Equine herpesvirus-1 (EHV-1) remains one of the most common viral pathogens affecting horses worldwide presenting as a persistent infection which can establish latency in nerve ganglia (trigeminal ganglion), lymphoid ...Equine herpesvirus-1 (EHV-1) remains one of the most common viral pathogens affecting horses worldwide presenting as a persistent infection which can establish latency in nerve ganglia (trigeminal ganglion), lymphoid tissues of the respiratory tract and peripheral blood lymphocytes. EHV-1 infection induces both humoral and cellular immune responses in horses. Virus neutralising antibody, particularly in the nasopharynx, is to kill free virus shed from infected epithelial cells. Hence this antibody has important functions in reducing virus shedding and spreading infection to cohorts. Cellular immune responses, particularly those carried out by cytotoxic T lymphocyte (CTL), have been shown to be effective in killing virus-infected cells in vitro. This review underlines the state of knowledge regarding immunity to EHV-1 and also its interaction with equine lymphocyte. Finally, the review also includes the importance of the viral immediate early (IE) protein in the pathogenesis of EHV-1. This information can be used as the basis for future research.展开更多
Aquaculture industry contributes significant aquaculture species production to meet fish protein demand from the world.The industry is gearing towards intensification to increase more production in the near future.Var...Aquaculture industry contributes significant aquaculture species production to meet fish protein demand from the world.The industry is gearing towards intensification to increase more production in the near future.Various technologies and efforts were introduced into aquaculture industry to bring it up to the next higher level.However,the development of aquaculture industry is hindered by disease constraint.As a result,excessive use of antibiotics and chemicals were applied to reduce or minimize risk of disease outbreak in aquaculture farming activity.Subsequently,aquacultures products and environment were highly exposed to these antibiotics and chemicals.To resolve this issue,fish farmers were encouraged to utilize alternative method in aquaculture species health management.Prebiotics has become a new approach in aquaculture industry to maintain aquaculture species health and a good environment at the same time produce chemical and antibiotic-free aquaculture product.In this review paper,we summarize and discuss the effects of prebiotic mixtures administration on growth performance,immune response,disease resistance,and tolerance against abiotic stressors of aquatic animals.展开更多
文摘Equine herpesvirus-1 (EHV-1) remains one of the most common viral pathogens affecting horses worldwide presenting as a persistent infection which can establish latency in nerve ganglia (trigeminal ganglion), lymphoid tissues of the respiratory tract and peripheral blood lymphocytes. EHV-1 infection induces both humoral and cellular immune responses in horses. Virus neutralising antibody, particularly in the nasopharynx, is to kill free virus shed from infected epithelial cells. Hence this antibody has important functions in reducing virus shedding and spreading infection to cohorts. Cellular immune responses, particularly those carried out by cytotoxic T lymphocyte (CTL), have been shown to be effective in killing virus-infected cells in vitro. This review underlines the state of knowledge regarding immunity to EHV-1 and also its interaction with equine lymphocyte. Finally, the review also includes the importance of the viral immediate early (IE) protein in the pathogenesis of EHV-1. This information can be used as the basis for future research.
基金funded by the Ministry of Education Malaysia under the scheme of Fundamental Research Grant Scheme (FRGS)with the code no.R/FRGS/A07.00/00387A/005/2013/00107Niche Research Grant Scheme (NRGS)vot no:R/NRGS/A0.700/00387A/006/2014/00152.
文摘Aquaculture industry contributes significant aquaculture species production to meet fish protein demand from the world.The industry is gearing towards intensification to increase more production in the near future.Various technologies and efforts were introduced into aquaculture industry to bring it up to the next higher level.However,the development of aquaculture industry is hindered by disease constraint.As a result,excessive use of antibiotics and chemicals were applied to reduce or minimize risk of disease outbreak in aquaculture farming activity.Subsequently,aquacultures products and environment were highly exposed to these antibiotics and chemicals.To resolve this issue,fish farmers were encouraged to utilize alternative method in aquaculture species health management.Prebiotics has become a new approach in aquaculture industry to maintain aquaculture species health and a good environment at the same time produce chemical and antibiotic-free aquaculture product.In this review paper,we summarize and discuss the effects of prebiotic mixtures administration on growth performance,immune response,disease resistance,and tolerance against abiotic stressors of aquatic animals.
