BACKGROUND Cerebral infarction is a local or extensive necrosis of brain tissue.Subsequently,the corresponding neurological deficits appear.The incidence of cerebrovascular diseases in China is increasing gradually.Af...BACKGROUND Cerebral infarction is a local or extensive necrosis of brain tissue.Subsequently,the corresponding neurological deficits appear.The incidence of cerebrovascular diseases in China is increasing gradually.After the onset of cerebrovascular disease,the most common sequelae include movement disorders,language disorders,and cognitive dysfunction.AIM To investigate the effect of early refined nursing program on the prognosis of middle-aged and elderly patients with cerebral infarction combined with cognitive dysfunction.METHODS A retrospective study was conducted to divide 60 patients with cerebral infarction and cognitive impairment into an experimental group(n=32)and a control group(n=28).The experimental group received early intensive care every day,and the control group received daily routine care.The scores of the Mini-Mental State Examination(MMSE)and the Trail Making Test(TMT),as well as the latency and amplitude of the event-related potential P300,were used as main indicators to evaluate changes in cognitive function,and changes in BDNF,TGF-β,and GDNF expression were used as secondary indicators.RESULTS Both groups experienced notable enhancements in MMSE scores,with the experi-mental group demonstrating higher scores than the control group(experimental:28.75±2.31;control:25.84±2.87).Moreover,reductions in TMT-A and TMT-B scores were observed in both groups(experimental:TMT-A 52.36±6.18,TMT-B 98.47±10.23;control:TMT-A 61.48±7.92,TMT-B 112.63±12.55),with the experimental group displaying lower scores.P300 Latency decreased(experimental:270.63 ms±14.28 ms;control:285.72 ms±16.45 ms),while amplitude increased(experimental:7.82μV±1.05μV;control:6.35μV±0.98μV)significantly in both groups,with superior outcomes in the experimental cohort.Additionally,the levels of the growth factors BDNF,TGF-β1,and GDNF surged(experimental:BDNF 48.37 ng/mL±5.62 ng/mL,TGF-β152.14 pg/mL±4.28 pg/mL,GDNF 34.76 ng/mL±3.89 ng/mL;control:BDNF 42.58 ng/mL±4.73 ng/mL,TGF-β146.23 pg/mL±3.94 pg/mL,GDNF 30.25 ng/mL±2.98 ng/mL)in both groups,with higher levels in the experimental group.CONCLUSION For middle-aged and elderly patients with cerebral infarction and cognitive dysfunction,early refined nursing can significantly improve their cognitive function and prognosis.展开更多
Objective： Metaplastic meningioma is a rare subtype of benign meningiomas, classified as WHO grade I with well prognosis. Here we presented our experiences on 15 cases of metaplastic meningioma, to investigate the cl...Objective： Metaplastic meningioma is a rare subtype of benign meningiomas, classified as WHO grade I with well prognosis. Here we presented our experiences on 15 cases of metaplastic meningioma, to investigate the clinicopathological features, therapies and prognosis of these cases. Methods： 15 patients underwent surgical treatment for intracranial metaplastic meningioma between 2001 and 2010 at Neurosurgery Department of Huashan Hospital, Shanghai, China. The clinical data, radiological manifestation, treatment strategy, pathological findings and prognosis of all patients were analyzed retrospectively. Results： Among the 15 cases （10 males and 5 females）, the age ranged from 22 to 74 years old （the mean age was 50.67-year old）. The clinical manifestations include headache, dizziness, seizure attack, vision decrease, and weakness of bilateral lower limbs. All the patients received surgical treatment, combined with radiotherapy in some cases. In the follow-up period, recurrence occurred in 2 cases, of which 1 patient died of other system complications. Conclusions： Metaplastic meningiomas are characterized by focal or widespread mesenchymal differentiation with formation of bone, cartilage, fat, and xanthomatous tissue elements. Surgical removal is the optimal therapy, and the overall prognosis is well. But recurrence may occur in some cases, thus radiotherapy is necessary for such kind of patients.展开更多
Objective： To evaluate correlation between chemosensitivity of tumor cells in vitro and their clinical responsiveness in vivo by comparing the difference of curative effect between chemotherapy of cerebral gliomas di...Objective： To evaluate correlation between chemosensitivity of tumor cells in vitro and their clinical responsiveness in vivo by comparing the difference of curative effect between chemotherapy of cerebral gliomas directed by chemosensitivity test in vitro and its routine chemotherapy. Methods： Sixty-two patients with cerebral gliomas were recruited as the experiment group, who had received total resection or subtotal resection of the tumor. The resected tumor cells were cultured in vitro, followed by chemosensitivity test using colorimetric MTT assay. Finally, chemotherapeutic protocol was made based on the results of the chemosensitivity test. Fifty patients with cerebral gliomas subjected to the routine chemotherapeutic protocol were simultaneously recruited as the control group, whose age, gender, survival functional status and operational fashion were matched with the experiment group. The two groups were equally followed up for the survival functional status, recurrence and death. All data were analyzed using SPSS 10.0 software. Results： At the time of evaluation, KPS values of 64.52 ± 35.84 were seen in the experiment group, and 33.60 ± 36.24 in the control group, showing statistical difference between the two groups （t = 4.5163, P = 0.000）. During 2-4 years of follow up, a recurrence rate of 32.26% was seen in the experimental group, and 60.00% in the control group, showing a statistical difference between the two groups （X^2 = 8.620, P = 0.003）. The fatality was 22.58% in the experiment group, and 48.00% in the control group, showing a statistical difference between the two groups （X^2 = 7.978, P = 0.005）. The survival rate of the experimental group was higher than that of the control group, showing a statistical differences between the two groups （X^2= 7.29, P = 0.0069）. Conclusion： Chemotherapy of glio- mas under the guidance of chemosensitivity test in vitro contributes to obvious improvement on the current survival functional status, a clear decline of the recurrence rates and fatality rate, and raised survival rates of the patients. A close correlation between the chemosensitivity in vitro and clinical responsiveness in vivo is observed.展开更多
BACKGROUND There have been few reports on the risk factors for acute respiratory distress syndrome(ARDS)in coronavirus disease 2019(COVID-19),and there were obvious differences regarding the incidence of ADRS between ...BACKGROUND There have been few reports on the risk factors for acute respiratory distress syndrome(ARDS)in coronavirus disease 2019(COVID-19),and there were obvious differences regarding the incidence of ADRS between Wuhan and outside Wuhan in China.AIM To investigate the risk factors associated with ARDS in COVID-19,and compare the characteristics of ARDS between Wuhan and outside Wuhan in China.METHODS Patients were enrolled from two medical centers in Hunan Province.A total of 197 patients with confirmed COVID-19,who had either been discharged or had died by March 15,2020,were included in this study.We retrospectively collected the patients’clinical data,and the factors associated with ARDS were compared by theχ²test,Fisher’s exact test,and Mann-Whitney U test.Significant variables were chosen for the univariate and multivariate logistic regression analyses.In addition,literature in the PubMed database was reviewed,and the characteristics of ARDS,mortality,and biomarkers of COVID-19 severity were compared between Wuhan and outside Wuhan in China.RESULTS Compared with the non-ARDS group,patients in the ARDS group were significantly older,had more coexisting diseases,dyspnea,higher D-dimer,lactate dehydrogenase(LDH),and C-reactive protein.In univariate logistic analysis,risk factors associated with the development of ARDS included older age[odds ratio(OR)=1.04),coexisting diseases(OR=3.94),dyspnea(OR=17.82),dry/moist rales(OR=9.06),consolidative/mixed opacities(OR=2.93),lymphocytes(OR=0.68 for high lymphocytes compared to low lymphocytes),D-dimer(OR=1.41),albumin(OR=0.69 for high albumin compared to low albumin),alanine aminotransferase(OR=1.03),aspartate aminotransferase(OR=1.02),LDH(OR=1.02),C-reactive protein(OR=1.04)and procalcitonin(OR=17.01).In logistic multivariate analysis,dyspnea(adjusted OR=27.10),dry/moist rales(adjusted OR=9.46),and higher LDH(adjusted OR=1.02)were independent risk factors.The literature review showed that patients in Wuhan had a higher incidence of ARDS,higher mortality rate,and higher levels of biomarkers associated with COVID-19 severity than those outside Wuhan in China.CONCLUSION Dyspnea,dry/moist rales and higher LDH are independent risk factors for ARDS in COVID-19.The incidence of ARDS in Wuhan seems to be overestimated compared with outside Wuhan in China.展开更多
The effects of Cl ion concentration and pH values on the corrosion behavior of Cr12Ni3Co12Mo4W ultra-high-strength martensitic stainless steel（UHSMSS） were investigated by a series of electrochemical tests combined ...The effects of Cl ion concentration and pH values on the corrosion behavior of Cr12Ni3Co12Mo4W ultra-high-strength martensitic stainless steel（UHSMSS） were investigated by a series of electrochemical tests combined with observations by stereology microscopy and scanning electron microscopy. A critical Cl- ion concentration was found to exist（approximately 0.1wt%）, above which pitting occurred. The pitting potential decreased with increasing Cl- ion concentration. A UHSMSS specimen tempered at 600°C exhibited a better pitting corrosion resistance than the one tempered at 400°C. The corrosion current density and passive current density of the UHSMSS tempered at 600°C decreased with increasing pH values of the corrosion solution. The pits developed a shallower dish geometry with increasing polarization potential. A lacy cover on the pits of the UHSMSS tempered at 400°C accelerated pitting, whereas corrosion products deposited in the pits of the UHSMSS tempered at 600°C hindered pitting.展开更多
The ELISPOT assay is increasingly used for assessing cellular immune responses in clinical trials of HIV-1 or cancer vaccines. However, to date, data from clinical trials do not consistently show that immune responses...The ELISPOT assay is increasingly used for assessing cellular immune responses in clinical trials of HIV-1 or cancer vaccines. However, to date, data from clinical trials do not consistently show that immune responses are correlated with clinical endpoints. This is due in part to the lack of assay standardization and validation across laboratories and therefore, a quality control panel is required to establish competency and comparability amongst different laboratories. In this study peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) from healthy individuals were screened and frozen in liquid nitrogen. The recovery and viability of the PBMCs and the frequencies of interferon (IFN)-γ-secreting cells after CEF peptide pool stimulation were detected after various intervals in seven different laboratories. The recovery and viability did not differ significantly after different intervals. Although the frequencies of IFN (interferon)-γ-secreting cells among thawed PBMCs (peripheral blood mononuclear cells) fluctuated after CEF peptide pool stimulation at different intervals, they were not significantly decreased compared with those among fresh PBMCs. However, the viabilities, recoveries and frequencies of IFN-γ-secreting cells differed significantly among the seven laboratories. Our results indicate that cryopreserved PBMCs could be used as a quality control panel for ELISPOT. However, the procedures for ELISPOT need to be standardized amongst different laboratories.展开更多
In order to investigate the mechanism of mitochondrial membrane stabilization by Angelica sinensis polysaccharide (ASP) in murine aplastic anemia (AA).ICR mice were randomly divided into control, AA and ASP-treated gr...In order to investigate the mechanism of mitochondrial membrane stabilization by Angelica sinensis polysaccharide (ASP) in murine aplastic anemia (AA).ICR mice were randomly divided into control, AA and ASP-treated groups. The AA group mice were treated with 60Coγand intraperitoneal injections of cyclophosphamide and chloramphenicol. The control animals were treated with lead shielding irradiation and saline injection. The treated AA mice were fed with ASP for 2 wk. Mitochondrial ultrastructure of the bone marrow was observed by transmission electron microscopy, and the transmembrane potential of bone marrow-nucleated cells (BMNC)was examined by fluorescence spectrophotometry. The Cox and MDH contents of the medium were also studied in the three groups.The mitochondrial number and transmembrane potential of BMNC in the bone marrow decreased in the AA group as compared to the control group, but improved in the ASP-treated group as compared to the AA group. Complete mitochondrial cleavage in the ASP-treated group was significantly delayed (P<0.05) as compared to the AA group. We conclude that ASP might improve mitochondrial membrane stabilization, and suppress the downregulation of transmembrane potential and apoptosis of BMNC in AA.展开更多
Many theoretical derivation of the energy model requires extensive simulation in Internet of Things (IoT). Network Simulator 3 (ns-3) provides a simulation platform for various experimental studies including energy ha...Many theoretical derivation of the energy model requires extensive simulation in Internet of Things (IoT). Network Simulator 3 (ns-3) provides a simulation platform for various experimental studies including energy harvest.However, the function of charge schedule and wireless energy transfer model is not yet implemented. To address this problem, in this paper we propose an extension to ns-3 for simulating mobile charging with wireless energy transfer.First, we utilize a WET Harvest Class to harvest energy from the environment and a Charge Schedule Class for the mobile charger to choose the optimal node charging in the charging request queue in ns-3. Second, we use Charge Energy Model to judge what the mobile charger will do next when the energy of current node is higher or lower than energy threshold. Evaluation results show that our improvements are feasible and helpful with charge schedule and energy model in ns-3.展开更多
Glioblastoma multiforme(GBM)is the most common primary malignant tumor of the central nervous system.Grade IV GBM is lethal,and has a high rate of relapse despite aggressive therapy.The prognosis is poor because of th...Glioblastoma multiforme(GBM)is the most common primary malignant tumor of the central nervous system.Grade IV GBM is lethal,and has a high rate of relapse despite aggressive therapy.The prognosis is poor because of therapeutic resistance and tumor relapse.1 Very low rates of clinical responses and frequent treatment failures are common.Previous studies have focused on identifying genetic alterations in GBM that have diagnostic and prognostic values and may help to define the subclasses of the GBM patients,2,3 including mutations in isocitrate dehydrogenase 1(IDH1),amplification of epidermal growth factor receptors(EGFR),and mutations and polymorphisms of telomerase reverse transcriptase(TERT)promoter.These markers are useful for identifying the pathogenesis of malignant glioma formation,but they are all associated with tumorigenesis and do not currently influence the treatment of most GBM patients.展开更多
Precise identification of HIV transmission among populations is a key step in public health responses.However,the HIV transmission network is usually difficult to determine.HIV molecular networks can be determined by ...Precise identification of HIV transmission among populations is a key step in public health responses.However,the HIV transmission network is usually difficult to determine.HIV molecular networks can be determined by phylogenetic approach,genetic distance-based approach,and a combination of both approaches.These approaches are increasingly used to identify transmission networks among populations,reconstruct the history of HIV spread,monitor the dynamics of HIV transmission,guide targeted intervention on key subpopulations,and assess the effects of interventions.Simulation and retrospective studies have demonstrated that these molecular network-based interventions are more cost-effective than random or traditional interventions.However,we still need to address several challenges to improve the practice of molecular network-guided targeting interventions to finally end the HIV epidemic.The data remain limited or difficult to obtain,and more automatic real-time tools are required.In addition,molecular and social networks must be combined,and technical parameters and ethnic issues warrant further studies.展开更多
Bilirubin,a product of heme metabolism,is the most potent endogenous antioxidant which increases in many oxidative stress conditions such as stroke.It has been widely known to exert neuroprotective effect on stroke th...Bilirubin,a product of heme metabolism,is the most potent endogenous antioxidant which increases in many oxidative stress conditions such as stroke.It has been widely known to exert neuroprotective effect on stroke through mechanisms involved in development,therefore,it can influence the occurrence and prognosis of ischaemic stroke(IS).In this review,studies were identified by a comprehensive search of Pubmed,Embase,the Cochrane Library(Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews,Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials(CENTRAL),Cochrane Methodology Register)and Web of Science to examine the correlation between serum bilirubin levels and risks of developing IS as well as IS outcomes.Additional studies were identified by reviewing references and contacting authors.展开更多
Sporadic vestibular schwannoma (acoustic neuroma) is a benign tumor arising from cochleovestibular nerve. Nowadays, various specialties and medical centers are treating this dis-ease, and the multidisciplinary collabo...Sporadic vestibular schwannoma (acoustic neuroma) is a benign tumor arising from cochleovestibular nerve. Nowadays, various specialties and medical centers are treating this dis-ease, and the multidisciplinary collaboration is the trend. In an effort to promote a uniform stan-dard for reporting clinical results, even for treatment indications, the mainly controversies were posed and discussed during the 7th International Conference on acoustic neuroma, and the agreement was summarized by the Committee of this conference. The main symptoms grading and tumor stage should note its name of classification for making them comparable. The goal of the modern managements for vestibular schwannoma is to improve the quality of life with lower mortality, lower morbidity and better neurological function preservation. The experience of surgical team and their preference might be a major factor for the outcome. Because of lack-ing of long-term follow-up large data after radiotherapy, and with the development of microsur-gery, radiotherapy is now less recommended except for recurrent cases or elderly patients.展开更多
Essential proteins are those necessary for the survival or reproduction of species and discovering such essential proteins is fundamental for understanding the minimal requirements for cellular life, which is also mea...Essential proteins are those necessary for the survival or reproduction of species and discovering such essential proteins is fundamental for understanding the minimal requirements for cellular life, which is also meaningful to the disease study and drug design. With the development of high-throughput techniques, a large number of Protein-Protein Interactions（PPIs） can be used to identify essential proteins at the network level. Up to now, though a series of network-based computational methods have been proposed, it is still a challenge to improve the prediction precision as the high false positives in PPI networks. In this paper, we propose a new method GOS to identify essential proteins by integrating the Gene expressions, Orthology, and Subcellular localization information.The gene expressions and subcellular localization information are used to determine whether a neighbor in the PPI network is reliable. Only reliable neighbors are considered when we analyze the topological characteristics of a protein in a PPI network. We also analyze the orthologous attributes of each protein to reflect its conservative features, and use a random walk model to integrate a protein＇s topological characteristics and its orthology. The experimental results on the yeast PPI network show that the proposed method GOS outperforms the ten existing methods DC, BC, CC, SC, EC, IC, NC, Pe C, ION, and CSC.展开更多
In recent years,the hydrological characters of Baiyangdian Wetland have changed greatly,which,in turn,influence the biotic component,the structure and function of the wetland ecosystem.In order to determine the demand...In recent years,the hydrological characters of Baiyangdian Wetland have changed greatly,which,in turn,influence the biotic component,the structure and function of the wetland ecosystem.In order to determine the demands for water resources of ecological wetland system,a method of ecological water level coefficient was suggested to calculate the water resources demands for wetland environment use.This research showed that the minimum coefficient is 0.94 and the optimal coefficient is more than 1.10.According to these two coefficients,the ecological water level and water quantity can be estimated.The results indicate that the amount of the minimal and optimal eco-environmental water require-ments are 0.87×10^(8) and 2.78×10^(8)m^(3) in average monthly,respectively,with the maximum eco-environmental water requirement in summer and the minimum in winter.The annual change of eco-environment water demand is in accord-ing with the climate change and hydrological characters.The method of ecological water level emphasizes that wetland ecosystem adapts to the hydrological conditions,so it can be used in practice well.展开更多
Background:CSF1R-related leukoencephalopathy,also known as hereditary diffuse leukoencephalopathy with spheroids(HDLS),is a rare white-matter encephalopathy characterized by motor and neuropsychiatric symptoms due to ...Background:CSF1R-related leukoencephalopathy,also known as hereditary diffuse leukoencephalopathy with spheroids(HDLS),is a rare white-matter encephalopathy characterized by motor and neuropsychiatric symptoms due to colony-stimulating factor 1 receptor(CSF1R)gene mutation.Few of CSF1R mutations have been functionally testified and the pathogenesis remains unknown.Methods:In order to investigate clinical and pathological characteristics of patients with CSF1R-related leukoencephalopathy and explore the potential impact of CSF1R mutations,we analyzed clinical manifestations of 15 patients from 10 unrelated families and performed brain biopsy in 2 cases.Next generation sequencing was conducted for 10 probands to confirm the diagnosis.Sanger sequencing,segregation analysis and phenotypic reevaluation were utilized to substantiate findings.Functional examination of identified mutations was further explored.Results:Clinical and neuroimaging characteristics were summarized.The average age at onset was 35.9±6.4 years(range 24–46 years old).Younger age of onset was observed in female than male(34.2 vs.39.2 years).The most common initial symptoms were speech dysfunction,cognitive decline and parkinsonian symptoms.One patient also had marked peripheral neuropathy.Brain biopsy of two cases showed typical pathological changes,including myelin loss,axonal spheroids,phosphorylated neurofilament and activated macrophages.Electron microscopy disclosed increased mitochondrial vacuolation and disorganized neurofilaments in ballooned axons.A total of 7 pathogenic variants(4 novel,3 documented)were identified with autophosphorylation deficiency,among which c.2342C>T remained partial function of autophosphorylation.Western blotting disclosed the significantly lower level of c.2026C>T(p.R676*)than wild type.The level of microtubule associated protein 1 light chain 3-II(LC3-II),a classical marker of autophagy,was significantly lower in mutants expressed cells than wild type group by western blotting and immunofluorescence staining.Conclusions:Our findings support the loss-of-function and haploinsufficiency hypothesis in pathogenesis.Autophagy abnormality may play a role in the disease.Repairing or promoting the phosphorylation level of mutant CSF1R may shed light on therapeutic targets in the future.However,whether peripheral polyneuropathy potentially belongs to CSF1R-related spectrum deserves further study with longer follow-up and more patients enrolled.展开更多
Meningiomas are the most common primary intracranial neoplasm with diverse pathological types and complicated clinical manifestations.The fifth edition of the WHO Classification of Tumors of the Central Nervous System...Meningiomas are the most common primary intracranial neoplasm with diverse pathological types and complicated clinical manifestations.The fifth edition of the WHO Classification of Tumors of the Central Nervous System(WHO CNS5),published in 2021,introduces major changes that advance the role of molecular diagnostics in meningiomas.To follow the revision of WHO CNS5,this expert consensus statement was formed jointly by the Group of Neuro-Oncology,Society of Neurosurgery,Chinese Medical Association together with neuropathologists and evidence-based experts.The consensus provides reference points to integrate key biomarkers into stratification and clinical decision making for meningioma patients.展开更多
The effect of tempering temperature on the microstructure and corrosion behavior of Cr12Ni3Co12Mo4W ultra-high-strength martensitic stainless steel was investigated using transmission electron microscopy, atomic force...The effect of tempering temperature on the microstructure and corrosion behavior of Cr12Ni3Co12Mo4W ultra-high-strength martensitic stainless steel was investigated using transmission electron microscopy, atomic force microscopy, X-ray diffraction, and electrochemical tests. The microstructures of the ultra-high-strength martensitic stainless steel consisted of some retained austenite and lath/plant martensite with the carbides distributed within the matrix and at the grain boundaries. Tempering of the steel for 4 h at various temperatures resulted in various carbide grain sizes and different amounts of the retained austenite. The results showed that larger carbide grains led to diminished corrosion resistance, whereas larger amounts of the retained austenite resulted in improved corrosion resistance. The steels exhibited good corrosion resistance in 0.017 mol/L NaCl solution and exhibited pitting corrosion in 0.17 mol/L Na Cl solution. The martensite and prior austenite crystal boundaries dissolved in solution with pH 1.展开更多
Background:Whether smoking is related to a decreased risk of meningioma in women is still controversial.We conducted a systematic review and meta-analysis examining the association between smoking and risk of meningio...Background:Whether smoking is related to a decreased risk of meningioma in women is still controversial.We conducted a systematic review and meta-analysis examining the association between smoking and risk of meningiomas in women.Methods:Two authors independently performed a systematic literature review in the PubMed,Cochrane Library,and EMBASE databases.We identified case-control and cohort studies quantifying associations between smoking and risk of meningioma in women.A meta-analysis by pooling studies was performed according to the multivariate-adjusted risk estimates and 95%confidence intervals(CIs)preferentially.We further conducted additional subgroup and sensitivity analyses to explore possible explanations of the results.Results:A total of seven observational studies were included,with a total of 2132 female patients diagnosed with meningiomas.Ever smoking was associated with a significantly reduced risk of meningioma in women,with pooled odds ratio(OR)of 0.83(95%CI 0.70–0.98).Similar findings were noted for current(OR 0.78,95%CI 0.66–0.93)and past(OR 0.82,95%CI 0.71–0.94)smokers.However,considering the areas,the OR of ever smoking was 0.77(95%CI 0.68–0.87)in three American studies,but 0.99(95%CI 0.73–1.35)in four studies conducted in other countries.Conclusions:Based on limited epidemiological evidence,a decreased risk of meningioma in women smokers was only observed in American studies rather than studies conducted in other countries.展开更多
Identification of human immunodeficiency virus(HIV)transmission networks is a critical step in the public health response;however,it is challenging to achieve this through traditional epidemiological surveys alone.The...Identification of human immunodeficiency virus(HIV)transmission networks is a critical step in the public health response;however,it is challenging to achieve this through traditional epidemiological surveys alone.The molecular network approach can provide more accurate information for understanding HIV outbreaks and bring targeted interventions into reality.Based on the current global development of the concept of the molecular network,Chinese scientists have in recent years explored the applications of molecular networks for understanding the HIV-1 transmission trends,for identifying the population acquiring priority interventions,and for evaluating the targeted intervention effectiveness.In this review,we focus on research progress by Chinese scientists in the field of molecular networks and put forward some suggestions for future research of molecular networks.展开更多
文摘BACKGROUND Cerebral infarction is a local or extensive necrosis of brain tissue.Subsequently,the corresponding neurological deficits appear.The incidence of cerebrovascular diseases in China is increasing gradually.After the onset of cerebrovascular disease,the most common sequelae include movement disorders,language disorders,and cognitive dysfunction.AIM To investigate the effect of early refined nursing program on the prognosis of middle-aged and elderly patients with cerebral infarction combined with cognitive dysfunction.METHODS A retrospective study was conducted to divide 60 patients with cerebral infarction and cognitive impairment into an experimental group(n=32)and a control group(n=28).The experimental group received early intensive care every day,and the control group received daily routine care.The scores of the Mini-Mental State Examination(MMSE)and the Trail Making Test(TMT),as well as the latency and amplitude of the event-related potential P300,were used as main indicators to evaluate changes in cognitive function,and changes in BDNF,TGF-β,and GDNF expression were used as secondary indicators.RESULTS Both groups experienced notable enhancements in MMSE scores,with the experi-mental group demonstrating higher scores than the control group(experimental:28.75±2.31;control:25.84±2.87).Moreover,reductions in TMT-A and TMT-B scores were observed in both groups(experimental:TMT-A 52.36±6.18,TMT-B 98.47±10.23;control:TMT-A 61.48±7.92,TMT-B 112.63±12.55),with the experimental group displaying lower scores.P300 Latency decreased(experimental:270.63 ms±14.28 ms;control:285.72 ms±16.45 ms),while amplitude increased(experimental:7.82μV±1.05μV;control:6.35μV±0.98μV)significantly in both groups,with superior outcomes in the experimental cohort.Additionally,the levels of the growth factors BDNF,TGF-β1,and GDNF surged(experimental:BDNF 48.37 ng/mL±5.62 ng/mL,TGF-β152.14 pg/mL±4.28 pg/mL,GDNF 34.76 ng/mL±3.89 ng/mL;control:BDNF 42.58 ng/mL±4.73 ng/mL,TGF-β146.23 pg/mL±3.94 pg/mL,GDNF 30.25 ng/mL±2.98 ng/mL)in both groups,with higher levels in the experimental group.CONCLUSION For middle-aged and elderly patients with cerebral infarction and cognitive dysfunction,early refined nursing can significantly improve their cognitive function and prognosis.
基金supported by National Natural Science Foundation of China(81200936,30872675,30901549)Shanghai Committee of Science and Technology (12JC1401800)2011 Shanghai Medical College Young Scientist Fund of Fudan University(11L-24)
文摘Objective： Metaplastic meningioma is a rare subtype of benign meningiomas, classified as WHO grade I with well prognosis. Here we presented our experiences on 15 cases of metaplastic meningioma, to investigate the clinicopathological features, therapies and prognosis of these cases. Methods： 15 patients underwent surgical treatment for intracranial metaplastic meningioma between 2001 and 2010 at Neurosurgery Department of Huashan Hospital, Shanghai, China. The clinical data, radiological manifestation, treatment strategy, pathological findings and prognosis of all patients were analyzed retrospectively. Results： Among the 15 cases （10 males and 5 females）, the age ranged from 22 to 74 years old （the mean age was 50.67-year old）. The clinical manifestations include headache, dizziness, seizure attack, vision decrease, and weakness of bilateral lower limbs. All the patients received surgical treatment, combined with radiotherapy in some cases. In the follow-up period, recurrence occurred in 2 cases, of which 1 patient died of other system complications. Conclusions： Metaplastic meningiomas are characterized by focal or widespread mesenchymal differentiation with formation of bone, cartilage, fat, and xanthomatous tissue elements. Surgical removal is the optimal therapy, and the overall prognosis is well. But recurrence may occur in some cases, thus radiotherapy is necessary for such kind of patients.
文摘Objective： To evaluate correlation between chemosensitivity of tumor cells in vitro and their clinical responsiveness in vivo by comparing the difference of curative effect between chemotherapy of cerebral gliomas directed by chemosensitivity test in vitro and its routine chemotherapy. Methods： Sixty-two patients with cerebral gliomas were recruited as the experiment group, who had received total resection or subtotal resection of the tumor. The resected tumor cells were cultured in vitro, followed by chemosensitivity test using colorimetric MTT assay. Finally, chemotherapeutic protocol was made based on the results of the chemosensitivity test. Fifty patients with cerebral gliomas subjected to the routine chemotherapeutic protocol were simultaneously recruited as the control group, whose age, gender, survival functional status and operational fashion were matched with the experiment group. The two groups were equally followed up for the survival functional status, recurrence and death. All data were analyzed using SPSS 10.0 software. Results： At the time of evaluation, KPS values of 64.52 ± 35.84 were seen in the experiment group, and 33.60 ± 36.24 in the control group, showing statistical difference between the two groups （t = 4.5163, P = 0.000）. During 2-4 years of follow up, a recurrence rate of 32.26% was seen in the experimental group, and 60.00% in the control group, showing a statistical difference between the two groups （X^2 = 8.620, P = 0.003）. The fatality was 22.58% in the experiment group, and 48.00% in the control group, showing a statistical difference between the two groups （X^2 = 7.978, P = 0.005）. The survival rate of the experimental group was higher than that of the control group, showing a statistical differences between the two groups （X^2= 7.29, P = 0.0069）. Conclusion： Chemotherapy of glio- mas under the guidance of chemosensitivity test in vitro contributes to obvious improvement on the current survival functional status, a clear decline of the recurrence rates and fatality rate, and raised survival rates of the patients. A close correlation between the chemosensitivity in vitro and clinical responsiveness in vivo is observed.
基金The Natural Science Foundation of Hunan Province,No.2019JJ40435.
文摘BACKGROUND There have been few reports on the risk factors for acute respiratory distress syndrome(ARDS)in coronavirus disease 2019(COVID-19),and there were obvious differences regarding the incidence of ADRS between Wuhan and outside Wuhan in China.AIM To investigate the risk factors associated with ARDS in COVID-19,and compare the characteristics of ARDS between Wuhan and outside Wuhan in China.METHODS Patients were enrolled from two medical centers in Hunan Province.A total of 197 patients with confirmed COVID-19,who had either been discharged or had died by March 15,2020,were included in this study.We retrospectively collected the patients’clinical data,and the factors associated with ARDS were compared by theχ²test,Fisher’s exact test,and Mann-Whitney U test.Significant variables were chosen for the univariate and multivariate logistic regression analyses.In addition,literature in the PubMed database was reviewed,and the characteristics of ARDS,mortality,and biomarkers of COVID-19 severity were compared between Wuhan and outside Wuhan in China.RESULTS Compared with the non-ARDS group,patients in the ARDS group were significantly older,had more coexisting diseases,dyspnea,higher D-dimer,lactate dehydrogenase(LDH),and C-reactive protein.In univariate logistic analysis,risk factors associated with the development of ARDS included older age[odds ratio(OR)=1.04),coexisting diseases(OR=3.94),dyspnea(OR=17.82),dry/moist rales(OR=9.06),consolidative/mixed opacities(OR=2.93),lymphocytes(OR=0.68 for high lymphocytes compared to low lymphocytes),D-dimer(OR=1.41),albumin(OR=0.69 for high albumin compared to low albumin),alanine aminotransferase(OR=1.03),aspartate aminotransferase(OR=1.02),LDH(OR=1.02),C-reactive protein(OR=1.04)and procalcitonin(OR=17.01).In logistic multivariate analysis,dyspnea(adjusted OR=27.10),dry/moist rales(adjusted OR=9.46),and higher LDH(adjusted OR=1.02)were independent risk factors.The literature review showed that patients in Wuhan had a higher incidence of ARDS,higher mortality rate,and higher levels of biomarkers associated with COVID-19 severity than those outside Wuhan in China.CONCLUSION Dyspnea,dry/moist rales and higher LDH are independent risk factors for ARDS in COVID-19.The incidence of ARDS in Wuhan seems to be overestimated compared with outside Wuhan in China.
基金financially supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (No.51171023)the Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities (No.FRF-TP-14-011C1)the Major State Basic Research Development Program of China (No.2014CB643300)
文摘The effects of Cl ion concentration and pH values on the corrosion behavior of Cr12Ni3Co12Mo4W ultra-high-strength martensitic stainless steel（UHSMSS） were investigated by a series of electrochemical tests combined with observations by stereology microscopy and scanning electron microscopy. A critical Cl- ion concentration was found to exist（approximately 0.1wt%）, above which pitting occurred. The pitting potential decreased with increasing Cl- ion concentration. A UHSMSS specimen tempered at 600°C exhibited a better pitting corrosion resistance than the one tempered at 400°C. The corrosion current density and passive current density of the UHSMSS tempered at 600°C decreased with increasing pH values of the corrosion solution. The pits developed a shallower dish geometry with increasing polarization potential. A lacy cover on the pits of the UHSMSS tempered at 400°C accelerated pitting, whereas corrosion products deposited in the pits of the UHSMSS tempered at 600°C hindered pitting.
文摘The ELISPOT assay is increasingly used for assessing cellular immune responses in clinical trials of HIV-1 or cancer vaccines. However, to date, data from clinical trials do not consistently show that immune responses are correlated with clinical endpoints. This is due in part to the lack of assay standardization and validation across laboratories and therefore, a quality control panel is required to establish competency and comparability amongst different laboratories. In this study peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) from healthy individuals were screened and frozen in liquid nitrogen. The recovery and viability of the PBMCs and the frequencies of interferon (IFN)-γ-secreting cells after CEF peptide pool stimulation were detected after various intervals in seven different laboratories. The recovery and viability did not differ significantly after different intervals. Although the frequencies of IFN (interferon)-γ-secreting cells among thawed PBMCs (peripheral blood mononuclear cells) fluctuated after CEF peptide pool stimulation at different intervals, they were not significantly decreased compared with those among fresh PBMCs. However, the viabilities, recoveries and frequencies of IFN-γ-secreting cells differed significantly among the seven laboratories. Our results indicate that cryopreserved PBMCs could be used as a quality control panel for ELISPOT. However, the procedures for ELISPOT need to be standardized amongst different laboratories.
基金the National Natural Science Foundation of China (No. 81202839)the National Natural Science Foundation of China (No. 81774080)+1 种基金the “Taishan Scholar” Project Special Fundthe Study Abroad Funding by the Shandong health science and technology association and the Affiliated Hospital of Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine.
文摘In order to investigate the mechanism of mitochondrial membrane stabilization by Angelica sinensis polysaccharide (ASP) in murine aplastic anemia (AA).ICR mice were randomly divided into control, AA and ASP-treated groups. The AA group mice were treated with 60Coγand intraperitoneal injections of cyclophosphamide and chloramphenicol. The control animals were treated with lead shielding irradiation and saline injection. The treated AA mice were fed with ASP for 2 wk. Mitochondrial ultrastructure of the bone marrow was observed by transmission electron microscopy, and the transmembrane potential of bone marrow-nucleated cells (BMNC)was examined by fluorescence spectrophotometry. The Cox and MDH contents of the medium were also studied in the three groups.The mitochondrial number and transmembrane potential of BMNC in the bone marrow decreased in the AA group as compared to the control group, but improved in the ASP-treated group as compared to the AA group. Complete mitochondrial cleavage in the ASP-treated group was significantly delayed (P<0.05) as compared to the AA group. We conclude that ASP might improve mitochondrial membrane stabilization, and suppress the downregulation of transmembrane potential and apoptosis of BMNC in AA.
文摘Many theoretical derivation of the energy model requires extensive simulation in Internet of Things (IoT). Network Simulator 3 (ns-3) provides a simulation platform for various experimental studies including energy harvest.However, the function of charge schedule and wireless energy transfer model is not yet implemented. To address this problem, in this paper we propose an extension to ns-3 for simulating mobile charging with wireless energy transfer.First, we utilize a WET Harvest Class to harvest energy from the environment and a Charge Schedule Class for the mobile charger to choose the optimal node charging in the charging request queue in ns-3. Second, we use Charge Energy Model to judge what the mobile charger will do next when the energy of current node is higher or lower than energy threshold. Evaluation results show that our improvements are feasible and helpful with charge schedule and energy model in ns-3.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(No.81271253,and 81471162)the Science and Technology Commission of Shanghai,China(No.14JC1402400).
文摘Glioblastoma multiforme(GBM)is the most common primary malignant tumor of the central nervous system.Grade IV GBM is lethal,and has a high rate of relapse despite aggressive therapy.The prognosis is poor because of therapeutic resistance and tumor relapse.1 Very low rates of clinical responses and frequent treatment failures are common.Previous studies have focused on identifying genetic alterations in GBM that have diagnostic and prognostic values and may help to define the subclasses of the GBM patients,2,3 including mutations in isocitrate dehydrogenase 1(IDH1),amplification of epidermal growth factor receptors(EGFR),and mutations and polymorphisms of telomerase reverse transcriptase(TERT)promoter.These markers are useful for identifying the pathogenesis of malignant glioma formation,but they are all associated with tumorigenesis and do not currently influence the treatment of most GBM patients.
基金This work was supported in part by the Mega-Projects of the National Science Research for the 13th Five-Year Plan(No.2017ZX10201101),Innovation Team Development Program of the Ministry of Education(No.IRT_16R70)the National Natural Science Foundation of China(No.81871637)Central Publicinterest Scientific Institution Basal Research Fund(No.2018PT31042).
文摘Precise identification of HIV transmission among populations is a key step in public health responses.However,the HIV transmission network is usually difficult to determine.HIV molecular networks can be determined by phylogenetic approach,genetic distance-based approach,and a combination of both approaches.These approaches are increasingly used to identify transmission networks among populations,reconstruct the history of HIV spread,monitor the dynamics of HIV transmission,guide targeted intervention on key subpopulations,and assess the effects of interventions.Simulation and retrospective studies have demonstrated that these molecular network-based interventions are more cost-effective than random or traditional interventions.However,we still need to address several challenges to improve the practice of molecular network-guided targeting interventions to finally end the HIV epidemic.The data remain limited or difficult to obtain,and more automatic real-time tools are required.In addition,molecular and social networks must be combined,and technical parameters and ethnic issues warrant further studies.
基金supported by two grants from Shanghai Science and Technology Committee Projects(19401935700 awarded to Ping Zhong and 17411967700 awarded to Danhong Wu)a grant from Shanghai Minhang District Health and Family Planning Commission awarded to Danhong Wu(great discipline of Shanghai Minhang District No.2017MWDXK02).
文摘Bilirubin,a product of heme metabolism,is the most potent endogenous antioxidant which increases in many oxidative stress conditions such as stroke.It has been widely known to exert neuroprotective effect on stroke through mechanisms involved in development,therefore,it can influence the occurrence and prognosis of ischaemic stroke(IS).In this review,studies were identified by a comprehensive search of Pubmed,Embase,the Cochrane Library(Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews,Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials(CENTRAL),Cochrane Methodology Register)and Web of Science to examine the correlation between serum bilirubin levels and risks of developing IS as well as IS outcomes.Additional studies were identified by reviewing references and contacting authors.
文摘Sporadic vestibular schwannoma (acoustic neuroma) is a benign tumor arising from cochleovestibular nerve. Nowadays, various specialties and medical centers are treating this dis-ease, and the multidisciplinary collaboration is the trend. In an effort to promote a uniform stan-dard for reporting clinical results, even for treatment indications, the mainly controversies were posed and discussed during the 7th International Conference on acoustic neuroma, and the agreement was summarized by the Committee of this conference. The main symptoms grading and tumor stage should note its name of classification for making them comparable. The goal of the modern managements for vestibular schwannoma is to improve the quality of life with lower mortality, lower morbidity and better neurological function preservation. The experience of surgical team and their preference might be a major factor for the outcome. Because of lack-ing of long-term follow-up large data after radiotherapy, and with the development of microsur-gery, radiotherapy is now less recommended except for recurrent cases or elderly patients.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation for Excellent Young Scholars(No.61622213)the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Nos.61232001,61370024,and 61428209)
文摘Essential proteins are those necessary for the survival or reproduction of species and discovering such essential proteins is fundamental for understanding the minimal requirements for cellular life, which is also meaningful to the disease study and drug design. With the development of high-throughput techniques, a large number of Protein-Protein Interactions（PPIs） can be used to identify essential proteins at the network level. Up to now, though a series of network-based computational methods have been proposed, it is still a challenge to improve the prediction precision as the high false positives in PPI networks. In this paper, we propose a new method GOS to identify essential proteins by integrating the Gene expressions, Orthology, and Subcellular localization information.The gene expressions and subcellular localization information are used to determine whether a neighbor in the PPI network is reliable. Only reliable neighbors are considered when we analyze the topological characteristics of a protein in a PPI network. We also analyze the orthologous attributes of each protein to reflect its conservative features, and use a random walk model to integrate a protein＇s topological characteristics and its orthology. The experimental results on the yeast PPI network show that the proposed method GOS outperforms the ten existing methods DC, BC, CC, SC, EC, IC, NC, Pe C, ION, and CSC.
基金This study was supported by the National Key Basic Research Development(973)Program of China(Grant No.2006CB403303)the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Grant No.50625926).
文摘In recent years,the hydrological characters of Baiyangdian Wetland have changed greatly,which,in turn,influence the biotic component,the structure and function of the wetland ecosystem.In order to determine the demands for water resources of ecological wetland system,a method of ecological water level coefficient was suggested to calculate the water resources demands for wetland environment use.This research showed that the minimum coefficient is 0.94 and the optimal coefficient is more than 1.10.According to these two coefficients,the ecological water level and water quantity can be estimated.The results indicate that the amount of the minimal and optimal eco-environmental water require-ments are 0.87×10^(8) and 2.78×10^(8)m^(3) in average monthly,respectively,with the maximum eco-environmental water requirement in summer and the minimum in winter.The annual change of eco-environment water demand is in accord-ing with the climate change and hydrological characters.The method of ecological water level emphasizes that wetland ecosystem adapts to the hydrological conditions,so it can be used in practice well.
基金This work was partially supported by the Cohort Study of Cerebral White Matter Change(SWATCH)Multicenter Network(ChiCTR1800015295)This study was supported by the grants from the National Natural Science Foundation of China(No.81571086,81870889,81600978,81200965 and 81430022)+6 种基金National Key R&D Program of China(No.2016YFC1305804 and 2017YFC1310200)Doctoral Innovation Fund of Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine(No.BXJ201913)Shanghai Municipal Education Commission-Gaofeng Clinical Medicine Grant Support(No.20161401)Interdisciplinary Project of Shanghai Jiao Tong University(No.YG2016MS64)the Research Fund for the Doctoral Program of Higher Education(No.20110073120088)Natural Science Foundation of Science and Technology of Shanghai(No.15ZR1426700)Guang Ci Qing Nian Grant(No.GCQN-2017-A03).
文摘Background:CSF1R-related leukoencephalopathy,also known as hereditary diffuse leukoencephalopathy with spheroids(HDLS),is a rare white-matter encephalopathy characterized by motor and neuropsychiatric symptoms due to colony-stimulating factor 1 receptor(CSF1R)gene mutation.Few of CSF1R mutations have been functionally testified and the pathogenesis remains unknown.Methods:In order to investigate clinical and pathological characteristics of patients with CSF1R-related leukoencephalopathy and explore the potential impact of CSF1R mutations,we analyzed clinical manifestations of 15 patients from 10 unrelated families and performed brain biopsy in 2 cases.Next generation sequencing was conducted for 10 probands to confirm the diagnosis.Sanger sequencing,segregation analysis and phenotypic reevaluation were utilized to substantiate findings.Functional examination of identified mutations was further explored.Results:Clinical and neuroimaging characteristics were summarized.The average age at onset was 35.9±6.4 years(range 24–46 years old).Younger age of onset was observed in female than male(34.2 vs.39.2 years).The most common initial symptoms were speech dysfunction,cognitive decline and parkinsonian symptoms.One patient also had marked peripheral neuropathy.Brain biopsy of two cases showed typical pathological changes,including myelin loss,axonal spheroids,phosphorylated neurofilament and activated macrophages.Electron microscopy disclosed increased mitochondrial vacuolation and disorganized neurofilaments in ballooned axons.A total of 7 pathogenic variants(4 novel,3 documented)were identified with autophosphorylation deficiency,among which c.2342C>T remained partial function of autophosphorylation.Western blotting disclosed the significantly lower level of c.2026C>T(p.R676*)than wild type.The level of microtubule associated protein 1 light chain 3-II(LC3-II),a classical marker of autophagy,was significantly lower in mutants expressed cells than wild type group by western blotting and immunofluorescence staining.Conclusions:Our findings support the loss-of-function and haploinsufficiency hypothesis in pathogenesis.Autophagy abnormality may play a role in the disease.Repairing or promoting the phosphorylation level of mutant CSF1R may shed light on therapeutic targets in the future.However,whether peripheral polyneuropathy potentially belongs to CSF1R-related spectrum deserves further study with longer follow-up and more patients enrolled.
文摘Meningiomas are the most common primary intracranial neoplasm with diverse pathological types and complicated clinical manifestations.The fifth edition of the WHO Classification of Tumors of the Central Nervous System(WHO CNS5),published in 2021,introduces major changes that advance the role of molecular diagnostics in meningiomas.To follow the revision of WHO CNS5,this expert consensus statement was formed jointly by the Group of Neuro-Oncology,Society of Neurosurgery,Chinese Medical Association together with neuropathologists and evidence-based experts.The consensus provides reference points to integrate key biomarkers into stratification and clinical decision making for meningioma patients.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (No. 51171023)the Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities (No. FRF-TP-14-011C1)National Basic Research Program of China (973 Program) (No. 2014CB643300)
文摘The effect of tempering temperature on the microstructure and corrosion behavior of Cr12Ni3Co12Mo4W ultra-high-strength martensitic stainless steel was investigated using transmission electron microscopy, atomic force microscopy, X-ray diffraction, and electrochemical tests. The microstructures of the ultra-high-strength martensitic stainless steel consisted of some retained austenite and lath/plant martensite with the carbides distributed within the matrix and at the grain boundaries. Tempering of the steel for 4 h at various temperatures resulted in various carbide grain sizes and different amounts of the retained austenite. The results showed that larger carbide grains led to diminished corrosion resistance, whereas larger amounts of the retained austenite resulted in improved corrosion resistance. The steels exhibited good corrosion resistance in 0.017 mol/L NaCl solution and exhibited pitting corrosion in 0.17 mol/L Na Cl solution. The martensite and prior austenite crystal boundaries dissolved in solution with pH 1.
文摘Background:Whether smoking is related to a decreased risk of meningioma in women is still controversial.We conducted a systematic review and meta-analysis examining the association between smoking and risk of meningiomas in women.Methods:Two authors independently performed a systematic literature review in the PubMed,Cochrane Library,and EMBASE databases.We identified case-control and cohort studies quantifying associations between smoking and risk of meningioma in women.A meta-analysis by pooling studies was performed according to the multivariate-adjusted risk estimates and 95%confidence intervals(CIs)preferentially.We further conducted additional subgroup and sensitivity analyses to explore possible explanations of the results.Results:A total of seven observational studies were included,with a total of 2132 female patients diagnosed with meningiomas.Ever smoking was associated with a significantly reduced risk of meningioma in women,with pooled odds ratio(OR)of 0.83(95%CI 0.70–0.98).Similar findings were noted for current(OR 0.78,95%CI 0.66–0.93)and past(OR 0.82,95%CI 0.71–0.94)smokers.However,considering the areas,the OR of ever smoking was 0.77(95%CI 0.68–0.87)in three American studies,but 0.99(95%CI 0.73–1.35)in four studies conducted in other countries.Conclusions:Based on limited epidemiological evidence,a decreased risk of meningioma in women smokers was only observed in American studies rather than studies conducted in other countries.
基金This work was supported by Mega-Projects of National Science Research for the 13th Five-Year Plan(2018ZX10721102)CAMS Innovation Fund for Medical Sciences(2019-I2M-5-027)。
文摘Identification of human immunodeficiency virus(HIV)transmission networks is a critical step in the public health response;however,it is challenging to achieve this through traditional epidemiological surveys alone.The molecular network approach can provide more accurate information for understanding HIV outbreaks and bring targeted interventions into reality.Based on the current global development of the concept of the molecular network,Chinese scientists have in recent years explored the applications of molecular networks for understanding the HIV-1 transmission trends,for identifying the population acquiring priority interventions,and for evaluating the targeted intervention effectiveness.In this review,we focus on research progress by Chinese scientists in the field of molecular networks and put forward some suggestions for future research of molecular networks.
