Histone H3 lysine 27 trimethylation(H3K27me3) is a histone modification associated with transcriptional repression. However, insights into the genome-wide pattern of H3K27me3 in grapevines are limited. Here, anti-H3K2...Histone H3 lysine 27 trimethylation(H3K27me3) is a histone modification associated with transcriptional repression. However, insights into the genome-wide pattern of H3K27me3 in grapevines are limited. Here, anti-H3K27 chromatin immunoprecipitation(ChIP), high-throughput sequencing, and transcriptome analysis were performed using leaves of Vitis amurensis. The leaves were treated at 4°C for 2 h and 24 h and used to investigate changes in H3K27me3 under chilling treatment. The results show that H3K27me3 is well-distributed both in gene regions(-50%) and in the intergenic region(-50%) in the grapevine genome(Vitis vinifera ‘Pinot Noir PN40024'). H3K27me3 was found to be localized in8 368 annotated gene regions in all detected samples(leaves at normal temperature and under chilling treatments) and mainly enriched in gene bodies with the adjacent promoter and downstream areas. The short-term chilling treatments(4°C for 2 h) induced 2 793 gains and 305losses in H3K27me3 modification. Subsequently, 97.3% of the alterations were restored to original levels after 24 h treatment. The ChIP-qPCR for five differential peaks showed similar results to the data for ChIP-seq, indicating that the chilling-induced H3K27me3 modification is reliable.Integrative analysis of transcriptome and ChIP-seq results showed that the expression of H3K27me3 target genes was significantly lower than those of non-target genes, indicating transcriptional repression of H3K27me3 in grapevine leaves. Furthermore, histone methylation alterations were detected in 82 genes and were related to either repression or activation of their expression during chilling stress. The findings provide the genome-wide H3K27me3 patterns in grapevines and shed light on uncovering its regulation in chilling stress responses.展开更多
Investigation on spatiotemporal variations of maximum seasonal freeze depth(MSFD) over the Heihe River Basin is of great importance for systematic understanding of regional climate and environmental change, ecological...Investigation on spatiotemporal variations of maximum seasonal freeze depth(MSFD) over the Heihe River Basin is of great importance for systematic understanding of regional climate and environmental change, ecological-hydrological processes, water resources assessment, construction and resource development. Based on soil and air temperatures at the meteorological stations of the China Meteorological Administration(CMA) over the Heihe River Basin, MSFDs time series are structured into a composite time series over the 1960–2007 period. Evaluating the averaged MSFD time series for 1960–2007 reveals a statistically significant trend of-4.0 cm/decade or a net change of-19.2 cm for the 48-year period over the basin. The MSFD had significantly negative correlation with mean annual air temperature(MAAT), winter air temperature, mean annual ground surface temperature(MAGST), degree days of thawing for the air(DDTa) as well as for the surface(DDTs), and degree days of freezing for the surface(DDFs). While there was significantly positive correlation between DDFs and MSFD time series, MSFD was deeper and changed greatly in the Heihe River source area. It was shallower in the east-central basin and gradually deepened in other sections of the basin. The MSFD distribution pattern in 2003–2005 is consistent with that of averaged degree days of freezing for air(DDFa) in 1960–2007. However, the maximum of MSFD may not be accurate, because there is no long term observation data in the deep seasonally frozen ground regions near the lower boundary of permafrost. With increasing elevation, averaged DDFa increased at a rate of 51.6 °C-day/100m, therefore, the MSFG and the date reaching MSFG became deeper and later, respectively.展开更多
The labyrinth seal in turbomachinery is a key element that restricts leakage flow among rotor-stator clearances from high-pressure regions to low-pressure regions. The fluid-induced forces on the rotor from seals duri...The labyrinth seal in turbomachinery is a key element that restricts leakage flow among rotor-stator clearances from high-pressure regions to low-pressure regions. The fluid-induced forces on the rotor from seals during machine operation must be accurately quantified to predict their dynamic behavior effectively. To understand the fluid-induced force characteristics of the labyrinth seal more fully, the effects of four types of pre-swirls on the leakage, flow field, and fluid-induced force of a rotary straight-through labyrinth gas seal (RSTLGS) were numerically investigated using the proposed steady computational fluid dynamics (CFD) method based on the three-dimensional models of the RSTLGS. The leakage, flow field, and fluid-induced force of the RSTLGS for six axial pre-swirl velocities, four radial preswirl angles, four circumferential positive pre-swirl angles, and four circumferential negative pre-swirl angles were computed under the same geometrical parameters and operational conditions. Mesh analysis ensures the accuracy of the present steady CFD method. The numerical results show that the four types of pre-swirls influence the leakage, flow field, and fluid-induced force of the RSTLGS. The axial pre-swirl velocity remarkably inhibits the fluid-induced force, and the circumferential positive pre-swirl angle and circumferential negative pre-swirl angle remarkably promote the fluid-induced force. The effects of the radial pre-swirl angle on the fluid-induced force are complicated, and the pressure forces and viscous forces show the maximum or minimum values at a specific radial pre-swirl angle. The pre-swirl has a negligible impact on the leakage. The four types of pre-swirls affect the leakage, flow field, and fluidinduced force of the RSTLGS to varying degrees. The pre-swirl is the influence factor affecting the leakage, flow field, and fluid-induced force of the RSTLGS. The conclusions will help to understand the fluid-induced force of labyrinth seals more fully, by providing helpful suggestions for engineering practices and a theoretical basis to analyze the fluid–structure interaction of the seal-rotor system in future research.展开更多
Changes in ground surface thermal regimes play a vital role in surface and subsurface hydrology, ecosystem diversity and productivity, and global thermal, water and carbon budgets as well as climate change. Estimating...Changes in ground surface thermal regimes play a vital role in surface and subsurface hydrology, ecosystem diversity and productivity, and global thermal, water and carbon budgets as well as climate change. Estimating spring, summer, autumn and winter air temperatures and mean annual air temperature(MAAT) from 1960 through 2008 over the Heihe River Basin reveals a statistically significant trend of 0.31 °C/decade, 0.28 °C/decade, 0.37 °C/decade, 0.50 °C/decade, and 0.37 °C /decade, respectively. The averaged time series of mean annual ground surface temperature(MAGST) and maximum annual ground surface temperature(MaxAGST) for 1972–2006 over the basin indicates a statistically significant trend of 0.58 °C/decade and 1.27 °C/decade, respectively. The minimum annual ground surface temperature(MinAGST) in the same period remains unchanged as a whole. Estimating surface freezing/thawing index as well as the ratio of freezing index to thawing index(RFT) in the period between 1959 and 2006 over the basin indicates a statistically significant trend of-42.5 °C-day/decade, 85.4 °C-day/decade and-0.018/decade, respectively.展开更多
As a key supporting equipment for the construction of LNG carriers,the installation platform undertakes the support and guarantee of LNG carrier tank internal construction.This paper takes the secondary shielding inst...As a key supporting equipment for the construction of LNG carriers,the installation platform undertakes the support and guarantee of LNG carrier tank internal construction.This paper takes the secondary shielding installation platform of A-type tank as the object of study,the study firstly considers the semi-rigidity of the nodes and the material nonlinearity based on finite element software,and then the residual structure is calculated using static nonlinear method after single truss,two trusses and three trusses are invalid simultaneously.The research results show that the truss with higher components importance coefficient has greater impact on the residual structure when the truss is invalid;After the 2 trusses of installation platform become invalid completely,the further progressive collapse will not occur;When A1-HJ,A2-HJ and A2-HJ are dismantled at the same time,it will lead to the local progressive damage,which can cause the collapse of large-scale structures.The research findings can support the design and use of the installation platform.展开更多
As indispensable strategic materials for high-tech industries,rare earth elements and yttrium(REY)have become particularly important in recent years,raising the demand of developing new approaches for reclamation of R...As indispensable strategic materials for high-tech industries,rare earth elements and yttrium(REY)have become particularly important in recent years,raising the demand of developing new approaches for reclamation of REY from REY-rich materials such as coal combustion products(CCPs).In this study,five coal-fired power plants(CFPPs)in Guizhou of southwest China were selected for investigating REY concentrations of solid samples,atmospheric emissions,and recovery potentials.REY concentrations of feed fuels are higher in this study(147.2-468.6 mg/kg)than what have been reported previously for coals in China and the world.REY atmospheric emissions are extremely low(38.70-180.11 mg REY/t coal).REY are enriched in bottom ash and fly ash,with average of 658±296 mg/kg and maximum of 1257 mg/kg from the five CFPPs.Relative enrichment factors(REF)of REY in bottom ash and fly ash compared with the feed fuel are 0.86-1.02 and 0.91-1.04,respectively.REY concentrations in desulfurized gypsum are very low(6-17 mg/kg),and that is mostly inherited from limestone.Critical REY(Nd,Eu,Tb,Dy,Y,and Er)in bottom/fly ash account for 34%-39%of the total REY and the outlook coefficients(Cout1)are in the range of 0.89-1.11.This study indicates a promising prospect to reclaim REY from REYrich CCPs(bottom and fly ash)in CFPPs in Guizhou,especially in the central-north Guizhou,although such practices require further technology advancement.展开更多
Taxonomy plays an important role in understanding the origin, evolution, and ecological functionality of biodiversity. There are large number of unknown species yet to be described by taxonomists, which together with ...Taxonomy plays an important role in understanding the origin, evolution, and ecological functionality of biodiversity. There are large number of unknown species yet to be described by taxonomists, which together with their ecosystem services cannot be effectively protected prior to description. Despite this, taxonomy has been increasingly underrated insufficient funds and permanent positions to retain young talents. Further, the impact factordriven evaluation systems in China exacerbate this downward trend, so alternative evaluation metrics are urgently necessary. When the current generation of outstanding taxonomists retires,there will be too few remaining taxonomists left to train the next generation. In light of these challenges, all co-authors worked together on this paper to analyze the current situation of taxonomy and put out a joint call for immediate actions to advance taxonomy in China.展开更多
The coupling effects and mechanisms of water,heat,and salt in frozen soils are considered to be one of the core scientific issues in frozen soil studies.This study was based on in situ observation data of active layer...The coupling effects and mechanisms of water,heat,and salt in frozen soils are considered to be one of the core scientific issues in frozen soil studies.This study was based on in situ observation data of active layer soil volumetric water content(VWC),temperature,and bulk electrical conductivity(EC)obtained at an alpine meadow site from October 2016 to November 2019.The site is located in the headwater area of the Yellow River(HAYR).We analyzed the synergetic variations of active layer soil VWC,temperature,and bulk EC during the freeze and thaw processes and discussed the underlying mechanisms.When the thaw process occurred from 10 to 80 cm depths,the VWC and bulk EC at a 10 cm depth showed syn-chronous high-frequency fluctuations and both increased linearly.The linear decreasing rate of the VWC(bulk EC)at an 80 cm depth in the freeze depths between 0 and 40 cm was 2(1.6e2.3)times that of the VWC(bulk EC)at an 80 cm depth in the freeze depths occurring 0e10 cm.As soil temperature decreased in the frozen layer,unfrozen water content(bulk EC)decreased nonlinearly along with the absolute value of soil temperature(|T|),following a power(logarithmic)function.This study provided data that partly elucidate the interactions among permafrost,meadow,and ecohydrological processes in the HAYR.Also,our results can be used as a scientific basis for decision making on the protection and restoration of alpine grasslands,as well as for soil salinization studies.展开更多
Techniques of tracking movements of pollen grains are essential for many topics in pollination biology. Pollen transfer of Liriodendron chinense(Hemsl.) Sarg., a hermaphroditic plant, may be both interfloral and intra...Techniques of tracking movements of pollen grains are essential for many topics in pollination biology. Pollen transfer of Liriodendron chinense(Hemsl.) Sarg., a hermaphroditic plant, may be both interfloral and intrafloral pollination. Observations on pollinator movements and flower emasculated experiments in natural populations showed that most of pollen grains deposited on stigmas in a flower are foreign. But it is not certain whether cross pollination or long distance pollen transfer occurs in this insect-pollinated plant. The authors attempt to use random amplified polymorphic DNA (RAPD) loci for paternity analysis to mark pollen dispersal. The results indicated pollen via gene transportation reached at least 100 m away from the pollen source in a selected population. The primary study suggests a larger effective population size in this endangered plant. With its rapid and simple characters, RAPD methods can be a suitable technique for marking pollen flow and able to be widely used in various taxa.展开更多
基金supported by the National Key Research and Development Program of China (Grant No. 2018YFD1000300)the National Natural Science Foundation of China (Grant No. 32025032)+1 种基金the Grape Breeding Project of Ningxia (Grant No. NXNYYZ202101-04)Major Program of Technological Innovation in Hubei Province (Grant No. 2019ABA093).
文摘Histone H3 lysine 27 trimethylation(H3K27me3) is a histone modification associated with transcriptional repression. However, insights into the genome-wide pattern of H3K27me3 in grapevines are limited. Here, anti-H3K27 chromatin immunoprecipitation(ChIP), high-throughput sequencing, and transcriptome analysis were performed using leaves of Vitis amurensis. The leaves were treated at 4°C for 2 h and 24 h and used to investigate changes in H3K27me3 under chilling treatment. The results show that H3K27me3 is well-distributed both in gene regions(-50%) and in the intergenic region(-50%) in the grapevine genome(Vitis vinifera ‘Pinot Noir PN40024'). H3K27me3 was found to be localized in8 368 annotated gene regions in all detected samples(leaves at normal temperature and under chilling treatments) and mainly enriched in gene bodies with the adjacent promoter and downstream areas. The short-term chilling treatments(4°C for 2 h) induced 2 793 gains and 305losses in H3K27me3 modification. Subsequently, 97.3% of the alterations were restored to original levels after 24 h treatment. The ChIP-qPCR for five differential peaks showed similar results to the data for ChIP-seq, indicating that the chilling-induced H3K27me3 modification is reliable.Integrative analysis of transcriptome and ChIP-seq results showed that the expression of H3K27me3 target genes was significantly lower than those of non-target genes, indicating transcriptional repression of H3K27me3 in grapevine leaves. Furthermore, histone methylation alterations were detected in 82 genes and were related to either repression or activation of their expression during chilling stress. The findings provide the genome-wide H3K27me3 patterns in grapevines and shed light on uncovering its regulation in chilling stress responses.
基金supported by the Global Change Research Program of China (No. 2010CB951402)the Natural Science Foundation of China (Nos. 91025013, 91325202)+1 种基金the State Key Laboratory of Frozen Soil Engineering (No. SKLFSE-ZY-06), CAS, Chinathe Major Research Plan of the Natural Science Foundation of China (No. 2013CBA01802)
文摘Investigation on spatiotemporal variations of maximum seasonal freeze depth(MSFD) over the Heihe River Basin is of great importance for systematic understanding of regional climate and environmental change, ecological-hydrological processes, water resources assessment, construction and resource development. Based on soil and air temperatures at the meteorological stations of the China Meteorological Administration(CMA) over the Heihe River Basin, MSFDs time series are structured into a composite time series over the 1960–2007 period. Evaluating the averaged MSFD time series for 1960–2007 reveals a statistically significant trend of-4.0 cm/decade or a net change of-19.2 cm for the 48-year period over the basin. The MSFD had significantly negative correlation with mean annual air temperature(MAAT), winter air temperature, mean annual ground surface temperature(MAGST), degree days of thawing for the air(DDTa) as well as for the surface(DDTs), and degree days of freezing for the surface(DDFs). While there was significantly positive correlation between DDFs and MSFD time series, MSFD was deeper and changed greatly in the Heihe River source area. It was shallower in the east-central basin and gradually deepened in other sections of the basin. The MSFD distribution pattern in 2003–2005 is consistent with that of averaged degree days of freezing for air(DDFa) in 1960–2007. However, the maximum of MSFD may not be accurate, because there is no long term observation data in the deep seasonally frozen ground regions near the lower boundary of permafrost. With increasing elevation, averaged DDFa increased at a rate of 51.6 °C-day/100m, therefore, the MSFG and the date reaching MSFG became deeper and later, respectively.
基金Supported by National Basic Research Program of China(973 Program,Grant No.2012CB026006)
文摘The labyrinth seal in turbomachinery is a key element that restricts leakage flow among rotor-stator clearances from high-pressure regions to low-pressure regions. The fluid-induced forces on the rotor from seals during machine operation must be accurately quantified to predict their dynamic behavior effectively. To understand the fluid-induced force characteristics of the labyrinth seal more fully, the effects of four types of pre-swirls on the leakage, flow field, and fluid-induced force of a rotary straight-through labyrinth gas seal (RSTLGS) were numerically investigated using the proposed steady computational fluid dynamics (CFD) method based on the three-dimensional models of the RSTLGS. The leakage, flow field, and fluid-induced force of the RSTLGS for six axial pre-swirl velocities, four radial preswirl angles, four circumferential positive pre-swirl angles, and four circumferential negative pre-swirl angles were computed under the same geometrical parameters and operational conditions. Mesh analysis ensures the accuracy of the present steady CFD method. The numerical results show that the four types of pre-swirls influence the leakage, flow field, and fluid-induced force of the RSTLGS. The axial pre-swirl velocity remarkably inhibits the fluid-induced force, and the circumferential positive pre-swirl angle and circumferential negative pre-swirl angle remarkably promote the fluid-induced force. The effects of the radial pre-swirl angle on the fluid-induced force are complicated, and the pressure forces and viscous forces show the maximum or minimum values at a specific radial pre-swirl angle. The pre-swirl has a negligible impact on the leakage. The four types of pre-swirls affect the leakage, flow field, and fluidinduced force of the RSTLGS to varying degrees. The pre-swirl is the influence factor affecting the leakage, flow field, and fluid-induced force of the RSTLGS. The conclusions will help to understand the fluid-induced force of labyrinth seals more fully, by providing helpful suggestions for engineering practices and a theoretical basis to analyze the fluid–structure interaction of the seal-rotor system in future research.
基金supported by the Chinese Academy of Sciences Key Research Program (No. KZZD-EW-13)the Natural Science Foundation of China (Nos. 91025013, 91325202)+1 种基金the State Key Laboratory of Frozen Soil Engineering (No. SKLFSE-ZY-06), CASthe Major Research Plan of the National Natural Science Foundation of China (No. 2013CBA01802)
文摘Changes in ground surface thermal regimes play a vital role in surface and subsurface hydrology, ecosystem diversity and productivity, and global thermal, water and carbon budgets as well as climate change. Estimating spring, summer, autumn and winter air temperatures and mean annual air temperature(MAAT) from 1960 through 2008 over the Heihe River Basin reveals a statistically significant trend of 0.31 °C/decade, 0.28 °C/decade, 0.37 °C/decade, 0.50 °C/decade, and 0.37 °C /decade, respectively. The averaged time series of mean annual ground surface temperature(MAGST) and maximum annual ground surface temperature(MaxAGST) for 1972–2006 over the basin indicates a statistically significant trend of 0.58 °C/decade and 1.27 °C/decade, respectively. The minimum annual ground surface temperature(MinAGST) in the same period remains unchanged as a whole. Estimating surface freezing/thawing index as well as the ratio of freezing index to thawing index(RFT) in the period between 1959 and 2006 over the basin indicates a statistically significant trend of-42.5 °C-day/decade, 85.4 °C-day/decade and-0.018/decade, respectively.
文摘As a key supporting equipment for the construction of LNG carriers,the installation platform undertakes the support and guarantee of LNG carrier tank internal construction.This paper takes the secondary shielding installation platform of A-type tank as the object of study,the study firstly considers the semi-rigidity of the nodes and the material nonlinearity based on finite element software,and then the residual structure is calculated using static nonlinear method after single truss,two trusses and three trusses are invalid simultaneously.The research results show that the truss with higher components importance coefficient has greater impact on the residual structure when the truss is invalid;After the 2 trusses of installation platform become invalid completely,the further progressive collapse will not occur;When A1-HJ,A2-HJ and A2-HJ are dismantled at the same time,it will lead to the local progressive damage,which can cause the collapse of large-scale structures.The research findings can support the design and use of the installation platform.
基金Project supported by the K.C.Wong Education FoundationNational Natural Science Foundation of China(U1612442)+3 种基金Key Grant for Creative Research Groups of Guizhou Provincial Education Department(Qian-Jiao-He KY Zi2016047)Young Scientific Talents Growth Project of Guizhou Provincial Education Department(Qian-Jiao-He KY Zi 2016252)Doctoralof Zunyi Normal University(Zun-Shi BS 201815)Science and Technology Project of Guizhou Provincial Science and Technology Department(Qian-Ke-He-Ping-Tai-RenCai 20175727-07)。
文摘As indispensable strategic materials for high-tech industries,rare earth elements and yttrium(REY)have become particularly important in recent years,raising the demand of developing new approaches for reclamation of REY from REY-rich materials such as coal combustion products(CCPs).In this study,five coal-fired power plants(CFPPs)in Guizhou of southwest China were selected for investigating REY concentrations of solid samples,atmospheric emissions,and recovery potentials.REY concentrations of feed fuels are higher in this study(147.2-468.6 mg/kg)than what have been reported previously for coals in China and the world.REY atmospheric emissions are extremely low(38.70-180.11 mg REY/t coal).REY are enriched in bottom ash and fly ash,with average of 658±296 mg/kg and maximum of 1257 mg/kg from the five CFPPs.Relative enrichment factors(REF)of REY in bottom ash and fly ash compared with the feed fuel are 0.86-1.02 and 0.91-1.04,respectively.REY concentrations in desulfurized gypsum are very low(6-17 mg/kg),and that is mostly inherited from limestone.Critical REY(Nd,Eu,Tb,Dy,Y,and Er)in bottom/fly ash account for 34%-39%of the total REY and the outlook coefficients(Cout1)are in the range of 0.89-1.11.This study indicates a promising prospect to reclaim REY from REYrich CCPs(bottom and fly ash)in CFPPs in Guizhou,especially in the central-north Guizhou,although such practices require further technology advancement.
基金mainly supported by National Science Fund for Distinguished Young Scholars (31625024)a grant (2008DP173354) from the Key Laboratory of the Zoological Systematics and Evolution of the Chinese Academy of Sciences。
文摘Taxonomy plays an important role in understanding the origin, evolution, and ecological functionality of biodiversity. There are large number of unknown species yet to be described by taxonomists, which together with their ecosystem services cannot be effectively protected prior to description. Despite this, taxonomy has been increasingly underrated insufficient funds and permanent positions to retain young talents. Further, the impact factordriven evaluation systems in China exacerbate this downward trend, so alternative evaluation metrics are urgently necessary. When the current generation of outstanding taxonomists retires,there will be too few remaining taxonomists left to train the next generation. In light of these challenges, all co-authors worked together on this paper to analyze the current situation of taxonomy and put out a joint call for immediate actions to advance taxonomy in China.
基金the Strategic Priority Research Pro-gram of Chinese Academy of Sciences(Grant No.XDA20100103)Natural Science Foundation of China(Grant No.41971091).
文摘The coupling effects and mechanisms of water,heat,and salt in frozen soils are considered to be one of the core scientific issues in frozen soil studies.This study was based on in situ observation data of active layer soil volumetric water content(VWC),temperature,and bulk electrical conductivity(EC)obtained at an alpine meadow site from October 2016 to November 2019.The site is located in the headwater area of the Yellow River(HAYR).We analyzed the synergetic variations of active layer soil VWC,temperature,and bulk EC during the freeze and thaw processes and discussed the underlying mechanisms.When the thaw process occurred from 10 to 80 cm depths,the VWC and bulk EC at a 10 cm depth showed syn-chronous high-frequency fluctuations and both increased linearly.The linear decreasing rate of the VWC(bulk EC)at an 80 cm depth in the freeze depths between 0 and 40 cm was 2(1.6e2.3)times that of the VWC(bulk EC)at an 80 cm depth in the freeze depths occurring 0e10 cm.As soil temperature decreased in the frozen layer,unfrozen water content(bulk EC)decreased nonlinearly along with the absolute value of soil temperature(|T|),following a power(logarithmic)function.This study provided data that partly elucidate the interactions among permafrost,meadow,and ecohydrological processes in the HAYR.Also,our results can be used as a scientific basis for decision making on the protection and restoration of alpine grasslands,as well as for soil salinization studies.
文摘Techniques of tracking movements of pollen grains are essential for many topics in pollination biology. Pollen transfer of Liriodendron chinense(Hemsl.) Sarg., a hermaphroditic plant, may be both interfloral and intrafloral pollination. Observations on pollinator movements and flower emasculated experiments in natural populations showed that most of pollen grains deposited on stigmas in a flower are foreign. But it is not certain whether cross pollination or long distance pollen transfer occurs in this insect-pollinated plant. The authors attempt to use random amplified polymorphic DNA (RAPD) loci for paternity analysis to mark pollen dispersal. The results indicated pollen via gene transportation reached at least 100 m away from the pollen source in a selected population. The primary study suggests a larger effective population size in this endangered plant. With its rapid and simple characters, RAPD methods can be a suitable technique for marking pollen flow and able to be widely used in various taxa.
