The crop cover-management(C-)factor in arable landscapes describes the soil erosion susceptibility associated with seasonally cultivated crops.Previous informatic and computational limitations have led many modelling ...The crop cover-management(C-)factor in arable landscapes describes the soil erosion susceptibility associated with seasonally cultivated crops.Previous informatic and computational limitations have led many modelling studies to prescribe C-factor values and assume spatial and temporal stationarity.However,the multiple influencing factors ranging from parcel-scale crop cultivation and management to regional-scale rainfall regimes motivates new methods to capture this variation when identifying at-risk areas.Here,we define a multi-component method to derive the C-factor by associating time series of canopy and residue surface cover from Sentinel-2 and climate-specific rainfall erosivity with Integrated Administration and Control System(IACS)field parcel data from European Union member states.A scalable and standardised method is emphasised to increase the future interoperability and inter-comparability of soil erosion modelling studies deploying the C-factor.Additionally,field parcel simu-lation units with associated crop declarations provide a new reference scale to link predictions of soil erosion risk with specific management decisions and declarations by farmers.After implementing the method on a homogenised subsample of 8600 field parcels covering available IACS regions,several key findings are outlined:1)time series information provides new opportunities to predict the time-criticality of erosion in specific crop cultivations,2)the varying(a-)synchronicity between seasonal crop canopy cover and heavy rainstorms means that spatial variability is inherent within the C-factor across Europe,and 3)the addition of agricultural management practices(e.g.tillage practice de-scriptions)to open-access IACS repositories can facilitate more comprehensive evaluations of the C-factor and soil erosion risk.展开更多
During the International Workshop on Soil Erosion and Riverine Sediment in Mountainous Regions held in November 2022,scientists from many countries shared their state-of-the-art knowledge and brainstormed to improve s...During the International Workshop on Soil Erosion and Riverine Sediment in Mountainous Regions held in November 2022,scientists from many countries shared their state-of-the-art knowledge and brainstormed to improve scientific understanding for coping with climate change and anthropogenic impacts.Information summarized in this discussion includes proposed key scientific questions and suggested joint actions to reduce soil erosion and riverine sediment problems in mountainous regions.展开更多
Soil erosion is a complex process involving multiple natural and anthropic agents,causing the deterio-ration of multiple components comprising soil health.Here,we provide an estimate of the spatial pat-terns of cropla...Soil erosion is a complex process involving multiple natural and anthropic agents,causing the deterio-ration of multiple components comprising soil health.Here,we provide an estimate of the spatial pat-terns of cropland susceptibility to erosion by sheet and rill,gully,wind,tillage,and root crops harvesting and report the co-occurrence of these processes using a multi-model approach.In addition,to give a global overview of potential future changes,we identify the locations where these multiple concurrent soil erosion processes may be expected to intersect with projected dry/wet climate changes by 2070.Of a modelled 1.48 billion hectares(B ha)of global cropland,our results indicate that 0.56 B ha(-36%of the total area)are highly susceptible(classes 4 and 5)to a single erosion process,0.27 B ha(-18%of the total area)to two processes and 0.02 B ha(1.4%of the total area)to three or more processes.An estimated 0.82 B ha of croplands are susceptible to possible increases in water(0.68 B ha)and wind(0.14 B ha)erosion.We contend that the presented set of estimates represents a basis for enhancing our founda-tional knowledge on the geography of soil erosion at the global scale.The generated insight on multiple erosion processes can be a useful starting point for decision-makers working with ex-post and ex-ante policy evaluation of the UN Sustainable Development Goal 15(Life on Land)activities.Scientifically,this work provides the hitherto most comprehensive assessment of soil erosion risks at the global scale,based on state-of-the-art models.展开更多
To give soils and soil degradation,which are among the most crucial threats to ecosystem stability,social and political visibility,small and large scale modelling and mapping of soil erosion is inevitable.The most wid...To give soils and soil degradation,which are among the most crucial threats to ecosystem stability,social and political visibility,small and large scale modelling and mapping of soil erosion is inevitable.The most widely used approaches during an 80year history of erosion modelling are Universal Soil Loss Equation (USLE)-type based algorithms which have been applied in 109 countries.Addressing soil erosion by water (excluding gully erosion and land sliding),we start this review with a statistical evaluation of nearly 2,000 publications).We discuss model developments which use USLE-type equations as basis or side modules,but we also address recent development of the single USLE parameters (R,K,LS,C,P).Importance,aim and limitations of model validation as well as a comparison of USLE-type models with other erosion assessment tools are discussed.Model comparisons demonstrate that the application of process-based physical models (e.g.,WEPP or PESERA) does not necessarily result in lower uncertainties compared to more simple structured empirical models such as USLE-type algorithms.We identified four key areas for future research:(i) overcoming the principally different nature of modelled (gross) versus measured (net) erosion rates,in coupling on-site erosion risk to runoff patterns,and depositional regime,(ii) using the recent increase in spatial resolution of remote sensing data to develop process based models for large scale applications,(iii) strengthen and extend measurement and monitoring programs to build up validation data sets,and (iv) rigorous uncertainty assessment and the application of objective evaluation criteria to soil erosion modelling.展开更多
In this article,an extensive inventory in the literature of water erosion modelling from a geospatial point of view is conducted.Concepts of scale,spatiality and complexity are explored and clarified in a theoretical ...In this article,an extensive inventory in the literature of water erosion modelling from a geospatial point of view is conducted.Concepts of scale,spatiality and complexity are explored and clarified in a theoretical background.Use of Geographic Information Systems(GIS)is pointed out as facilitating data mixing and model rescaling and thus increasing complexity in data-method relations.Spatial scale,temporal scale and spatial methodologies are addressed as the most determining geospatial properties underlying water erosion modelling.Setting these properties as classification criteria,82 water erosion models are identified and classified into eight categories.As a result,a complete overview of water erosion models becomes available in a single table.The biggest share of the models is found in the category of the mechanistic pathway-type event-based models for watershed to landscape scales.In parallel,geospatial innovations that could be considered as milestones in water erosion modelling are highlighted and discussed.An alphabetical list of all models is also listed in the Appendix.For manipulating scale efficiently,two promising spatial theories are suggested for further exploitation in the future such as hierarchy theory and fractals theory.Regarding erosion applications,uncertainty analysis within GIS is considered to be necessary for further improving performance of erosion models.展开更多
Currently,many soil erosion studies at local,regional,national or continental scale use models based on the USLE-family approaches.Applications of these models pay little attention to seasonal changes,despite evidence...Currently,many soil erosion studies at local,regional,national or continental scale use models based on the USLE-family approaches.Applications of these models pay little attention to seasonal changes,despite evidence in the literature which suggests that erosion risk may change rapidly according to intra-annual rainfall figures and vegetation phenology.This paper emphasises the aspect of seasonality in soil erosion mapping by using month-step rainfall erosivity data and biophysical time series data derived from remote-sensing.The latter,together with other existing pan-European geo-databases sets the basis for a functional pan-European service for soil erosion monitoring at a scale of 1:500,000.This potential service has led to the establishment of a new modelling approach(called the G2 model)based on the inheritance of USLE-family models.The G2 model proposes innovative techniques for the estimation of vegetation and protection factors.The model has been applied in a 14,500 km 2 study area in SE Europe covering a major part of the basin of the cross-border river,Strymonas.Model results were verified with erosion and sedimentation figures from previous research.The study confirmed that monthly erosion mapping would identify the critical months and would allow erosion figures to be linked to specific land uses.展开更多
Recent assessment of global tree restoration potential reports that under current climate conditions there would be room for additional 0.9 billion hectares of woodlands and forests Bastin(2019).This could store 205 g...Recent assessment of global tree restoration potential reports that under current climate conditions there would be room for additional 0.9 billion hectares of woodlands and forests Bastin(2019).This could store 205 gigatonnes of carbon making forest restoration a viable strategy for climate change mitigation.Com-menting on Bastin(2019),Chazdon and Brancalion(2019)call for holistic approaches because forest restoration is a mechanism to achieve multiple goals that go beyond climate mitigation,also including biodiversity conservation,socioeconomic benefits,food security,and ecosystem services.A timely scientific debate consid-ering the recent decision of the UN Environment Assembly in Nai-robi,Kenya,to declare the coming decade 2021-2030 the UN Decade on Ecosystem Restoration(Link 1).展开更多
Soil erosion by water is a serious threat for the Mediterranean region.Raindrop impacts and consequent runoff generation are the main driving forces of this geomorphic process of soil degradation.The potential ability...Soil erosion by water is a serious threat for the Mediterranean region.Raindrop impacts and consequent runoff generation are the main driving forces of this geomorphic process of soil degradation.The potential ability for rainfall to cause soil loss is expressed as rainfall erosivity,a key parameter required by most soil loss prediction models.In Italy,rainfall erosivity measurements are limited to few locations,preventing researchers from effectively assessing the geography and magnitude of soil loss across the country.The objectives of this study were to investigate the spatio-temporal distribution of rainfall erosivity in Italy and to develop a national-scale grid-based map of rainfall erosivity.Thus,annual rainfall erosivity values were measured and subsequently interpolated using a geostatistical approach.Time series of pluviographic records(10-years)with high temporal resolution(mostly 30-min)for 386 meteorological stations were analysed.Regression-kriging was used to interpolate rainfall erosivity values of the meteorological stations to an Italian rainfall erosivity map(500-m).A set of 23 environmental covariates was tested,of which seven covariates were selected based on a stepwise approach(mostly significant at the 0.01 level).The interpolation method showed a good performance for both the cross-validation data set(R^(2)_(cv)=0.777)and the fitting data set(R^(2)=0.779).展开更多
The aim of this study was to map soil erosion on the Mediterranean island of Cyprus.The G2 model,an empirical model for month-time step erosion assessments,was used.Soil losses in Cyprus were mapped at a 100 m cell si...The aim of this study was to map soil erosion on the Mediterranean island of Cyprus.The G2 model,an empirical model for month-time step erosion assessments,was used.Soil losses in Cyprus were mapped at a 100 m cell size,while sediment yields at a sub-basin scale of 0.62 km^(2) mean size.The results indicated a mean annual erosion rate of 11.75 t ha^(−1)y−^(1),with October and November being the most erosive months.The 34%of the island’s surface was found to exceed non-sustainable erosion rates(>10 t ha^(−1)y−^(1)),with sclerophyllous vegetation,coniferous forests,and non-irrigated arable land being the most extensive non-sustainable erosive land covers.The mean sediment delivery ratio(SDR)was found to be 0.26,while the mean annual specific sediment yield(SSY)value for Cyprus was found to be 3.32 t ha^(−1)y−^(1).The annual sediment yield of the entire island was found to be 2.746 Mt y−1.This study was the first to provide complete and detailed erosion figures for Cyprus at a country scale.The geodatabase and all information records of the study are available at the European Soil Data Centre(ESDAC)of the Joint Research Centre(JRC).展开更多
Cover management and support practices largely control the magnitude and variability of soil erosion.Although soil erosion models account for their importance(particularly by C-and P-factors in the Revised Universal S...Cover management and support practices largely control the magnitude and variability of soil erosion.Although soil erosion models account for their importance(particularly by C-and P-factors in the Revised Universal Soil Loss Equation),obtaining spatially explicit quantitative field data on these factors remains challenging.Hence,also our insight into the effects of soil conservation measures at larger spatial scales remains limited.We analyzed the variation in C-and P-factors caused by human activities and climatic variables by reviewing 255 published articles reporting measured or calculated C-and P-factor values.We found a wide variation in both factor values across climatic zones,land use or cover types,and support practices.The average C-factor values decreased from arid(0.26)to humid(0.15)climates,whereas the average P-factor values increased(from 0.33 to 0.47,respectively).Thus,support practices reduce soil loss more effectively in drylands and drought-prone areas.The global average C-factor varies by one order of magnitude from cropland(0.34)to forest(0.03).Among the major crops,the average C-factor was highest for maize(0.42)followed by potato(0.40),among the major orchard crops,it was highest for olive(0.31),followed by vineyards(0.26).The P-factor ranged from 0.62 for contouring in cropland plots to 0.19 for trenches in uncultivated land.The C-factor results indicate that cultivated lands requiring intensive site preparation and weeding are most vulnerable to soil loss by sheet and rill erosion.The low P-factor for trenches,reduced tillage cultivation,and terraces suggests that significantly decreased soil loss is possible by implementing more efficient management practices.These results improve our understanding of the variation in C-and P-factors and support large-scale integrated catchment management interventions by applying soil erosion models where it is difficult to empirically determine the impact of particular land use or cover types and support practices:the datasets compiled in this study can support further modeling and land management attempts in different countries and geographic regions.展开更多
The European Commission's Thematic Strategy for Soil Protection(COM(2012)46)identified soil erosion as an important threat to European Union's(EU)soil resources.Gully erosion is an important but hitherto poorl...The European Commission's Thematic Strategy for Soil Protection(COM(2012)46)identified soil erosion as an important threat to European Union's(EU)soil resources.Gully erosion is an important but hitherto poorly understood component of this threat.Here we present the results of an unprecedented attempt to monitor the occurrence of gully erosion across the EU and UK.We integrate a soil erosion module into the 2018 LUCAS Topsoil Survey,which was conducted to monitor the soil health status across the EU and to support actions to prevent soil degradation.We discuss and explore opportunities to further improve this method.The 2018 LUCAS Topsoil Survey consisted of soil sampling(0-20 cm depth)and erosion observations conducted in ca.10%(n=24,759)of the 238,077 Land Use/Cover Area frame Survey(LUCAS)2018 in-field survey sites.Gully erosion channels were detected for ca.1%(211 sites)of the visited LUCAS Topsoil sites.Commission(false positives,2.5%)and omission errors(false negatives,5.6%)were found to be low and at a level that could not compromise the representativeness of the gully erosion survey.Overall,the findings indicate that the tested 2018 LUCAS Topsoil in-field gully erosion monitoring system is effective for detecting the incidence of gully erosion.The morphogenesis of the mapped gullies suggests that the approach is an effective tool to map permanent gullies,whereas it appears less effective to detect short-lived forms like ephemeral gullies.Spatial patterns emerging from the LUCAS Topsoil field observations provide new insights on typical gully formation sites across the EU and UK.This can help to design further targeted research activities.An extension of this approach to all LUCAS sites of 2022 would significantly enhance our understanding of the geographical distribution of gully erosion processes across the EU.Repeated every three years,LUCAS soil erosion surveys would contribute to assess the state of gully erosion in the EU over time.It will also enable monitoring and eventually predicting the dynamics of gully erosion.Data collected were part of the publicly available Gully Erosion LUCAS visual assessment(GE-LUCAS v1.0)inventory.展开更多
Historical soil survey paper maps are valuable resources that underpin strategies to support soil protection and promote sustainable land use practices,especially in developing countries where digital soil information...Historical soil survey paper maps are valuable resources that underpin strategies to support soil protection and promote sustainable land use practices,especially in developing countries where digital soil information is often missing.However,many of the soil maps,in particular those for developing countries,are held in traditional archives that are not easily accessible to potential users.Additionally,many of these documents are over 50 years old and are beginning to deteriorate.Realising the need to conserve this information,the Joint Research Centre(JRC)and the ISRIC-World Soil Information foundation have created the European Digital Archive of Soil Maps(EuDASM),through which all archived paper maps of ISRIC has been made accessible to the public through the Internet.The immediate objective is to transfer paper-based soil maps into a digital format with the maximum possible resolution and to ensure their preservation and easy disclosure.More than 6,000 maps from 135 countries have been captured and are freely available to users through a user-friendly web-based interface.Initial feedback has been very positive,especially from users in Africa,South America and Asia to whom archived soil maps were made available to local users,often for the first time.Link:http://eusoils.jrc.ec.europa.eu/library/maps/country_maps/list_countries.cfm.展开更多
文摘The crop cover-management(C-)factor in arable landscapes describes the soil erosion susceptibility associated with seasonally cultivated crops.Previous informatic and computational limitations have led many modelling studies to prescribe C-factor values and assume spatial and temporal stationarity.However,the multiple influencing factors ranging from parcel-scale crop cultivation and management to regional-scale rainfall regimes motivates new methods to capture this variation when identifying at-risk areas.Here,we define a multi-component method to derive the C-factor by associating time series of canopy and residue surface cover from Sentinel-2 and climate-specific rainfall erosivity with Integrated Administration and Control System(IACS)field parcel data from European Union member states.A scalable and standardised method is emphasised to increase the future interoperability and inter-comparability of soil erosion modelling studies deploying the C-factor.Additionally,field parcel simu-lation units with associated crop declarations provide a new reference scale to link predictions of soil erosion risk with specific management decisions and declarations by farmers.After implementing the method on a homogenised subsample of 8600 field parcels covering available IACS regions,several key findings are outlined:1)time series information provides new opportunities to predict the time-criticality of erosion in specific crop cultivations,2)the varying(a-)synchronicity between seasonal crop canopy cover and heavy rainstorms means that spatial variability is inherent within the C-factor across Europe,and 3)the addition of agricultural management practices(e.g.tillage practice de-scriptions)to open-access IACS repositories can facilitate more comprehensive evaluations of the C-factor and soil erosion risk.
文摘During the International Workshop on Soil Erosion and Riverine Sediment in Mountainous Regions held in November 2022,scientists from many countries shared their state-of-the-art knowledge and brainstormed to improve scientific understanding for coping with climate change and anthropogenic impacts.Information summarized in this discussion includes proposed key scientific questions and suggested joint actions to reduce soil erosion and riverine sediment problems in mountainous regions.
基金P.B.was funded by the Horizon Europe project AI4SoilHealth(Grant No.101086179)J.E.Y was funded by the EcoSSSoil Project,Korea Environmental Industry&Technology Institute(KEITI)(Grant No.2019002820004).
文摘Soil erosion is a complex process involving multiple natural and anthropic agents,causing the deterio-ration of multiple components comprising soil health.Here,we provide an estimate of the spatial pat-terns of cropland susceptibility to erosion by sheet and rill,gully,wind,tillage,and root crops harvesting and report the co-occurrence of these processes using a multi-model approach.In addition,to give a global overview of potential future changes,we identify the locations where these multiple concurrent soil erosion processes may be expected to intersect with projected dry/wet climate changes by 2070.Of a modelled 1.48 billion hectares(B ha)of global cropland,our results indicate that 0.56 B ha(-36%of the total area)are highly susceptible(classes 4 and 5)to a single erosion process,0.27 B ha(-18%of the total area)to two processes and 0.02 B ha(1.4%of the total area)to three or more processes.An estimated 0.82 B ha of croplands are susceptible to possible increases in water(0.68 B ha)and wind(0.14 B ha)erosion.We contend that the presented set of estimates represents a basis for enhancing our founda-tional knowledge on the geography of soil erosion at the global scale.The generated insight on multiple erosion processes can be a useful starting point for decision-makers working with ex-post and ex-ante policy evaluation of the UN Sustainable Development Goal 15(Life on Land)activities.Scientifically,this work provides the hitherto most comprehensive assessment of soil erosion risks at the global scale,based on state-of-the-art models.
文摘To give soils and soil degradation,which are among the most crucial threats to ecosystem stability,social and political visibility,small and large scale modelling and mapping of soil erosion is inevitable.The most widely used approaches during an 80year history of erosion modelling are Universal Soil Loss Equation (USLE)-type based algorithms which have been applied in 109 countries.Addressing soil erosion by water (excluding gully erosion and land sliding),we start this review with a statistical evaluation of nearly 2,000 publications).We discuss model developments which use USLE-type equations as basis or side modules,but we also address recent development of the single USLE parameters (R,K,LS,C,P).Importance,aim and limitations of model validation as well as a comparison of USLE-type models with other erosion assessment tools are discussed.Model comparisons demonstrate that the application of process-based physical models (e.g.,WEPP or PESERA) does not necessarily result in lower uncertainties compared to more simple structured empirical models such as USLE-type algorithms.We identified four key areas for future research:(i) overcoming the principally different nature of modelled (gross) versus measured (net) erosion rates,in coupling on-site erosion risk to runoff patterns,and depositional regime,(ii) using the recent increase in spatial resolution of remote sensing data to develop process based models for large scale applications,(iii) strengthen and extend measurement and monitoring programs to build up validation data sets,and (iv) rigorous uncertainty assessment and the application of objective evaluation criteria to soil erosion modelling.
基金supported by the Research Committee of the Aristotle University of Thessaloniki in the framework of the Geoland 2 project:towards an operational GMES Land Monitoring Core Service.EC Proposal Reference No FP-7-218795.
文摘In this article,an extensive inventory in the literature of water erosion modelling from a geospatial point of view is conducted.Concepts of scale,spatiality and complexity are explored and clarified in a theoretical background.Use of Geographic Information Systems(GIS)is pointed out as facilitating data mixing and model rescaling and thus increasing complexity in data-method relations.Spatial scale,temporal scale and spatial methodologies are addressed as the most determining geospatial properties underlying water erosion modelling.Setting these properties as classification criteria,82 water erosion models are identified and classified into eight categories.As a result,a complete overview of water erosion models becomes available in a single table.The biggest share of the models is found in the category of the mechanistic pathway-type event-based models for watershed to landscape scales.In parallel,geospatial innovations that could be considered as milestones in water erosion modelling are highlighted and discussed.An alphabetical list of all models is also listed in the Appendix.For manipulating scale efficiently,two promising spatial theories are suggested for further exploitation in the future such as hierarchy theory and fractals theory.Regarding erosion applications,uncertainty analysis within GIS is considered to be necessary for further improving performance of erosion models.
文摘Currently,many soil erosion studies at local,regional,national or continental scale use models based on the USLE-family approaches.Applications of these models pay little attention to seasonal changes,despite evidence in the literature which suggests that erosion risk may change rapidly according to intra-annual rainfall figures and vegetation phenology.This paper emphasises the aspect of seasonality in soil erosion mapping by using month-step rainfall erosivity data and biophysical time series data derived from remote-sensing.The latter,together with other existing pan-European geo-databases sets the basis for a functional pan-European service for soil erosion monitoring at a scale of 1:500,000.This potential service has led to the establishment of a new modelling approach(called the G2 model)based on the inheritance of USLE-family models.The G2 model proposes innovative techniques for the estimation of vegetation and protection factors.The model has been applied in a 14,500 km 2 study area in SE Europe covering a major part of the basin of the cross-border river,Strymonas.Model results were verified with erosion and sedimentation figures from previous research.The study confirmed that monthly erosion mapping would identify the critical months and would allow erosion figures to be linked to specific land uses.
文摘Recent assessment of global tree restoration potential reports that under current climate conditions there would be room for additional 0.9 billion hectares of woodlands and forests Bastin(2019).This could store 205 gigatonnes of carbon making forest restoration a viable strategy for climate change mitigation.Com-menting on Bastin(2019),Chazdon and Brancalion(2019)call for holistic approaches because forest restoration is a mechanism to achieve multiple goals that go beyond climate mitigation,also including biodiversity conservation,socioeconomic benefits,food security,and ecosystem services.A timely scientific debate consid-ering the recent decision of the UN Environment Assembly in Nai-robi,Kenya,to declare the coming decade 2021-2030 the UN Decade on Ecosystem Restoration(Link 1).
文摘Soil erosion by water is a serious threat for the Mediterranean region.Raindrop impacts and consequent runoff generation are the main driving forces of this geomorphic process of soil degradation.The potential ability for rainfall to cause soil loss is expressed as rainfall erosivity,a key parameter required by most soil loss prediction models.In Italy,rainfall erosivity measurements are limited to few locations,preventing researchers from effectively assessing the geography and magnitude of soil loss across the country.The objectives of this study were to investigate the spatio-temporal distribution of rainfall erosivity in Italy and to develop a national-scale grid-based map of rainfall erosivity.Thus,annual rainfall erosivity values were measured and subsequently interpolated using a geostatistical approach.Time series of pluviographic records(10-years)with high temporal resolution(mostly 30-min)for 386 meteorological stations were analysed.Regression-kriging was used to interpolate rainfall erosivity values of the meteorological stations to an Italian rainfall erosivity map(500-m).A set of 23 environmental covariates was tested,of which seven covariates were selected based on a stepwise approach(mostly significant at the 0.01 level).The interpolation method showed a good performance for both the cross-validation data set(R^(2)_(cv)=0.777)and the fitting data set(R^(2)=0.779).
文摘The aim of this study was to map soil erosion on the Mediterranean island of Cyprus.The G2 model,an empirical model for month-time step erosion assessments,was used.Soil losses in Cyprus were mapped at a 100 m cell size,while sediment yields at a sub-basin scale of 0.62 km^(2) mean size.The results indicated a mean annual erosion rate of 11.75 t ha^(−1)y−^(1),with October and November being the most erosive months.The 34%of the island’s surface was found to exceed non-sustainable erosion rates(>10 t ha^(−1)y−^(1)),with sclerophyllous vegetation,coniferous forests,and non-irrigated arable land being the most extensive non-sustainable erosive land covers.The mean sediment delivery ratio(SDR)was found to be 0.26,while the mean annual specific sediment yield(SSY)value for Cyprus was found to be 3.32 t ha^(−1)y−^(1).The annual sediment yield of the entire island was found to be 2.746 Mt y−1.This study was the first to provide complete and detailed erosion figures for Cyprus at a country scale.The geodatabase and all information records of the study are available at the European Soil Data Centre(ESDAC)of the Joint Research Centre(JRC).
基金the Science and Technology Research Partnership for Sustainable Development(SATREPS,Grant Number JPMJSA1601)the Japan Science and Technology Agency(JST)/Japan International Cooperation Agency(JICA).
文摘Cover management and support practices largely control the magnitude and variability of soil erosion.Although soil erosion models account for their importance(particularly by C-and P-factors in the Revised Universal Soil Loss Equation),obtaining spatially explicit quantitative field data on these factors remains challenging.Hence,also our insight into the effects of soil conservation measures at larger spatial scales remains limited.We analyzed the variation in C-and P-factors caused by human activities and climatic variables by reviewing 255 published articles reporting measured or calculated C-and P-factor values.We found a wide variation in both factor values across climatic zones,land use or cover types,and support practices.The average C-factor values decreased from arid(0.26)to humid(0.15)climates,whereas the average P-factor values increased(from 0.33 to 0.47,respectively).Thus,support practices reduce soil loss more effectively in drylands and drought-prone areas.The global average C-factor varies by one order of magnitude from cropland(0.34)to forest(0.03).Among the major crops,the average C-factor was highest for maize(0.42)followed by potato(0.40),among the major orchard crops,it was highest for olive(0.31),followed by vineyards(0.26).The P-factor ranged from 0.62 for contouring in cropland plots to 0.19 for trenches in uncultivated land.The C-factor results indicate that cultivated lands requiring intensive site preparation and weeding are most vulnerable to soil loss by sheet and rill erosion.The low P-factor for trenches,reduced tillage cultivation,and terraces suggests that significantly decreased soil loss is possible by implementing more efficient management practices.These results improve our understanding of the variation in C-and P-factors and support large-scale integrated catchment management interventions by applying soil erosion models where it is difficult to empirically determine the impact of particular land use or cover types and support practices:the datasets compiled in this study can support further modeling and land management attempts in different countries and geographic regions.
基金Pasquale Borrelli was funded by the EcoSSSoil Project,Korea Environmental Industry&Technology Institute(KEITI),Korea(Grant No.2019002820004).
文摘The European Commission's Thematic Strategy for Soil Protection(COM(2012)46)identified soil erosion as an important threat to European Union's(EU)soil resources.Gully erosion is an important but hitherto poorly understood component of this threat.Here we present the results of an unprecedented attempt to monitor the occurrence of gully erosion across the EU and UK.We integrate a soil erosion module into the 2018 LUCAS Topsoil Survey,which was conducted to monitor the soil health status across the EU and to support actions to prevent soil degradation.We discuss and explore opportunities to further improve this method.The 2018 LUCAS Topsoil Survey consisted of soil sampling(0-20 cm depth)and erosion observations conducted in ca.10%(n=24,759)of the 238,077 Land Use/Cover Area frame Survey(LUCAS)2018 in-field survey sites.Gully erosion channels were detected for ca.1%(211 sites)of the visited LUCAS Topsoil sites.Commission(false positives,2.5%)and omission errors(false negatives,5.6%)were found to be low and at a level that could not compromise the representativeness of the gully erosion survey.Overall,the findings indicate that the tested 2018 LUCAS Topsoil in-field gully erosion monitoring system is effective for detecting the incidence of gully erosion.The morphogenesis of the mapped gullies suggests that the approach is an effective tool to map permanent gullies,whereas it appears less effective to detect short-lived forms like ephemeral gullies.Spatial patterns emerging from the LUCAS Topsoil field observations provide new insights on typical gully formation sites across the EU and UK.This can help to design further targeted research activities.An extension of this approach to all LUCAS sites of 2022 would significantly enhance our understanding of the geographical distribution of gully erosion processes across the EU.Repeated every three years,LUCAS soil erosion surveys would contribute to assess the state of gully erosion in the EU over time.It will also enable monitoring and eventually predicting the dynamics of gully erosion.Data collected were part of the publicly available Gully Erosion LUCAS visual assessment(GE-LUCAS v1.0)inventory.
文摘Historical soil survey paper maps are valuable resources that underpin strategies to support soil protection and promote sustainable land use practices,especially in developing countries where digital soil information is often missing.However,many of the soil maps,in particular those for developing countries,are held in traditional archives that are not easily accessible to potential users.Additionally,many of these documents are over 50 years old and are beginning to deteriorate.Realising the need to conserve this information,the Joint Research Centre(JRC)and the ISRIC-World Soil Information foundation have created the European Digital Archive of Soil Maps(EuDASM),through which all archived paper maps of ISRIC has been made accessible to the public through the Internet.The immediate objective is to transfer paper-based soil maps into a digital format with the maximum possible resolution and to ensure their preservation and easy disclosure.More than 6,000 maps from 135 countries have been captured and are freely available to users through a user-friendly web-based interface.Initial feedback has been very positive,especially from users in Africa,South America and Asia to whom archived soil maps were made available to local users,often for the first time.Link:http://eusoils.jrc.ec.europa.eu/library/maps/country_maps/list_countries.cfm.
