Nanoparticles have enormous potential for bioimaging and biolabeling applications, in which conventional organically based fluorescent labels degrade and fail to provide long-term tracking. Thus, the development of ap...Nanoparticles have enormous potential for bioimaging and biolabeling applications, in which conventional organically based fluorescent labels degrade and fail to provide long-term tracking. Thus, the development of approaches to make fluorescent probes water soluble and label cells efficient is desirable for most biological applications. Here, we report on the fabrication and charac- terization of self-assembled nanodots （SANDs） from 3-aminopropyltriethoxysilane （APTES） as a probe for protein labeling. We show that fluorescent SAND probes exhibit both bright photoluminescence and biocompatibility in an aqueous environment. Selective in vitro imaging using protein and carbohydrate labeling of hepatoma cell lines are demonstrated using biocompatible SANDs conjugated with avidin and galactose, respectively. Cytotoxicity tests show that conjugated SAND particles have negligible effects on cell proliferation. Unlike other synthetic systems that require multistep treatments to achieve robust surface functionalization and to develop flexible bioconjugation strategies, our results demonstrate the versatility of this one-step SAND fabrication method for creating multicolor fluorescent probes with the tailored functionalities, effident emission, as well as excellent biocompatibility, required for broad biological use.展开更多
The Holtemme is a small headwater stream in North Germany＇s Elbe River Basin. According to German and European legislation, hygienic monitoring is not mandatory for such water bodies which are neither drinking water ...The Holtemme is a small headwater stream in North Germany＇s Elbe River Basin. According to German and European legislation, hygienic monitoring is not mandatory for such water bodies which are neither drinking water sources nor categorized as bathing waters. Consequently, relatively little is known about the occur- rence of-potentially pathogenic- bacteria and viruses in Germany＇s streams and rivers. The Holtemme was selected for a case study because it is relatively well monitored for both chemical water quality and aquatic ecology, but not for hygiene. Originating in the mountains of Harz Nature Park, the 47 km long Holtemme is characterized by a strong longitudinal gradient in chemical water quality, which is related to different land uses and the influx of treated wastewater from two urban areas （Wernigerode and Halberstadt）. Waste water loads received by the Holtemme are comparatively high when compared to similarly small streams. In 2015, total coliform concentrations between more than 200 and 77,010 bacteria per 100 mL, and fecal coliform concentrations between 5 and 24,060 bacteria per I00 mL were observed in the Holtemme＇s main channel. The highest concentrations were typically found below the outlets of the two wastewater treatment plants. The treated wastewater contained total and fecal coliform concentra- tions of up to 200,500 and 83,100 per 100 mL, respectively; however, there were significant temporal variations. While the observed concentrations are unpro- blematic from a legal perspective （because no maximum permissible limits are defined for streams in Germany）, they would exceed the tolerable limits for bathing waters in the EU, indicating moderate to critical pollution limits.展开更多
This paper aims to evaluate how Chart Buddhism played a part in Buddhist discourses reflecting an increased sense of legitimacy in ninth-century East Asia. It may not surprise us that the sinicisation of Buddhism impl...This paper aims to evaluate how Chart Buddhism played a part in Buddhist discourses reflecting an increased sense of legitimacy in ninth-century East Asia. It may not surprise us that the sinicisation of Buddhism implies a process of identity construction to place China in the centre. Culture and religion joined together in this process, first in China and then in Korea. However, the location of centrality or marginality was not fixed in Buddhist ontology. Rather, innovative Buddhist intellects such as Ch＇oe Ch＇iwon （b. 857 A.D.） ventured to create a reversal of centre and margin. In Ch＇oe Ch＇iwon＇s inscriptions for four Korean Son schools （the total of nine schools are also known as nine mountains）, an attempt to supersede China through Chan Buddhism is conspicuous. It is particularly inter- esting to note that, in the context of the cross-border transmission of Buddhism, the mobility of ＂Chan patriarchs＂ was essential in maintaining the legitimacy and continuity. This characteristic of the mobility of Chan patriarchs is seen in the Korean masters depicted by Ch＇oe Ch＇iwon＇s, namely Chingam, Ranghye and Chijong.展开更多
Prophecy implies a relationship between humans and heaven, and a belief in the influence of the natural world on human affairs, that fell severely out of fashion as science-oriented rationalism became dominant in our ...Prophecy implies a relationship between humans and heaven, and a belief in the influence of the natural world on human affairs, that fell severely out of fashion as science-oriented rationalism became dominant in our modem world. Prophecy＇s relation with political discourse in medieval China, however, has recently attracted a great amount of scholarly interest.展开更多
文摘Nanoparticles have enormous potential for bioimaging and biolabeling applications, in which conventional organically based fluorescent labels degrade and fail to provide long-term tracking. Thus, the development of approaches to make fluorescent probes water soluble and label cells efficient is desirable for most biological applications. Here, we report on the fabrication and charac- terization of self-assembled nanodots （SANDs） from 3-aminopropyltriethoxysilane （APTES） as a probe for protein labeling. We show that fluorescent SAND probes exhibit both bright photoluminescence and biocompatibility in an aqueous environment. Selective in vitro imaging using protein and carbohydrate labeling of hepatoma cell lines are demonstrated using biocompatible SANDs conjugated with avidin and galactose, respectively. Cytotoxicity tests show that conjugated SAND particles have negligible effects on cell proliferation. Unlike other synthetic systems that require multistep treatments to achieve robust surface functionalization and to develop flexible bioconjugation strategies, our results demonstrate the versatility of this one-step SAND fabrication method for creating multicolor fluorescent probes with the tailored functionalities, effident emission, as well as excellent biocompatibility, required for broad biological use.
文摘The Holtemme is a small headwater stream in North Germany＇s Elbe River Basin. According to German and European legislation, hygienic monitoring is not mandatory for such water bodies which are neither drinking water sources nor categorized as bathing waters. Consequently, relatively little is known about the occur- rence of-potentially pathogenic- bacteria and viruses in Germany＇s streams and rivers. The Holtemme was selected for a case study because it is relatively well monitored for both chemical water quality and aquatic ecology, but not for hygiene. Originating in the mountains of Harz Nature Park, the 47 km long Holtemme is characterized by a strong longitudinal gradient in chemical water quality, which is related to different land uses and the influx of treated wastewater from two urban areas （Wernigerode and Halberstadt）. Waste water loads received by the Holtemme are comparatively high when compared to similarly small streams. In 2015, total coliform concentrations between more than 200 and 77,010 bacteria per 100 mL, and fecal coliform concentrations between 5 and 24,060 bacteria per I00 mL were observed in the Holtemme＇s main channel. The highest concentrations were typically found below the outlets of the two wastewater treatment plants. The treated wastewater contained total and fecal coliform concentra- tions of up to 200,500 and 83,100 per 100 mL, respectively; however, there were significant temporal variations. While the observed concentrations are unpro- blematic from a legal perspective （because no maximum permissible limits are defined for streams in Germany）, they would exceed the tolerable limits for bathing waters in the EU, indicating moderate to critical pollution limits.
文摘This paper aims to evaluate how Chart Buddhism played a part in Buddhist discourses reflecting an increased sense of legitimacy in ninth-century East Asia. It may not surprise us that the sinicisation of Buddhism implies a process of identity construction to place China in the centre. Culture and religion joined together in this process, first in China and then in Korea. However, the location of centrality or marginality was not fixed in Buddhist ontology. Rather, innovative Buddhist intellects such as Ch＇oe Ch＇iwon （b. 857 A.D.） ventured to create a reversal of centre and margin. In Ch＇oe Ch＇iwon＇s inscriptions for four Korean Son schools （the total of nine schools are also known as nine mountains）, an attempt to supersede China through Chan Buddhism is conspicuous. It is particularly inter- esting to note that, in the context of the cross-border transmission of Buddhism, the mobility of ＂Chan patriarchs＂ was essential in maintaining the legitimacy and continuity. This characteristic of the mobility of Chan patriarchs is seen in the Korean masters depicted by Ch＇oe Ch＇iwon＇s, namely Chingam, Ranghye and Chijong.
文摘Prophecy implies a relationship between humans and heaven, and a belief in the influence of the natural world on human affairs, that fell severely out of fashion as science-oriented rationalism became dominant in our modem world. Prophecy＇s relation with political discourse in medieval China, however, has recently attracted a great amount of scholarly interest.
