photoperiod.Here,we show that warm temperatures enhance the accumulation of the chaperone GIGANTEA(Gl),which thermostabilizes the DELLA protein,REPRESSOR OF ga1-3(RGA),under long days,thereby attenuating PHYTOCHROME INTERACTING FACTOR 4(PIF4)-mediated thermomorphogenesis.In contrast,under short days,when Gl accumulation is reduced,RGA is readily degraded through the gibberellic acid-mediated ubiquitination-proteasome pathway,promoting thermomorphogenic growth.These data indicate that the GI-RGA-PIF4 signaling module enables plant thermomorphogenic responses to occur in a day-length-dependent manner.We propose that the Gl-mediated integration of photoperiodic and temperature information shapes thermomorphogenic rhythms,which enable plants to adapt to diel fluctuations in day length and temperature during seasonal transitions.展开更多
基金supported by the Improvement of Green Rice Plant Type Using Genetic Information Program, Rural Development Administration, Korea (Grant No. PJ01699202)
文摘Anthropogenic methane emissions are a leading cause of the increase in global averagetemperatures,often referred to as global warming.Flooded soils play a significant role in methaneproduction,where the anaerobic conditions promote the production of methane by methanogenicmicroorganisms.Rice fields contribute a considerable portion of agricultural methane emissions,as riceplants provide both factors that enhance and limit methane production.Rice plants harbor both methaneproducingand methane-oxidizing microorganisms.Exudates from rice roots provide source for methaneproduction,while oxygen delivered from the root aerenchyma enhances methane oxidation.Studies haveshown that the diversity of these microorganisms depends on rice cultivars with some genes characterizedas harboring specific groups of microorganisms related to methane emissions.However,there is still aneed for research to determine the balance between methane production and oxidation,as rice plantspossess the ability to regulate net methane production.Various agronomical practices,such as fertilizerand water management,have been employed to mitigate methane emissions.Nevertheless,studiescorrelating agronomic and chemical management of methane with productivity are limited.Moreover,evidences for breeding low-methane-emitting rice varieties are scattered largely due to the absence ofcoordinated breeding programs.Research has indicated that phenotypic characteristics,such as rootbiomass,shoot architecture,and aerenchyma,are highly correlated with methane emissions.This reviewdiscusses available studies that involve the correlation between plant characteristics and methaneemissions.It emphasizes the necessity and importance of breeding low-methane-emitting rice varieties inaddition to existing agronomic,biological,and chemical practices.The review also delves into the idealphenotypic and physiological characteristics of low-methane-emitting rice and potential breeding techniques,drawing from studies conducted with diverse varieties,mutants,and transgenic plants.
基金This work was supported by the Bio&Medical Technology Development Program of the NRF,MSIP,Republic of Korea(grant no.NRF-2015M3A9A5030733)grants from the Nuclear R&D Program of the Ministry of Science and ICT(MSIT)and the research program of KAERI,Republic of Korea.
文摘Chimeric plants composed of green and albino tissues have great ornamental value.To unveil the functional genes responsible for albino phenotypes in chimeric plants,we inspected the complete plastid genomes(plastomes)in green and albino leaf tissues from 23 ornamental chimeric plants belonging to 20 species,including monocots,dicots,and gymnosperms.In nine chimeric plants,plastomes were identical between green and albino tissues.Meanwhile,another 14 chimeric plants were heteroplasmic,showing a mutation between green and albino tissues.We identified 14 different point mutations in eight functional plastid genes related to plastid-encoded RNA polymerase(rpo)or photosystems which caused albinism in the chimeric plants.Among them,12 were deleterious mutations in the target genes,in which early termination appeared due to small deletion-mediated frameshift or single nucleotide substitution.Another was single nucleotide substitution in an intron of the ycf3 and the other was a missense mutation in coding region of the rpoC2 gene.We inspected chlorophyll structure,protein functional model of the rpoC2,and expression levels of the related genes in green and albino tissues of Reynoutria japonica.A single amino acid change,histidine-to-proline substitution,in the rpoC2 protein may destabilize the peripheral helix of plastid-encoded RNA polymerase,impairing the biosynthesis of the photosynthesis system in the albino tissue of R.japonica chimera plant.
基金the support of ‘Cooperative Research Program for Agriculture Science & Technology Development (PJ00812802)’, Rural Development Administration, Republic of Korea
文摘Jasmonic acid(JA) functions in plant development,including senescence and immunity. Arabidopsis thaliana CORONATINE INSENSITIVE 1 encodes a JA receptor and functions in the JA-responsive signaling pathway. The Arabidopsis genome harbors a single COI gene, but the rice(Oryza sativa) genome harbors three COI homologs, Os COI1 a,Os COI1 b, and Os COI2. Thus, it remains unclear whether each Os COI has distinct, additive, synergistic, or redundant functions in development. Here, we use the oscoi1b-1 knockout mutants to show that Os COI1 b mainly affects leaf senescence under senescence-promoting conditions. oscoi1b-1 mutants stayed green during dark-induced and natural senescence,with substantial retention of chlorophylls and photosynthetic capacity. Furthermore, several senescence-associated genes were downregulated in oscoi1b-1 mutants, including homologs of Arabidopsis thaliana ETHYLENE INSENSITIVE 3 and ORESARA 1, important regulators of leaf senescence. These results suggest that crosstalk between JA signaling and Resea ethylene signaling affects leaf senescence. The Arabidopsis coi1-1 plants containing 35S:Os COI1 a or 35S:Os COI1 b rescued the delayed leaf senescence during dark incubation, suggesting that both Os COI1 a and Os COI1 b are required for promoting leaf senescence in rice. oscoi1b-1 mutants showed significant decreases in spikelet fertility and grain weight,leading to severe reduction of grain yield, indicating that Os COI1-mediated JA signaling affects spikelet fertility and grain filling.
基金supported by the Leaping Research(NRF-2018R1A2A1A19020840)Program provided by the National Research Foundation of Korea(NRF)the Next-Generation BioGreen 21 Program(PJ013134)provided by the Rural Development Administration of Korea.Y.-J.P.was partiallysupported by Global PhD Fellowship Program through NRF(NRF-2016H1A2A1906534).
文摘Plants maintain their internal temperature under environments with fluctuating temperatures by adjusting their morphology and architecture,an adaptive process termed thermomorphogenesis.Notably,the rhythmic patterns of plant thermomorphogenesis are governed by day-length information.However,it remains elusive how thermomorphogenic rhythms are regulated by photoperiod.Here,we show that warm temperatures enhance the accumulation of the chaperone GIGANTEA(Gl),which thermostabilizes the DELLA protein,REPRESSOR OF ga1-3(RGA),under long days,thereby attenuating PHYTOCHROME INTERACTING FACTOR 4(PIF4)-mediated thermomorphogenesis.In contrast,under short days,when Gl accumulation is reduced,RGA is readily degraded through the gibberellic acid-mediated ubiquitination-proteasome pathway,promoting thermomorphogenic growth.These data indicate that the GI-RGA-PIF4 signaling module enables plant thermomorphogenic responses to occur in a day-length-dependent manner.We propose that the Gl-mediated integration of photoperiodic and temperature information shapes thermomorphogenic rhythms,which enable plants to adapt to diel fluctuations in day length and temperature during seasonal transitions.
