The diversity of Samoa’s freshwater macroinvertebrates remains largely unexplored, with past studies focusing on specific species without comprehensive cataloguing. This research evaluated the health of Upolu Island...The diversity of Samoa’s freshwater macroinvertebrates remains largely unexplored, with past studies focusing on specific species without comprehensive cataloguing. This research evaluated the health of Upolu Island’s rural rivers through macroinvertebrate analysis, particularly in the Le Afe and Mulivaifagatoloa Rivers. Collaborating with Samoa’s Water Resources Division in the Ministry of Natural Resources and Environment (MNRE), three sites along each river were sampled, representing a gradient from pristine to anthropogenically impacted areas. A total of 2953 macroinvertebrates were collected and classified into five categories using established identification keys. The Macroinvertebrate Community Index (MCI) and Quantitative Macroinvertebrate Community Index (QMCI) were applied for analysis. The results showed no clear pattern of pollutant-sensitive species prevalence or decline in less disturbed rivers. High MCI scores with low QMCI values indicated numerous low-scoring species, while the opposite suggested a richness of high-scoring taxa. Although MCI and QMCI are tools for monitoring freshwater health, this study lays the groundwork for future research to categorize Samoan macroinvertebrates and assign tolerance scores based on their presence in varying river conditions. .展开更多
The study involved analysis of rainwater samples at four sites on Upolu Island, Samoa from November 2019 to April 2020. A total of 48 rainwater samples were analysed in order to determine the major cations (Na<sup&...The study involved analysis of rainwater samples at four sites on Upolu Island, Samoa from November 2019 to April 2020. A total of 48 rainwater samples were analysed in order to determine the major cations (Na<sup><span style="font-family:Verdana;">+</span></sup><span style="font-family:Verdana;">, Mg</span><sup><span style="font-family:Verdana;">2+</span></sup><span style="font-family:Verdana;">, Ca</span><sup><span style="font-family:Verdana;">2+</span></sup><span style="font-family:Verdana;">, K</span><sup><span style="font-family:Verdana;">+</span></sup><span style="font-family:Verdana;">) and anions (Cl</span><sup><span style="font-family:Verdana;"><span style="color:#4F4F4F;font-family:-apple-system, " font-size:16px;white-space:normal;background-color:#f7f7f7;"=""><span style="color:#4F4F4F;font-family:-apple-system, " font-size:16px;white-space:normal;background-color:#ffffff;"=""><span style="color:#4F4F4F;font-family:-apple-system, " font-size:16px;white-space:normal;background-color:#f7f7f7;"=""><span style="color:#4F4F4F;font-family:-apple-system, " font-size:16px;white-space:normal;background-color:#ffffff;"=""><span style="color:#4F4F4F;font-family:-apple-system, "font-size:16px;white-space:normal;background-color:#FFFFFF;">-</span></span></span></span></span></span></sup><span style="font-family:Verdana;">, <img src="Edit_846cdb89-0dcc-45e6-a692-949192768c16.bmp" alt="" />, <img src="Edit_482cb571-8668-4606-af63-0804396c042d.bmp" alt="" /> </span><span><span><span style="font-family:;" "=""><span style="font-family:Verdana;">) in wet precipitation from the four sites. The average pH of the rainwater was 6.89, perhaps due to neutralization. Only 50% of the rain samples had a pH above 5.6. This shows strong inputs of alkaline species to rainwater samples in some sites. The average pH of samples higher than 5.6 is due to high loadings of sodium ions. The rainwater samples are dominated by Na</span><sup><span style="font-family:Verdana;">+</span></sup><span style="font-family:Verdana;">, Ca</span><sup><span style="font-family:Verdana;">2+</span></sup><span style="font-family:Verdana;">, Mg</span><sup><span style="font-family:Verdana;">2+</span></sup><span style="font-family:Verdana;">, Cl</span><sup><span style="font-family:Verdana;"><span style="color:#4F4F4F;font-family:-apple-system, " font-size:10px;white-space:normal;background-color:#ffffff;"="">- </span></span></sup><span style="font-family:Verdana;">and <img src="Edit_2c8a837e-c0f1-4a86-8d66-360dfc9d5fe1.bmp" alt="" /></span></span></span></span><span><span><span style="font-family:;" "=""><span style="font-family:Verdana;">. The principal cations and anions, in decreasing order, are Na</span><sup><span style="font-family:Verdana;">+</span></sup><span style="font-family:Verdana;"> > Mg</span><sup><span style="font-family:Verdana;">2+</span></sup><span style="font-family:Verdana;"> > Ca</span><sup><span style="font-family:Verdana;">2+</span></sup><span style="font-family:Verdana;"> > K</span><sup><span style="font-family:Verdana;">+</span></sup><span style="font-family:Verdana;"> and Cl</span><sup><span style="font-family:Verdana;"><span style="color:#4F4F4F;font-family:-apple-system, " font-size:10px;white-space:normal;background-color:#ffffff;"="">- </span></span></sup><span style="font-family:Verdana;">> <img src="Edit_275563f4-8d8d-4528-8c70-873dfbc7c7df.bmp" alt="" /></span></span></span></span><span><span><span style="font-family:;" "=""><span style="font-family:Verdana;"> </span><span style="font-family:Verdana;">> <img src="Edit_768170ab-6186-437d-90f7-dea3e2d2ff60.bmp" alt="" /></span></span></span></span><span style="font-family:Verdana;"><span style="font-family:Verdana;"><span style="font-family:Verdana;">. The correlation study and the comparison of major ion composition with other sites revealed that rainwater ion composition is strongly influenced by marine sources rather than anthropogenic and terrestrial sources.</span></span></span>展开更多
文摘The diversity of Samoa’s freshwater macroinvertebrates remains largely unexplored, with past studies focusing on specific species without comprehensive cataloguing. This research evaluated the health of Upolu Island’s rural rivers through macroinvertebrate analysis, particularly in the Le Afe and Mulivaifagatoloa Rivers. Collaborating with Samoa’s Water Resources Division in the Ministry of Natural Resources and Environment (MNRE), three sites along each river were sampled, representing a gradient from pristine to anthropogenically impacted areas. A total of 2953 macroinvertebrates were collected and classified into five categories using established identification keys. The Macroinvertebrate Community Index (MCI) and Quantitative Macroinvertebrate Community Index (QMCI) were applied for analysis. The results showed no clear pattern of pollutant-sensitive species prevalence or decline in less disturbed rivers. High MCI scores with low QMCI values indicated numerous low-scoring species, while the opposite suggested a richness of high-scoring taxa. Although MCI and QMCI are tools for monitoring freshwater health, this study lays the groundwork for future research to categorize Samoan macroinvertebrates and assign tolerance scores based on their presence in varying river conditions. .
文摘The study involved analysis of rainwater samples at four sites on Upolu Island, Samoa from November 2019 to April 2020. A total of 48 rainwater samples were analysed in order to determine the major cations (Na<sup><span style="font-family:Verdana;">+</span></sup><span style="font-family:Verdana;">, Mg</span><sup><span style="font-family:Verdana;">2+</span></sup><span style="font-family:Verdana;">, Ca</span><sup><span style="font-family:Verdana;">2+</span></sup><span style="font-family:Verdana;">, K</span><sup><span style="font-family:Verdana;">+</span></sup><span style="font-family:Verdana;">) and anions (Cl</span><sup><span style="font-family:Verdana;"><span style="color:#4F4F4F;font-family:-apple-system, " font-size:16px;white-space:normal;background-color:#f7f7f7;"=""><span style="color:#4F4F4F;font-family:-apple-system, " font-size:16px;white-space:normal;background-color:#ffffff;"=""><span style="color:#4F4F4F;font-family:-apple-system, " font-size:16px;white-space:normal;background-color:#f7f7f7;"=""><span style="color:#4F4F4F;font-family:-apple-system, " font-size:16px;white-space:normal;background-color:#ffffff;"=""><span style="color:#4F4F4F;font-family:-apple-system, "font-size:16px;white-space:normal;background-color:#FFFFFF;">-</span></span></span></span></span></span></sup><span style="font-family:Verdana;">, <img src="Edit_846cdb89-0dcc-45e6-a692-949192768c16.bmp" alt="" />, <img src="Edit_482cb571-8668-4606-af63-0804396c042d.bmp" alt="" /> </span><span><span><span style="font-family:;" "=""><span style="font-family:Verdana;">) in wet precipitation from the four sites. The average pH of the rainwater was 6.89, perhaps due to neutralization. Only 50% of the rain samples had a pH above 5.6. This shows strong inputs of alkaline species to rainwater samples in some sites. The average pH of samples higher than 5.6 is due to high loadings of sodium ions. The rainwater samples are dominated by Na</span><sup><span style="font-family:Verdana;">+</span></sup><span style="font-family:Verdana;">, Ca</span><sup><span style="font-family:Verdana;">2+</span></sup><span style="font-family:Verdana;">, Mg</span><sup><span style="font-family:Verdana;">2+</span></sup><span style="font-family:Verdana;">, Cl</span><sup><span style="font-family:Verdana;"><span style="color:#4F4F4F;font-family:-apple-system, " font-size:10px;white-space:normal;background-color:#ffffff;"="">- </span></span></sup><span style="font-family:Verdana;">and <img src="Edit_2c8a837e-c0f1-4a86-8d66-360dfc9d5fe1.bmp" alt="" /></span></span></span></span><span><span><span style="font-family:;" "=""><span style="font-family:Verdana;">. The principal cations and anions, in decreasing order, are Na</span><sup><span style="font-family:Verdana;">+</span></sup><span style="font-family:Verdana;"> > Mg</span><sup><span style="font-family:Verdana;">2+</span></sup><span style="font-family:Verdana;"> > Ca</span><sup><span style="font-family:Verdana;">2+</span></sup><span style="font-family:Verdana;"> > K</span><sup><span style="font-family:Verdana;">+</span></sup><span style="font-family:Verdana;"> and Cl</span><sup><span style="font-family:Verdana;"><span style="color:#4F4F4F;font-family:-apple-system, " font-size:10px;white-space:normal;background-color:#ffffff;"="">- </span></span></sup><span style="font-family:Verdana;">> <img src="Edit_275563f4-8d8d-4528-8c70-873dfbc7c7df.bmp" alt="" /></span></span></span></span><span><span><span style="font-family:;" "=""><span style="font-family:Verdana;"> </span><span style="font-family:Verdana;">> <img src="Edit_768170ab-6186-437d-90f7-dea3e2d2ff60.bmp" alt="" /></span></span></span></span><span style="font-family:Verdana;"><span style="font-family:Verdana;"><span style="font-family:Verdana;">. The correlation study and the comparison of major ion composition with other sites revealed that rainwater ion composition is strongly influenced by marine sources rather than anthropogenic and terrestrial sources.</span></span></span>
