The safety valve is an important component to ensure the safe operation of lithium-ion batteries(LIBs).However,the effect of safety valve type on the thermal runaway(TR)and gas venting behavior of LIBs,as well as the ...The safety valve is an important component to ensure the safe operation of lithium-ion batteries(LIBs).However,the effect of safety valve type on the thermal runaway(TR)and gas venting behavior of LIBs,as well as the TR hazard severity of LIBs,are not known.In this paper,the TR and gas venting behavior of three 100 A h lithium iron phosphate(LFP)batteries with different safety valves are investigated under overheating.Compared to previous studies,the main contribution of this work is in studying and evaluating the effect of gas venting behavior and TR hazard severity of LFP batteries with three safety valve types.Two significant results are obtained:(Ⅰ)the safety valve type dominates over gas venting pressure of battery during safety venting,the maximum gas venting pressure of LFP batteries with a round safety valve is 3320 Pa,which is one order of magnitude higher than other batteries with oval or cavity safety valve;(Ⅱ)the LFP battery with oval safety valve has the lowest TR hazard as shown by the TR hazard assessment model based on gray-fuzzy analytic hierarchy process.This study reveals the effect of safety valve type on TR and gas venting,providing a clear direction for the safety valve design.展开更多
Micro-energy systems contribute significantly to environmental improvement by reducing dependence on power grids through the utilization of multiple renewable energy sources.This study quantified the environmental imp...Micro-energy systems contribute significantly to environmental improvement by reducing dependence on power grids through the utilization of multiple renewable energy sources.This study quantified the environmental impact of a micro-energy network system in an industrial park through a life cycle assessment using the operation of the micro-energy network over a year as the functional unit and“cradle-to-gate”as the system boundary.Based on the baseline scenario,a natural gas generator set was added to replace central heating,and the light pipes were expanded to constitute the optimized scenario.The results showed that the key impact categories for both scenarios were global warming,fine particulate matter formation,human carcinogenic toxicity,and human non-carcinogenic toxicity.The overall environmental impact of the optimized scenario was reduced by 68%compared to the baseline scenario.A sensitivity analysis of the key factors showed that electricity from the power grid was the key impact factor in both scenarios,followed by central heating and natural gas.Therefore,to reduce the environmental impact of network systems,it is necessary to further optimize the grid power structure.The research approach can be used to optimize micro-energy networks and evaluate the environmental impact of different energy systems.展开更多
Although the tobacco industry is a significant contributor to energy consumption and carbon emissions its negative environmental impact has received inadequate attention globally.Cigarette factories are a key link in ...Although the tobacco industry is a significant contributor to energy consumption and carbon emissions its negative environmental impact has received inadequate attention globally.Cigarette factories are a key link in the tobacco industry’s production chain,and using data provided by a cigarette factory in China we conduct a life cycle assessment to account for the carbon footprint of cigar production in cigarette factories.The results of the assessment show that factory air conditioning is the most important contributor to the environmental load of the cigar manufacturing process,while electricity is the key factor that contributes the greatest envi‐ronmental load across all of the processes in the product life cycle.In addition,packaging,including small boxes and cigarette cartons,has a significant impact on the industry’s environmental footprint due to its use of raw materials.We find the carbon footprint of the entire production process for cigar products to be 383.59 kg CO_(2) eq.Based on our findings,we suggest ways to optimize cigar/cigarette factory processes to re‐duce carbon emissions that can help to promote sustainable development in related industries.展开更多
Regenerating functional new neurons in the adult mammalian central nervous system has been proven to be very challenging due to the inability of neurons to divide and repopulate themselves after neuronal loss.Glial ce...Regenerating functional new neurons in the adult mammalian central nervous system has been proven to be very challenging due to the inability of neurons to divide and repopulate themselves after neuronal loss.Glial cells,on the other hand,can divide and repopulate themselves under injury or diseased conditions.We have previously reported that ectopic expression of NeuroD1 in dividing glial cells can directly convert them into neurons.Here,using astrocytic lineage-tracing reporter mice(Aldh1l1-CreERT2 mice crossing with Ai14 mice),we demonstrate that lineage-traced astrocytes can be successfully converted into NeuNpositive neurons after expressing NeuroD1 through adeno-associated viruses.Retroviral expression of NeuroD1 further confirms that dividing glial cells can be converted into neurons.Importantly,we demonstrate that for in vivo cell conversion study,using a safe level of adeno-associated virus dosage(10^10–10^12 gc/mL,1μL)in the rodent brain is critical to avoid artifacts caused by toxic dosage,such as that used in a recent bioRxiv study(2×10^13 gc/mL,1μL,mouse cortex).For therapeutic purpose under injury or diseased conditions,or for non-human primate studies,adeno-associated virus dosage needs to be optimized through a series of dose-finding experiments.Moreover,for future in vivo gliato-neuron conversion studies,we recommend that the adeno-associated virus results are further verified with retroviruses that mainly express transgenes in dividing glial cells in order to draw solid conclusions.The study was approved by the Laboratory Animal Ethics Committee of Jinan University,China(approval No.IACUC-20180330-06)on March 30,2018.展开更多
Currently,the effective and clean suppression of lithium-ion battery(LIB)fires remains a challenge.The present work investigates the use of various inhibitor doses(Xin)of dodecafluoro-2-methylpentan-3-one(C_(6) F_(12)...Currently,the effective and clean suppression of lithium-ion battery(LIB)fires remains a challenge.The present work investigates the use of various inhibitor doses(Xin)of dodecafluoro-2-methylpentan-3-one(C_(6) F_(12)O)in 300 Ah LIBs,and systematically examines the thermal and toxic hazards of the extinguished batteries via real scale combustion and gas analysis.The inhibitor is shown to be completely effective.The inhibition mechanism involves a combination of chemical inhibition and physical cooling.While the chemical inhibition effect tends to saturate with increasing Xin,the physical cooling remains effective at higher inhibitor doses.However,extinguishing the battery fire with a high Xin of C_(6)F_(12)O is found to incur serious toxicity problems.These results are expected to provide a guideline for the design of inhibitor doses for the suppression of LIB fires.展开更多
With the recent development of high entropy materials, an alternative approach to develop advanced functional materials with distinctive properties that show improved values compared to conventional materials has been...With the recent development of high entropy materials, an alternative approach to develop advanced functional materials with distinctive properties that show improved values compared to conventional materials has been provided. The high entropy concept was later successfully transferred to metal fluorides and high entropy fluorides(HEFs) were successfully synthesized. Owing to their high theoretical specific capacities in energy storage applications, HEFs were utilized as cathode materials for lithiumion batteries(LIBs) and their underlying storage mechanisms were investigated. Instead of a step-bystep reduction of each individual metal cation, the HEFs seem to exhibit a single-step reduction process,indicating a solid solution compound instead of merely a mixture of different metal fluorides. It was also observed that the electrochemical behavior of the HEFs depends on each individual incorporated element. Therefore, by altering the elemental composition, new materials that exhibit improved electrochemical properties can be designed. Remarkably, HEFs with seven incorporated metal elements exhibited a better cycling stability as well as a lower hysteresis compared to binary metal fluorides.These findings offer new guidelines for material design and tailoring towards high performance LIBs.展开更多
Based on the synchrotron soft X-ray absorption spectroscopy experiments,the fundamental electronic structures of layered Li NixCoyMnzO_(2)(NCM)are investigated systematically and the data of transitionmetal(TM)L-and O...Based on the synchrotron soft X-ray absorption spectroscopy experiments,the fundamental electronic structures of layered Li NixCoyMnzO_(2)(NCM)are investigated systematically and the data of transitionmetal(TM)L-and O K-edges spectra are collected.Distribution of Ni ions under different oxidation states is evaluated according to linear combination fit.It is found that the ratio of Ni^(4+)expands with the increase of Ni since it dominates in charge compensation during charging,and that the existence of Ni^(3+)is nearly negligible in delithiated NCM.The valence state of Co also strongly depends on Ni content,the perceptible position shift of Co L_(3)-edge absorption peak towards higher energy in Ni-rich material agrees well with the small voltage plateau at around 4.2 V.The stability of Mn is verified as no obvious spectral change with the Mn L-edge is observed.Moreover,as Ni content rises,the O 2p holes near the Femi level increases with higher oxidation state of Ni,indicating the enhanced hybridization of O 2p-TM 3 d.Delithiated NCMs with higher Ni content are prior to lose electron existing in highly hybridized Ni3 dO 2 p bands upon heating,which accounts for the pronounced O_(2)release in phase transitions and the deterioration in thermal stability.These detailed observation of the electronic structure evolution is one of the key ingredients to improving the electrochemical and thermal performance of NCM.展开更多
By virtue of the crucial effect of the crystal structure and transition metal(TM)redox evolution on the performance of LiNi_(x)Co_(y)Mn_(z)O_(2)(NCM)cathode,systematical investigation is carried out to better understa...By virtue of the crucial effect of the crystal structure and transition metal(TM)redox evolution on the performance of LiNi_(x)Co_(y)Mn_(z)O_(2)(NCM)cathode,systematical investigation is carried out to better understand the charge mechanism upon deep charging.Based on the results of X-ray diffraction and highresolution transmission electron microscope,phase transformations existing on particle surface are promoted by high potential because of the deeper lithium vacancies,accompanied by more substantial structure instability.Soft X-ray absorption spectroscopy indicates that Ni acts as the major contributor to charge compensation while Co displays a remarkable redox activity over the deep charge range.The elevated integrated intensity of pre-edge in O K-edge spectra reveals the extensive amount of holes formed in O 2 p orbitals and the enhanced hybridization of TM 3 d-O 2 p orbitals.Considering the close relationship between thermal behavior and structural evolution,the tendency of phase transitions and O_(2) release upon heating is accelerated by voltage rise,demonstrating the aggravated instability due to deeper Li utilization.Remaining Li contents in NCM are employed to estimate the amount of oxygen released in structural transformation and its detrimental effect on stability declares Li contentdependent characteristics.Furthermore,the extended Li vacancies,higher proportion of Ni4+and stronger orbital hybridization are considered as three factors impeding the thermal stability of the highlydelithiated NCM.展开更多
Multiple mode calorimetry and C80 micro-calorimeter are used to investigate the impact of cathode and anode on heat generation of lithium ion battery.The thermal behaviors of LiNi_(x)Co_(y)Mn_(z)O_(2)/graphite full ce...Multiple mode calorimetry and C80 micro-calorimeter are used to investigate the impact of cathode and anode on heat generation of lithium ion battery.The thermal behaviors of LiNi_(x)Co_(y)Mn_(z)O_(2)/graphite full cell are discussed under normal operating and elevating temperature.Affected by negative entropy change,lithium intercalation presents more exotherms than deintercalation for both electrode materials.The contributions of irreversible and reversible heat to the total heat generation of graphite are evaluated.The phase transitions correlated with voltages and lithium contents are determined.Based on the analysis of half-cell,the effect of two electrodes(with the same capacity)on overall heat generation is nearly the same and anode of full cell plays a key role in charging while cathode dominates in discharging.Thermal behaviors of lithiated graphite and delithiated LiNi_(x)Co_(y)Mn_(z)O_(2) electrolyte and their coexisting system are identified to further explore their influence on battery safety.The breakdown of solid electrolyte interface(SEI)at around 82℃ is considered as a crucial factor affecting the thermal stability of full cell.The oxidation of electrolyte induced by oxygen released from cathode material turns out to be one of the main heat sources.These accurate results are of great significance to improve the existing thermal management system and provide basic data for the prediction of battery performance.展开更多
1.Introduction With the superior performance of high energy density,lightweight and long life span,lithium-ion battery(LIB)are perceived as an attractive and reliable power source for modern-used portable electronics,...1.Introduction With the superior performance of high energy density,lightweight and long life span,lithium-ion battery(LIB)are perceived as an attractive and reliable power source for modern-used portable electronics,ecofriendly electric vehicles and power distribution,and thereby a remarkable solution to assuage energy dependence on fossil fuel and environmental concern.Nevertheless,the unexpected Li plating together with the Li dendrites growth on graphite anode surface has been a profound hindrance to the practical application of LIB,of which induces inferior Coulombic efficiency,poor lifespan and safety concern[1].展开更多
Biomass energy has become an important measure to alleviate ecological environment security and energy supply security in China.Emergy accounting method is used to analyze and evaluate economy,environment,and sustaina...Biomass energy has become an important measure to alleviate ecological environment security and energy supply security in China.Emergy accounting method is used to analyze and evaluate economy,environment,and sustainability of corn straw generation system,which includes corn planting subsystem,collection and transportation subsystem,and corn straw power generation subsystem.The key substances that need to be optimized in the system are identified by using sensitivity analysis.Based on the position of key substances in the system,emergy accounting optimization methodology is conducted.Corresponding optimization design scheme is proposed based on the '3R' (reduce,reuse,and recycle) principle of circular economy.Current study shows that emergy yield ratio,emergy investment ratio,environmental loading ratio,and emergy sustainability index of the corn straw power generation system are 3.69,2.68,1.61,and 2.29,respectively,which are better than wind power generation system and thermal power generation system.In addition,it is proposed that the fertilizer alternative plan and the transportation redesign plan can replace 50,000 tons potash and reduce equipment resources by 20% and energy resources input by 30%.Economy and sustainable development of the system is significantly improved.The optimization design method based on the '3R' principle proposed in this paper can provide a useful reference for the research in the field of resource recycling.展开更多
It is urgent to significantly reduce greenhouse gas emissions to actively deal with global warming.This paper investigates Shandong Province,a typical province of energy consumption,as the research object,aiming to op...It is urgent to significantly reduce greenhouse gas emissions to actively deal with global warming.This paper investigates Shandong Province,a typical province of energy consumption,as the research object,aiming to optimize total energy consumption and consumption structure in the future planning year.This paper constructs a methodological system to optimize energy consumption structure in Shandong Province,using a scenario combination of system dynamics(SD)prediction and analysis based on the coupling of key scenario elements affecting different energy consumption from different perspectives.Structural equation modeling and SD sensitivity analysis indicate an overlap between key factors restricting energy consumption.Pairing the key scenario factors can better reflect the internal mechanism of energy consumption development.Based on this,21 scenarios based on different combinations of the key elements are constructed.Through SD prediction and analysis,the most suitable scenario mode for optimizing energy consumption structure in Shandong Province is selected.This paper provides a suitable development range for the average gross domestic product growth rate,the proportion of secondary industry,energy consumption intensity of secondary industry,and the urbanization rate for Shandong Province.This paper can provide a reference for similar research and the government in formulating the optimization scheme of energy consumption structure.展开更多
The integrated circular economy model of farming and stock raising(ICEMFSR)has attracted increased attention as an effective model for solving the current irrational allocation of agricultural resources and realizing ...The integrated circular economy model of farming and stock raising(ICEMFSR)has attracted increased attention as an effective model for solving the current irrational allocation of agricultural resources and realizing the agricultural value-added industrial chain.This study uses emergy analysis to comprehensively examine and evaluate the economic benefits,environmental pressures,and sustainable development levels of ICEMFSR in Shucheng County,China.The results show that the ICEMFSR possesses the value of popularization with optimally allocated resources in the studied region,in which the emergy yield ratio(EYR),emergy loading ratio(ELR),and emergy sustainable index(ESI)in this model accounted for 3.59,1.25,and 2.89,respectively.This result indicates a leading position in the national agricultural system.Hence,this study constructs a new model based on the coupling of emergy evaluation and multi-objective linear programming to study ICEMFSR.Consequently,the EYR,ELR,and ESI respectively varied by +24.23%,10.40%,and +38.06%after replanning of ICEMFSR.This variation implies a significant improvement in the sustainable development level of the model.In addition,the optimized scenario design for key substances is proposed based on traceability and the reduce-reuse-recycle principle,including biogasification of crop straw and enhancement of crop scientific planting capacity.展开更多
Objective:To investigate the changes in telomere length and the level of burst-forming units-erythrocyte(BFU-Es)and colony-forming unit-erythrocytes(CFU-Es)in mice with benzene-induced aplastic anemia(AA),and follow-u...Objective:To investigate the changes in telomere length and the level of burst-forming units-erythrocyte(BFU-Es)and colony-forming unit-erythrocytes(CFU-Es)in mice with benzene-induced aplastic anemia(AA),and follow-up the therapeutic effects of Angelica Polysaccharide(AP).Methods:Male BALB/c mice(n=120)were randomly divided into three groups(1,2,3):normal control(n=24),AA control(n=48),and treated AA(n=48),respectively.Mice in Group 2 received benzene inhalation for 2.5 months and 1 ml distilled water p.o.per day for 2 weeks after the establishment of AA models.Similar procedure was applied to the mice in Group 3 and AP was given for 2 weeks after the establishment of AA models.Real-time polymerase chain reaction was used to survey relative telomere length measurement of the bone marrow cells.A BFU-Es and CFU-Es survey was done to follow-up the therapeutic effects of AP.Results:Compared with normal control,significant reductions of RBC,WBC,and platelet counts were found in peripheral blood of AA mice.After treatment with AP,counts of BFU-Es and CFU-Es were restored up to 66.8%and 77.25%,respectively,and length of telomere was restored up to 76.34%,of the normal levels.The telomere length in treated AA group was higher than the control AA group.Conclusion:The AP can protect the telomere length and differentiation of hemopoietic stem/progenitor cells,accelerate the recovery of BFU-Es and CFU-Es of AA mice,and then improve the bone marrow failure.展开更多
With the frequent occurrence of various disasters,serious damage has been caused to social and economic development.Therefore,disaster management plays an increasingly significant role in controlling disasters and red...With the frequent occurrence of various disasters,serious damage has been caused to social and economic development.Therefore,disaster management plays an increasingly significant role in controlling disasters and reducing losses.This study aims to provide a dynamic interaction assessment method for the emergency management department to manage disasters.For this purpose,the classical Decision-Making Trial and Evaluation Laboratory(DEMATEL)method is first extended with bipolar 2-tuple linguistic information to model both the negative and positive influences among factors involved in coping with disaster.Then,the weights of influential factors are determined according to their total interaction relationships derived by extended DEMATEL.After that,the performances or states of factors are suggested to be appraised under a bipolar 2-tuple linguistic environment.Further,the performance or state simulation rule of factors is proposed based on their initial states and the interactions among them during disaster management.According to the simulation results,a weighted average operator is employed to obtain the overall performance values of emergency scenarios.Finally,an illustrative example and comparative analysis are presented for elucidating the feasibility and usefulness of the suggested method.Results of a case study show that the proposed method has the abilities to capture the interactions among influential factors and explore how the factors and their interactions affect disaster management.The proposed method could provide valuable information to emergency management departments for managing disasters more effectively.展开更多
This paper addresses the planning problem of parallel DC electric springs (DCESs). DCES, a demand-side management method, realizes automatic matching of power consumption and power generation by adjusting non-critical...This paper addresses the planning problem of parallel DC electric springs (DCESs). DCES, a demand-side management method, realizes automatic matching of power consumption and power generation by adjusting non-critical load (NCL) and internal storage. It can offer higher power quality to critical load (CL), reduce power imbalance and relieve pressure on energy storage systems (RESs). In this paper, a planning method for parallel DCESs is proposed to maximize stability gain, economic benefits, and penetration of RESs. The planning model is a master optimization with sub-optimization to highlight the priority of objectives. Master optimization is used to improve stability of the network, and sub-optimization aims to improve economic benefit and allowable penetration of RESs. This issue is a multivariable nonlinear mixed integer problem, requiring huge calculations by using common solvers. Therefore, particle Swarm optimization (PSO) and Elitist non-dominated sorting genetic algorithm (NSGA-II) were used to solve this model. Considering uncertainty of RESs, this paper verifies effectiveness of the proposed planning method on IEEE 33-bus system based on deterministic scenarios obtained by scenario analysis.展开更多
基金supported by the National Key R&D Program of China(No.2021YFB2402001)the Postgraduate Innovation and Entrepreneurship Practice Project of Anhui Province(No.2022cxcysj013)+2 种基金the China Postdoctoral Science Foundation(No.2022T150615)the Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities(No.WK5290000002)supported by Youth Innovation Promotion Association CAS(No.Y201768)。
文摘The safety valve is an important component to ensure the safe operation of lithium-ion batteries(LIBs).However,the effect of safety valve type on the thermal runaway(TR)and gas venting behavior of LIBs,as well as the TR hazard severity of LIBs,are not known.In this paper,the TR and gas venting behavior of three 100 A h lithium iron phosphate(LFP)batteries with different safety valves are investigated under overheating.Compared to previous studies,the main contribution of this work is in studying and evaluating the effect of gas venting behavior and TR hazard severity of LFP batteries with three safety valve types.Two significant results are obtained:(Ⅰ)the safety valve type dominates over gas venting pressure of battery during safety venting,the maximum gas venting pressure of LFP batteries with a round safety valve is 3320 Pa,which is one order of magnitude higher than other batteries with oval or cavity safety valve;(Ⅱ)the LFP battery with oval safety valve has the lowest TR hazard as shown by the TR hazard assessment model based on gray-fuzzy analytic hierarchy process.This study reveals the effect of safety valve type on TR and gas venting,providing a clear direction for the safety valve design.
基金funded by the National Key R&D Project[Grant No.2019YFC1903900]Key R&D Province[Grant No.2023SFGC0101]Taishan Scholar Project[Grant No.tsqn202103010].
文摘Micro-energy systems contribute significantly to environmental improvement by reducing dependence on power grids through the utilization of multiple renewable energy sources.This study quantified the environmental impact of a micro-energy network system in an industrial park through a life cycle assessment using the operation of the micro-energy network over a year as the functional unit and“cradle-to-gate”as the system boundary.Based on the baseline scenario,a natural gas generator set was added to replace central heating,and the light pipes were expanded to constitute the optimized scenario.The results showed that the key impact categories for both scenarios were global warming,fine particulate matter formation,human carcinogenic toxicity,and human non-carcinogenic toxicity.The overall environmental impact of the optimized scenario was reduced by 68%compared to the baseline scenario.A sensitivity analysis of the key factors showed that electricity from the power grid was the key impact factor in both scenarios,followed by central heating and natural gas.Therefore,to reduce the environmental impact of network systems,it is necessary to further optimize the grid power structure.The research approach can be used to optimize micro-energy networks and evaluate the environmental impact of different energy systems.
基金supported by Shandong Natural Science Founda‐tion[Grant No.ZR2023MD079]Shandong Province Social Science Planning Research Project[Grant No.22CKRJ04]+2 种基金Taishan Scholar Project[Grant No.tsqn202103010]Department of Science and Tech‐nology of Shandong Province[Grant No.2021SFGC0904-05]Zaozhuang Science and Technology Bureau[Grant No.2021GH22].
文摘Although the tobacco industry is a significant contributor to energy consumption and carbon emissions its negative environmental impact has received inadequate attention globally.Cigarette factories are a key link in the tobacco industry’s production chain,and using data provided by a cigarette factory in China we conduct a life cycle assessment to account for the carbon footprint of cigar production in cigarette factories.The results of the assessment show that factory air conditioning is the most important contributor to the environmental load of the cigar manufacturing process,while electricity is the key factor that contributes the greatest envi‐ronmental load across all of the processes in the product life cycle.In addition,packaging,including small boxes and cigarette cartons,has a significant impact on the industry’s environmental footprint due to its use of raw materials.We find the carbon footprint of the entire production process for cigar products to be 383.59 kg CO_(2) eq.Based on our findings,we suggest ways to optimize cigar/cigarette factory processes to re‐duce carbon emissions that can help to promote sustainable development in related industries.
基金This study was supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(No.U1801681,to GC and No.31970906,to WL)Guangdong Science and Technology Department(‘Key technologies for treatment of brain disorders’,No.2018B030332001,to GC)+2 种基金the Natural Science Foundation of Guangdong Province of China(No.2020A1515011079,to WL and No.2020A1515010854,to QW)the internal funding from Jinan University(No.21616110,to GC)the Young Scientists Fund of the National Natural Science Foundation of China(No.31701291,to WL).
文摘Regenerating functional new neurons in the adult mammalian central nervous system has been proven to be very challenging due to the inability of neurons to divide and repopulate themselves after neuronal loss.Glial cells,on the other hand,can divide and repopulate themselves under injury or diseased conditions.We have previously reported that ectopic expression of NeuroD1 in dividing glial cells can directly convert them into neurons.Here,using astrocytic lineage-tracing reporter mice(Aldh1l1-CreERT2 mice crossing with Ai14 mice),we demonstrate that lineage-traced astrocytes can be successfully converted into NeuNpositive neurons after expressing NeuroD1 through adeno-associated viruses.Retroviral expression of NeuroD1 further confirms that dividing glial cells can be converted into neurons.Importantly,we demonstrate that for in vivo cell conversion study,using a safe level of adeno-associated virus dosage(10^10–10^12 gc/mL,1μL)in the rodent brain is critical to avoid artifacts caused by toxic dosage,such as that used in a recent bioRxiv study(2×10^13 gc/mL,1μL,mouse cortex).For therapeutic purpose under injury or diseased conditions,or for non-human primate studies,adeno-associated virus dosage needs to be optimized through a series of dose-finding experiments.Moreover,for future in vivo gliato-neuron conversion studies,we recommend that the adeno-associated virus results are further verified with retroviruses that mainly express transgenes in dividing glial cells in order to draw solid conclusions.The study was approved by the Laboratory Animal Ethics Committee of Jinan University,China(approval No.IACUC-20180330-06)on March 30,2018.
基金funded by the Science and Technology Project of the State Grid Corporation of China (Exploration study on Fire Extinguishing Technology of Lithium Ion Energy Storage Battery DG71-18-002)。
文摘Currently,the effective and clean suppression of lithium-ion battery(LIB)fires remains a challenge.The present work investigates the use of various inhibitor doses(Xin)of dodecafluoro-2-methylpentan-3-one(C_(6) F_(12)O)in 300 Ah LIBs,and systematically examines the thermal and toxic hazards of the extinguished batteries via real scale combustion and gas analysis.The inhibitor is shown to be completely effective.The inhibition mechanism involves a combination of chemical inhibition and physical cooling.While the chemical inhibition effect tends to saturate with increasing Xin,the physical cooling remains effective at higher inhibitor doses.However,extinguishing the battery fire with a high Xin of C_(6)F_(12)O is found to incur serious toxicity problems.These results are expected to provide a guideline for the design of inhibitor doses for the suppression of LIB fires.
基金the financial support received from the China Scholarship Council(CSC)MERAGEM graduate school and the Ministry of Science,Research and Arts of the State of Baden-Wu rttemberg for funding research+4 种基金the support of the German Research Foundation(DFG)project(SE 1407/4-2)the support of the En ABLES,a project funded by the European Union’s Horizon 2020 research and innovation program under grant agreement(730957)the support of Epi Store project under grant agreement(101017709)the Centre for Electrochemical Energy Storage Ulm-Karlsruhe(CELEST)the support from the Karlsruhe Nano Micro Facility(KNMF)。
文摘With the recent development of high entropy materials, an alternative approach to develop advanced functional materials with distinctive properties that show improved values compared to conventional materials has been provided. The high entropy concept was later successfully transferred to metal fluorides and high entropy fluorides(HEFs) were successfully synthesized. Owing to their high theoretical specific capacities in energy storage applications, HEFs were utilized as cathode materials for lithiumion batteries(LIBs) and their underlying storage mechanisms were investigated. Instead of a step-bystep reduction of each individual metal cation, the HEFs seem to exhibit a single-step reduction process,indicating a solid solution compound instead of merely a mixture of different metal fluorides. It was also observed that the electrochemical behavior of the HEFs depends on each individual incorporated element. Therefore, by altering the elemental composition, new materials that exhibit improved electrochemical properties can be designed. Remarkably, HEFs with seven incorporated metal elements exhibited a better cycling stability as well as a lower hysteresis compared to binary metal fluorides.These findings offer new guidelines for material design and tailoring towards high performance LIBs.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(No.51976209)the Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities(No.WK2320000040)supported by the Youth Innovation Promotion Association CAS(No.Y201768)。
文摘Based on the synchrotron soft X-ray absorption spectroscopy experiments,the fundamental electronic structures of layered Li NixCoyMnzO_(2)(NCM)are investigated systematically and the data of transitionmetal(TM)L-and O K-edges spectra are collected.Distribution of Ni ions under different oxidation states is evaluated according to linear combination fit.It is found that the ratio of Ni^(4+)expands with the increase of Ni since it dominates in charge compensation during charging,and that the existence of Ni^(3+)is nearly negligible in delithiated NCM.The valence state of Co also strongly depends on Ni content,the perceptible position shift of Co L_(3)-edge absorption peak towards higher energy in Ni-rich material agrees well with the small voltage plateau at around 4.2 V.The stability of Mn is verified as no obvious spectral change with the Mn L-edge is observed.Moreover,as Ni content rises,the O 2p holes near the Femi level increases with higher oxidation state of Ni,indicating the enhanced hybridization of O 2p-TM 3 d.Delithiated NCMs with higher Ni content are prior to lose electron existing in highly hybridized Ni3 dO 2 p bands upon heating,which accounts for the pronounced O_(2)release in phase transitions and the deterioration in thermal stability.These detailed observation of the electronic structure evolution is one of the key ingredients to improving the electrochemical and thermal performance of NCM.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(No.51976209)the Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities(No.WK2320000040)+1 种基金the Synchrotron Radiation Joint Fund of University of Science and Technology of Chinasupported by Youth Innovation Promotion Association CAS(No.Y201768)。
文摘By virtue of the crucial effect of the crystal structure and transition metal(TM)redox evolution on the performance of LiNi_(x)Co_(y)Mn_(z)O_(2)(NCM)cathode,systematical investigation is carried out to better understand the charge mechanism upon deep charging.Based on the results of X-ray diffraction and highresolution transmission electron microscope,phase transformations existing on particle surface are promoted by high potential because of the deeper lithium vacancies,accompanied by more substantial structure instability.Soft X-ray absorption spectroscopy indicates that Ni acts as the major contributor to charge compensation while Co displays a remarkable redox activity over the deep charge range.The elevated integrated intensity of pre-edge in O K-edge spectra reveals the extensive amount of holes formed in O 2 p orbitals and the enhanced hybridization of TM 3 d-O 2 p orbitals.Considering the close relationship between thermal behavior and structural evolution,the tendency of phase transitions and O_(2) release upon heating is accelerated by voltage rise,demonstrating the aggravated instability due to deeper Li utilization.Remaining Li contents in NCM are employed to estimate the amount of oxygen released in structural transformation and its detrimental effect on stability declares Li contentdependent characteristics.Furthermore,the extended Li vacancies,higher proportion of Ni4+and stronger orbital hybridization are considered as three factors impeding the thermal stability of the highlydelithiated NCM.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(No.51976209)the Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities(No.WK2320000040)supported by Youth Innovation Promotion Association CAS(No.Y201768)。
文摘Multiple mode calorimetry and C80 micro-calorimeter are used to investigate the impact of cathode and anode on heat generation of lithium ion battery.The thermal behaviors of LiNi_(x)Co_(y)Mn_(z)O_(2)/graphite full cell are discussed under normal operating and elevating temperature.Affected by negative entropy change,lithium intercalation presents more exotherms than deintercalation for both electrode materials.The contributions of irreversible and reversible heat to the total heat generation of graphite are evaluated.The phase transitions correlated with voltages and lithium contents are determined.Based on the analysis of half-cell,the effect of two electrodes(with the same capacity)on overall heat generation is nearly the same and anode of full cell plays a key role in charging while cathode dominates in discharging.Thermal behaviors of lithiated graphite and delithiated LiNi_(x)Co_(y)Mn_(z)O_(2) electrolyte and their coexisting system are identified to further explore their influence on battery safety.The breakdown of solid electrolyte interface(SEI)at around 82℃ is considered as a crucial factor affecting the thermal stability of full cell.The oxidation of electrolyte induced by oxygen released from cathode material turns out to be one of the main heat sources.These accurate results are of great significance to improve the existing thermal management system and provide basic data for the prediction of battery performance.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (U2033204)the China Postdoctoral Science Foundation (2021M703053)+1 种基金supported by the China National Postdoctoral Program for Innovative Talents(BX20220286)supported by Youth Innovative Promotion Association CAS (Y201768)
文摘1.Introduction With the superior performance of high energy density,lightweight and long life span,lithium-ion battery(LIB)are perceived as an attractive and reliable power source for modern-used portable electronics,ecofriendly electric vehicles and power distribution,and thereby a remarkable solution to assuage energy dependence on fossil fuel and environmental concern.Nevertheless,the unexpected Li plating together with the Li dendrites growth on graphite anode surface has been a profound hindrance to the practical application of LIB,of which induces inferior Coulombic efficiency,poor lifespan and safety concern[1].
文摘Biomass energy has become an important measure to alleviate ecological environment security and energy supply security in China.Emergy accounting method is used to analyze and evaluate economy,environment,and sustainability of corn straw generation system,which includes corn planting subsystem,collection and transportation subsystem,and corn straw power generation subsystem.The key substances that need to be optimized in the system are identified by using sensitivity analysis.Based on the position of key substances in the system,emergy accounting optimization methodology is conducted.Corresponding optimization design scheme is proposed based on the '3R' (reduce,reuse,and recycle) principle of circular economy.Current study shows that emergy yield ratio,emergy investment ratio,environmental loading ratio,and emergy sustainability index of the corn straw power generation system are 3.69,2.68,1.61,and 2.29,respectively,which are better than wind power generation system and thermal power generation system.In addition,it is proposed that the fertilizer alternative plan and the transportation redesign plan can replace 50,000 tons potash and reduce equipment resources by 20% and energy resources input by 30%.Economy and sustainable development of the system is significantly improved.The optimization design method based on the '3R' principle proposed in this paper can provide a useful reference for the research in the field of resource recycling.
文摘It is urgent to significantly reduce greenhouse gas emissions to actively deal with global warming.This paper investigates Shandong Province,a typical province of energy consumption,as the research object,aiming to optimize total energy consumption and consumption structure in the future planning year.This paper constructs a methodological system to optimize energy consumption structure in Shandong Province,using a scenario combination of system dynamics(SD)prediction and analysis based on the coupling of key scenario elements affecting different energy consumption from different perspectives.Structural equation modeling and SD sensitivity analysis indicate an overlap between key factors restricting energy consumption.Pairing the key scenario factors can better reflect the internal mechanism of energy consumption development.Based on this,21 scenarios based on different combinations of the key elements are constructed.Through SD prediction and analysis,the most suitable scenario mode for optimizing energy consumption structure in Shandong Province is selected.This paper provides a suitable development range for the average gross domestic product growth rate,the proportion of secondary industry,energy consumption intensity of secondary industry,and the urbanization rate for Shandong Province.This paper can provide a reference for similar research and the government in formulating the optimization scheme of energy consumption structure.
基金supported by National Key R&D Plan[Grant number.2016YFC0502805]National Natural Science Foundation of China[Grant number.71974116]+2 种基金Shandong Natural Science Foundation[Grant number.ZR2019MG009]Shandong Province Social Science Planning Research Project[Grant number.20CGLJ13]Taishan Scholar Project[Grant number.tsqn202103010].
文摘The integrated circular economy model of farming and stock raising(ICEMFSR)has attracted increased attention as an effective model for solving the current irrational allocation of agricultural resources and realizing the agricultural value-added industrial chain.This study uses emergy analysis to comprehensively examine and evaluate the economic benefits,environmental pressures,and sustainable development levels of ICEMFSR in Shucheng County,China.The results show that the ICEMFSR possesses the value of popularization with optimally allocated resources in the studied region,in which the emergy yield ratio(EYR),emergy loading ratio(ELR),and emergy sustainable index(ESI)in this model accounted for 3.59,1.25,and 2.89,respectively.This result indicates a leading position in the national agricultural system.Hence,this study constructs a new model based on the coupling of emergy evaluation and multi-objective linear programming to study ICEMFSR.Consequently,the EYR,ELR,and ESI respectively varied by +24.23%,10.40%,and +38.06%after replanning of ICEMFSR.This variation implies a significant improvement in the sustainable development level of the model.In addition,the optimized scenario design for key substances is proposed based on traceability and the reduce-reuse-recycle principle,including biogasification of crop straw and enhancement of crop scientific planting capacity.
基金the National Natural Science Foundation of China(No.81202839/H2902)the China Postdoctoral Science Foundation funded project(No.2013T60680)+3 种基金the China Postdoctoral Science Foundation(No.2012M521356)the Natural Science Foundation of Shandong Province,China(No.ZR2012HQ023)the Jinan young star of science and technology plan(No.201406012)the Affiliated Hospital of Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine and Shandong University,China。
文摘Objective:To investigate the changes in telomere length and the level of burst-forming units-erythrocyte(BFU-Es)and colony-forming unit-erythrocytes(CFU-Es)in mice with benzene-induced aplastic anemia(AA),and follow-up the therapeutic effects of Angelica Polysaccharide(AP).Methods:Male BALB/c mice(n=120)were randomly divided into three groups(1,2,3):normal control(n=24),AA control(n=48),and treated AA(n=48),respectively.Mice in Group 2 received benzene inhalation for 2.5 months and 1 ml distilled water p.o.per day for 2 weeks after the establishment of AA models.Similar procedure was applied to the mice in Group 3 and AP was given for 2 weeks after the establishment of AA models.Real-time polymerase chain reaction was used to survey relative telomere length measurement of the bone marrow cells.A BFU-Es and CFU-Es survey was done to follow-up the therapeutic effects of AP.Results:Compared with normal control,significant reductions of RBC,WBC,and platelet counts were found in peripheral blood of AA mice.After treatment with AP,counts of BFU-Es and CFU-Es were restored up to 66.8%and 77.25%,respectively,and length of telomere was restored up to 76.34%,of the normal levels.The telomere length in treated AA group was higher than the control AA group.Conclusion:The AP can protect the telomere length and differentiation of hemopoietic stem/progenitor cells,accelerate the recovery of BFU-Es and CFU-Es of AA mice,and then improve the bone marrow failure.
基金supported by Research and Explain the Spirit of the Fifth Plenary Session of the 19th CPC Central Committee National Social Science Fund Major Project"Research on the Theory,Method and Index System of the Evaluation of Building a'Higher Level of Safe China'under the Concept of Coordinated Development and Safety"(Approval No.:21ZDA112,Chief Expert:Zhang Xiaoming)the 2021 Party School of the Central Committee of C.P.C(National Academy of Governance)school-level scientific research project'Research on Risk Prevention and Control in Megacity Governance(2021QN045)the Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Public Welfare Research Institutes(102213).
文摘With the frequent occurrence of various disasters,serious damage has been caused to social and economic development.Therefore,disaster management plays an increasingly significant role in controlling disasters and reducing losses.This study aims to provide a dynamic interaction assessment method for the emergency management department to manage disasters.For this purpose,the classical Decision-Making Trial and Evaluation Laboratory(DEMATEL)method is first extended with bipolar 2-tuple linguistic information to model both the negative and positive influences among factors involved in coping with disaster.Then,the weights of influential factors are determined according to their total interaction relationships derived by extended DEMATEL.After that,the performances or states of factors are suggested to be appraised under a bipolar 2-tuple linguistic environment.Further,the performance or state simulation rule of factors is proposed based on their initial states and the interactions among them during disaster management.According to the simulation results,a weighted average operator is employed to obtain the overall performance values of emergency scenarios.Finally,an illustrative example and comparative analysis are presented for elucidating the feasibility and usefulness of the suggested method.Results of a case study show that the proposed method has the abilities to capture the interactions among influential factors and explore how the factors and their interactions affect disaster management.The proposed method could provide valuable information to emergency management departments for managing disasters more effectively.
基金supported in part by the National Natural Science Foundation of China under Grant No.52177171 and 51877040Jiangsu Provincial Key Laboratory of Smart Grid Technology and Equipment,Southeast University,China.
文摘This paper addresses the planning problem of parallel DC electric springs (DCESs). DCES, a demand-side management method, realizes automatic matching of power consumption and power generation by adjusting non-critical load (NCL) and internal storage. It can offer higher power quality to critical load (CL), reduce power imbalance and relieve pressure on energy storage systems (RESs). In this paper, a planning method for parallel DCESs is proposed to maximize stability gain, economic benefits, and penetration of RESs. The planning model is a master optimization with sub-optimization to highlight the priority of objectives. Master optimization is used to improve stability of the network, and sub-optimization aims to improve economic benefit and allowable penetration of RESs. This issue is a multivariable nonlinear mixed integer problem, requiring huge calculations by using common solvers. Therefore, particle Swarm optimization (PSO) and Elitist non-dominated sorting genetic algorithm (NSGA-II) were used to solve this model. Considering uncertainty of RESs, this paper verifies effectiveness of the proposed planning method on IEEE 33-bus system based on deterministic scenarios obtained by scenario analysis.
