The goal was to compare body mass index (BMI), waist circumference (WC), waist to height ratio (WHtR), and relative fat mas (RFM), to identify the best predictor of overweight and obesity in university students from M...The goal was to compare body mass index (BMI), waist circumference (WC), waist to height ratio (WHtR), and relative fat mas (RFM), to identify the best predictor of overweight and obesity in university students from Mexico. This is a cross-sectional survey with 697 university students from northern and central Mexico (448 women, and 249 men aged 18 - 19 years). Data was collected during 2018. Overweight and obesity were calculated from those indices and for both, female and male students, the order of correlation between a pair of indices were WHtR vs. RFM > WHtR vs. WC > RFM vs. WC > WHtR vs. BMI > BMI vs. WC > RFM vs. BMI. It is concluded to use the WHtR and the RFM to better predict overweight and obesity in young Mexican university students.展开更多
Angiotensin II (Ang II) is the main mediator of the Renin-Angiotensin-System acting on AT<sub>1</sub> and other AT receptors. It is regarded as a pleiotropic agent that induces many actions, including func...Angiotensin II (Ang II) is the main mediator of the Renin-Angiotensin-System acting on AT<sub>1</sub> and other AT receptors. It is regarded as a pleiotropic agent that induces many actions, including functioning as a growth factor, and as a contractile hormone, among others. The aim of this work was to examine the impact of Ang II on the expression and function of α<sub>1</sub>-adrenergic receptors (α<sub>1</sub>-ARs) in cultured rat aorta, and aorta-derived smooth muscle cells. Isolated Wistar rat aorta was incubated for 24 h in DMEM at 37˚C, then subjected to isometric tension and to the action of added norepinephrine, in concentration-response curves. Ang II was added (1 × 10<sup>−5</sup> M), and in some experiments, 5-Methylurapidil (α<sub>1A</sub>-AR antagonist), AH11110A (α<sub>1B</sub>-AR antagonist), or BMY-7378 (α<sub>1D</sub>-AR antagonist), were used to identify the α<sub>1</sub>-AR involved in the response. Desensitization of the contractile response to norepinephrine was observed due to incubation time, and by the Ang II action. α<sub>1D</sub>-AR was protected from desensitization by BMY-7378;while RS-100329 and prazosin partially mitigated desensitization. In another set of experiments, isolated aorta-derived smooth muscle cells were exposed to Ang II and α<sub>1</sub>-ARs proteins were evaluated. α<sub>1D</sub>-AR increased at 30 and 60 min post Ang II exposure, the α<sub>1A</sub>-AR diminished from 1 to 4 h, while α<sub>1B</sub>-AR remained unchanged over 24 h of Ang II exposure. Ang II induced an increase of α<sub>1D</sub>-AR at short times, and BMY-7378 protected α<sub>1D</sub>-AR from desensitization.展开更多
Hypertension and metabolic syndrome, both of which increase with age, are multifactorial disorders. Their etiology is complex, making it challenging to isolate involved genes. This study aimed to characterize the hepa...Hypertension and metabolic syndrome, both of which increase with age, are multifactorial disorders. Their etiology is complex, making it challenging to isolate involved genes. This study aimed to characterize the hepatic gene expression in spontaneously hypertensive rats (SHR) at different ages. Blood pressure in SHR was determined by tail-cuff method at one and three months of age. Hepatic RNA was isolated and gene expression was compared using microarrays. Comparison between SHR and normotensive rats revealed significant variation in gene expression: 98 genes were upregulated and 122 were downregulated in SHR;while 88 genes were upregulated and 139 genes were downregulated in age-matched normotensive rats. Furthermore, within the SHR group, 110 genes were found to be upregulated and 168 genes downregulated across different ages. Analyses via the Gene Ontology, and Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes pathways revealed that several genes are potentially implicated in both, hypertension and metabolic syndrome. The results suggest that SHR display variations in gene expression due to aging, and when compared to normotensive rats. These variations could contribute to the development of hypertension and metabolic syndrome. Microarray studies involving older rats are necessary to further validate these findings.展开更多
High blood pressure is the main risk factor for cardiovascular diseases, it affects many people worldwide and is a public health problem. This study explored the acute and chronic actions of a mixture of turmeric (95%...High blood pressure is the main risk factor for cardiovascular diseases, it affects many people worldwide and is a public health problem. This study explored the acute and chronic actions of a mixture of turmeric (95% curcumin) plus black pepper (95% piperine) extracts, in the blood pressure pattern in spontaneously hypertensive rats (SHR) along they age. For the acute study male adult (4 - 7 months old) SHR and their control Wistar Kyoto rats (WKY) were used. A single oral dose of the mixture of turmeric/black pepper extracts (200 mg/2mg, respectively) suspension was administered. Tail-cuff was used to determine blood pressure during 180 min. For the chronic study, young (1-month-old) male SHR and their control WKY rats were fed with standard chow, or standard chow combined with cocoa, or combined with cocoa plus the mixture of turmeric/black pepper extracts;tail-cuff was used to determine blood pressure once a week, along 12 weeks. In a second chronic assay adult (5 months old) male SHR and their control WKY rats were fed with standard chow, or standard chow combined with cocoa, or combined with cocoa plus the mixture of turmeric/black pepper extracts;tail-cuff was used to determine blood pressure once a week, along 12 weeks. In all three studies, a decrease in systolic, diastolic and mean blood pressure was observed, being higher in SHR and negligible in WKY rats. The mixture of turmeric/black pepper extracts showed antihypertensive actions in SHR rats with no effect on WKY rats. The mixture delayed the onset of hypertension in young SHR rats.展开更多
Desensitization is a process characterized by the loss of cellular response to an agonist when this is present for a long time. α<sub>1D</sub>-adrenergic receptor (α<sub>1D</sub>-AR) desensit...Desensitization is a process characterized by the loss of cellular response to an agonist when this is present for a long time. α<sub>1D</sub>-adrenergic receptor (α<sub>1D</sub>-AR) desensitization is important since this receptor is involved in the contraction of large caliber arteries, such as the aorta. The aim of this research was to evaluate the desensitization of α<sub>1D</sub>-AR due to the endogenous release of norepinephrine in cultured rat aorta. Wistar rat aorta was incubated for 2 h or 24 h in DMEM at 37°C, and then subjected to isometric tension and the action of added norepinephrine, in concentration-response curve (CRC). In some experiments, BMY-7378 (α<sub>1D</sub>-AR antagonist) or 5-methylurapidil (α<sub>1A</sub>-AR antagonist) was used to identify the α<sub>1</sub>-AR involved in the response, or BMY-7378 to protect the α<sub>1D</sub>-AR from desensitization. Results showed that α<sub>1D</sub>-AR was desensitized when the aorta was incubated for 24 h, since the CRC to exogenous norepinephrine showed lower maximal contraction and the curve was displaced to the right, indicating that the receptor involved in contraction was not the α<sub>1D</sub>-AR, as compared to the aorta incubated 2 h. The receptor stimulated by norepinephrine at 24 h was neither the α<sub>1A</sub>-AR, as shown by the lack of displacement of the curve by 5-methylurapidil, but rather it seems that α<sub>1B</sub>-AR is inducing contraction. When the aorta was incubated with BMY-7378 for 24 h, the α<sub>1D</sub>-AR antagonist protected the receptor from desensitization. Endogenous norepinephrine desensitizes α<sub>1D</sub>-AR in the cultured aorta, and the α<sub>1D</sub>-AR is protected by BMY-7378.展开更多
Health professionals and mainly nurses must be kept updated on context conditions where populations they have in charge, since this is the only way to maintain communication with those vulnerable groups avoiding barri...Health professionals and mainly nurses must be kept updated on context conditions where populations they have in charge, since this is the only way to maintain communication with those vulnerable groups avoiding barriers, there are topics of difficult approach such as the use and abuse of substances in adolescents, and currently adolescents communicate through social networks. We aimed to determine the influence of social networks as a pedagogic strategy in adolescents’ health education. Method: Qualitative and descriptive study with phenomenological design. Fifteen informants from nursing career participated, and selected by convenience. Data collection was through a semi-structured interview composed of 5 questions directed to informants, regarding their experience to make an informative video about use and abuse in adolescents;questions were about their experiences, found difficulties and any other element related with the making of the video, its spread, the login and acceptance that the audiovisual material had in social networks by students and the management of information with preventive goals. All final products were incorporated to a link where group members, as well as the student community, could revise the video and make comments, maintain a chat with others, and so on, a dynamic session of presentations on questions and comments was done. An informed consent was signed. Collected qualitative data were analyzed according to De Souza Minayo. Results: Three categories emerged with nine sub-categories, Category 1: Influence of social networks on students, sub-categories: 1.1) Perception about addictions, 1.2) Expectation on attention to addictions, 1.3) As educational strategy. Category 2: Experiences of students with social networks, sub-categories: 2.1) Motivates creativity, 2.2) Rescue learned skills and add others, 2.3) Motivates empathy. Category 3: Use of social networks by nurse students, sub-categories: 3.1) Constraint in videos production, 3.2) Advantage for spread in social networks, 3.3) Favors health education. Conclusion: Social networks are accepted and used by adolescents, they represent a recommendable pedagogic strategy as a way to inform, health education and prevention of use and abuse of legal and illegal substances in vulnerable groups, it is easy to access and is a good working tool for health professionals to help in prevent of this public health issue, and to keep and reach wider coverage in health education.展开更多
Introduction: Nursing students’ experiences during the pandemic provoked social isolation, the way to learn and every context increasing their stress and anxiety leading to drug use and abuse, among others. Problem-b...Introduction: Nursing students’ experiences during the pandemic provoked social isolation, the way to learn and every context increasing their stress and anxiety leading to drug use and abuse, among others. Problem-based learning (PBL) is a pedagogic strategy to strengthen significant learning;then the objective was to establish PBL influence in nursing students’ experiences on drug use and abuse during COVID-19 contingency. Methods: Qualitative, phenomenological and descriptive paradigm, 12 female and male nursing students aged 20 - 24 years old from the 5<sup>th</sup> and 6<sup>th</sup> semesters participated. Information collection was through semi-structured interview and a deep one in four cases. A guide of questions about: How the pandemic impacted your life? How did you face it? And what did you learn during this process? Those questions were used. Qualitative data analysis was based on De Souza Minayo, and signed informed consent was obtained from participants. Results: Students’ experiences allowed four categories to emerge, with six sub-categories. Category I. Students’ experiences on drug use and abuse facing the sanitary contingency;Category II. Students’ skills development to identify a problem and design of appropriate solutions;Category III. Developing skills to favor interpersonal relationships;Category IV. Influence of PBL in nursing students’ experiences on drug use and abuse during the COVID-19 contingency. Conclusion: PBL favored analysis and thoughts in nursing students’ experiences on drug use and abuse during the COVID-19 contingency, they worked collaboratively, developed resilience to daily life situations, and implemented stress coping strategies with their significant learning, which diminished their risk behavior.展开更多
<strong>Introduction: </strong>Problems-based learning (PBL) methodology seeks challenges in the daily life context, where students protagonise their own learning using new technologies as the ideal means ...<strong>Introduction: </strong>Problems-based learning (PBL) methodology seeks challenges in the daily life context, where students protagonise their own learning using new technologies as the ideal means to find updated and adequate information, for its processing and dissemination towards a better active and participative role. The aim was to analyze the usefulness and importance of PBL, as a strategy of significant learning in daily experiences of nursing students during the COVID-19 pandemic. <strong>Method: </strong>The study was qualitative and phenomenological, with 15 informant students of the Module “Attention to addictions in the health area” aged 20 - 25 years, enrolled in the sixth semester of nursing from a public university. Data were collected through oral testimonies, texts, and semi-structured interviews of relevant aspects to them in their everyday life facing the COVID-19 pandemic, telling their experiences. Students signed an informed consent, and the qualitative analysis followed De Souza Minayo. <strong>Results: </strong>Four categories emerged: Category 1. Students’ experiences along pandemic;1.1, Positive experiences;1.2, Negative experiences. Category 2. Students’ knowledge and abilities for self-care along pandemic. Category 3. Abilities to promote problem solving. Category 4. Impact and usefulness of PBL in students’ experiences for health education;4.1, Positive impact of PBL;4.2 Negative impact of PBL. <strong>Conclusion:</strong> PBL is very useful for significant learning. It opens knowledge, developing skills to face, support, debate, evaluate and make decisions;it does incorporate critical thinking and problem solving. PBL does encourage collaborative work.展开更多
<strong>Background:</strong> Nursing is considered a science in the making that recognizes the nursing process (NP) as the scientific and methodological tool to provide care. The NP is composed of five sta...<strong>Background:</strong> Nursing is considered a science in the making that recognizes the nursing process (NP) as the scientific and methodological tool to provide care. The NP is composed of five stages of which the assessment is the first and fundamental to identify the health problems of the people. This research aimed to evaluate a pedagogical didactic strategy that is based on situated constructivism, the Based-Problem Learning (BPL), in order to improve significant learning. <strong>Methods:</strong> Quantitative research with an explanatory scope, was transversal, and it was applied to 30 students of the first year of the nursing career at the Faculty of Higher Studies Iztacala, National Autonomous University of Mexico. The sample was chosen considering the inclusion criteria. Data were collected using a Likert-type instrument validated in a previous investigation. <strong>Results: </strong>The average value obtained from the Likert scale to evaluate the intervention was 103.4, the highest score was 135 and the lowest was 83, which reflects that it was evaluated as good and particularly good. The grade given to the teacher as an agent of the ZPD, was between agree and totally agree, the highest percentages scored at 93%, since it provoked challenge in their thinking, and favored interaction among classmates. <strong>Conclusions:</strong> The application of the <em>in situ</em> teaching strategy, BPL favored significant learning of the assessment stage, the students were able to carry out the assessment in the hospital, the experience contributed to generate significant learning when students face real scenarios, which showed the effectiveness of the method.展开更多
<strong>Background:</strong> Information and communication technologies have revolutionized education, due to development of didactic strategies to take advantage of them for maximizing learning. The aim w...<strong>Background:</strong> Information and communication technologies have revolutionized education, due to development of didactic strategies to take advantage of them for maximizing learning. The aim was to analyze the influence of immersion tools as a strategy to improve adolescents’ mental health. <strong>Methods:</strong> Qualitative research was employed, and participants’ experiences, opinions, values, behaviors, emotions, feelings were recorded. Twenty six students of both sexes, aged 13 to 15 years, from the three grades of secondary school were selected by convenience, and supported by the school’s psychologist. A workshop on emotional intelligence (EI) based on educational technology was implemented using a video;students practiced a reflexive process to understand themselves and their surroundings, creating a video + audio as a product of the workshop. In it, students analyzed several problems they face and their relationship with their contextual situation. Data collection was through semi-structured interviews before and after the workshop on EI. Data analysis was according to Souza Minayo, and the theoretical framework according to Goleman, Tapia <em>et al.</em>, Gorostieta <em>et al.</em>, and Vigotsky. <strong>Results: </strong>Two categories emerged: Category <strong>I</strong>, EI as a risk factors transformer from living with addictions to protection factors in adolescents. Category <strong>II</strong>, EI development through immersion tools to improve mental health in adolescents. <strong>Conclusions: </strong>Immersion tools favor user to be closer, with a humanist focus where real necessities are studied after the vivid experience of the problem to solve or get a better situation. The goal is that students experience real situations inside controlled surroundings, in such a way that they learn from their experiences and acquire knowledge through self-learning. EI program through immersion tools favored to modulate feelings, and to get a better psychological and social adaptation. To identify self-emotions and others’ with higher precision in different situations allowed reflexive and clear thoughts on the contextual events, improving mental health. Nursing has an important role in prevention and health promotion programs, its participation in the health team to care for mental health, mainly in vulnerable groups, is very relevant.展开更多
Objective:To assess the relaxant effect of several organic extracts obtained from Agastache mexicana(A.mexicana),Cochlospermum vitifolium(C.vitifolium),Cordia morelosana(C.morelosana),Lepechinia caulescens(L.caulescen...Objective:To assess the relaxant effect of several organic extracts obtained from Agastache mexicana(A.mexicana),Cochlospermum vitifolium(C.vitifolium),Cordia morelosana(C.morelosana),Lepechinia caulescens(L.caulescens)and Talauma mexicana(71 mexicana)used in Mexican traditional medicine for the treatment of several diseases.Methods:Extracts were obtained by maceration at room temperature using hexane,dicliloromethane and methanol for each plant material.The organic extracts were evaluated ex vivo to determine their relaxant activity on the contractions induced by carbaehol(cholinergic receptor agonist,1μmol/L in isolated rat tracheal rings.Results:A total of 15 extracts were evaluated(three for each species).All test samples showed significant relaxant effect,in a concentration-dependent manner,on the contractions induced by 1μmol/L carbachol,with exception of extracts from C.morelosana.Active extracts were less potent than theophylline[phosphodiesterase inhibitor,EC_(50):(28.79±0.82)μg/mL]that was used as positive control.Concentration-response curves revealed that the extracts with more significant effects were dichloromethanic extracts of T.mexhxma[E_(max):(103.03±3.32)%and EC_(50):(159.39±3.72)μg/mL)and C.vitifolium[Emax:(106.58±2.42)%and EC_(50):(219.54±7.61)μg/mL].Finally,hexanic and dichloromethanic extracts from A.mexicana were fully effective but less potent than T.mexicana,and C.vitifolium.Conclusions:Less polar extracts obtained from A.mexicana,71 mexicana and C.vitifolium exhibited greater relaxant effect on tracheal rat rings,which allows us to suggest them as sources for the isolation of bioactive molecules with potential therapeutic value in the treatment of asthma.展开更多
Objective: Metabolic Syndrome (MetS) is the leading cause to develop type 2 diabetes worldwide. We examined associations of MetS components early in life, and their use as risk factors of acquiring MetS. Method: We us...Objective: Metabolic Syndrome (MetS) is the leading cause to develop type 2 diabetes worldwide. We examined associations of MetS components early in life, and their use as risk factors of acquiring MetS. Method: We used an international definition of MetS. Subjects were categorized into “Healthy”/“Not Healthy”, altered parameters are low HDL-cholesterol, large waist circumference (WC), hypertriacylglycerolemia, hypertension, and hyperglycemia, in 32 combinations (2^5) with two values (altered/not altered). MetS was identified with three or more altered parameters. Results: A total of 3424 students (ages 17 - 24 years) participated in the survey, and 2475 were “Not Healthy” showing at least 1 parameter altered;from them 49.6% showed low blood HDL either alone or combined, 38.2% had altered waist circumference either alone or combined;while 18.1% showed hypertriacylglycero-lemia either alone or combined. Hypertension and hyperglycemia were the lowest in frequency. Conclusion: We propose that the binomium HDL/ Waist Circumference is the main prevalence factor to develop MetS in the asymptomatic young population, followed by hypertriacylglycerolemia which together define MetS;while hypertension and hyperglycemia seem to occur later in MetS.展开更多
Objective: To analyze the body mass index (BMI) as an indicator of metabolic alterations, including the metabolic syndrome (MetS), at both individual level and public health level. Method: We recruited 3683 undergradu...Objective: To analyze the body mass index (BMI) as an indicator of metabolic alterations, including the metabolic syndrome (MetS), at both individual level and public health level. Method: We recruited 3683 undergraduate students (17 - 24 years old) from México City identifying metabolic alterations, including the MetS, and comparing its prevalence by BMI ranges. We applied a sensitivity analysis to define BMI optimal cut-off point values. Results: We found 14.6% of MetS prevalence with a BMI average of 24.2%, and 34.5% of overweight prevalence (BMI ≥ 25). A BMI cut-off point value of 22.5 is suggested as an upper limit of a normal weight condition, only for public health purpose;while at individual level the BMI cut-off point of 25 was corroborated as the upper limit for a normal weight condition. A public health tool to estimate the MetS prevalence based on BMI percentages is proposed, and a study case is presented. Conclusion: BMI fails predicting at individual level both, healthy condition or metabolic alterations, when values are lower than 25. At population level, the BMI is a valuable public health tool to estimate MetS prevalence: based on the prevalence of MetS by BMI ranges of a sample of the population.展开更多
Aim: Gastric diseases are a recent trend in morbidity in México. We aimed to identify most frequent life habits factors as risk for gastritis and colitis occurrence, in a Mexican mestizo population in Chabeklumil...Aim: Gastric diseases are a recent trend in morbidity in México. We aimed to identify most frequent life habits factors as risk for gastritis and colitis occurrence, in a Mexican mestizo population in Chabeklumil, Chiapas. Population: This study was observational, descriptive, transversal and prospective;346 questionnaires were applied to individuals of both genders from 11 years of age, with low income and socio-economic status, after they signed the informed consent. An individual file was created by the nurses in Chabeklumil. The predominant gender in the population was female (56.1%), with a distribution of 166 among adulthood (19 - 59 years of age);among males (43.9%), 133 included adults. Results: We identified the following environmental risk factors to develop gastritis and colitis: long periods of daily fasting > consumption of irritant food and drink > stress, in females;in contrast, males reported alcohol and tobacco consumption > irritant food and drink > long periods of daily fasting > stress. We found statistical differences (P < 0.05) in risk factors between females and males, in drugs and alcohol consumption, fasting, and stress, but not in consumption of irritant foods, nor in colitis and gastritis prevalence. Conclusions: Females are most affected by life habits risk factors for gastritis/colitis, which occurs mainly due to lifestyle and “macho” culture, since women are precluded of a better living standard, they work hard in the field, and start early in the day without consuming a meal, which they eat late in the day once arriving home. People in Chabeklumil eat/drink a lot of irritant food like hot pepper and coffee, which damage the gastrointestinal system leading to gastritis and colitis. Furthermore, men started to consume drugs at early ages, a condition also involved in developing gastritis.展开更多
Background: New normality is uncertain in every sense, specifically in education and for many health disciplines. Being immersed in COVID-19 pandemics brought serious consequences for mental health, and is very import...Background: New normality is uncertain in every sense, specifically in education and for many health disciplines. Being immersed in COVID-19 pandemics brought serious consequences for mental health, and is very important to handle emotions and stress coping strategies to obtain positive outcomes. Objective: To identify the most frequent emotions, as well as the adaptation strategies to the new normality faced by the students of nursing. Methods: Qualitative and phenomenological research, with the participation of 20 students from both genders in the middle term of nursing career at Faculty of Higher Studies Iztacala, National Autonomous University of Mexico, from August to November 2021. Information was collected from a focal group for ten sessions;analysis was according to De Souza Minayo, and there was a signed informed consent letter from participants. Results: Four categories emerged with sub-categories. Category I Maximized emotions. Sub-categories: 1) Frustration, anger, disappointment;2) Personal disappointment, hopelessness, uncertainty;3) Depression. Category II Support elements close to the new normality. Sub-categories: 1) Family communication;2) Education for mental and physical health. Category III Stressing situations that exceeded the student. Sub-category: Disease in lovely ones. Category IV Stress coping strategies. Sub-categories: 1) Friends and relatives that help to get better;2) Family values. Informers pointed out to have maximized emotion, and having no self-control on its negative outcomes occurred;in addition, the situation was not favorable at home with several losses of loved ones, as well as a poor economy that threatened students to give up studies. Conclusion: Emotions facing this new normality are very important and should be attended to, their proper handling will result in a new learning of socio-emotional abilities, stress coping strategies development, better adaptation and informed decisions taken.展开更多
A person living with diabetes mellitus is conscious that this pathology will not cause its death in the short term, but they face losses and experience grief on multiple occasions along with the chronicity of the dise...A person living with diabetes mellitus is conscious that this pathology will not cause its death in the short term, but they face losses and experience grief on multiple occasions along with the chronicity of the disease. In most cases, the partner or close relative also experiences a great impact since they become a family caregiver. The goal of this study was: to analyze the perception of losses experienced by the diabetic patient along with the chronicity of the illness. Method: This was qualitative research, with a phenomenological method under the philosophical view of Husserl and the theoretical support of Kübler-Ross with a descriptive design. Four diabetic patients aged 18 to 75 years old of both genders participated;they asked for hospital attention due to complications of the disease. Selection of participants was by convenience up to reach saturation. Data were collected through semi-structured interviews, field notes and observation. The setting of the first contact was in a third-level hospital in Mexico City;the second one was through programmed home visits. These occurred by a chronogram agreed upon by the participants, and a room was selected with conditions of privacy to conduct the interviews;respect was always observed. Participants signed informed consent. Data analysis was according to Miles and Huberman, by means of three tasks: information acquisition, data transcription and codification, and conclusions. Results: After the qualitative analysis four categories emerged, as well as sub-categories, as follows: Category 1: Self-losses perceived by the patient, sub-categories 1.1 Beginning the mourn step: Negation;1.2 Silent illness that produces severe damage;1.3 Complicated/chronic mourn. Category 2: Emotions along the disease chronicity, sub-categories 2.1 Negation of emotions/distortion of natural emotions;2.2 Decisions taken based on feelings. Category 3: Changes in the diabetic patient’s nutrition, sub-categories 3.1 Culture: positive reinforcement from childhood;3.2 Constant mourn;3.3 Pleasure by forbidden foods. Category 4: Benefits in the diabetic patient, sub-categories 4.1 Need to be in a support net;4.2 Bonding ties and love by relatives. Conclusion: Self, relational, material, and extensive losses that add to the diabetes mellitus chronicity accompany the patient with long-term negative emotions, but to accomplish the goals of care and limit the damage nourish its positive emotions;the starting point is from the perception of the first news knowing the diagnostic, if this reality is accompanied by thanatology counsel to diminish the negation and anger steps, when realizing the change in health, then a positive perception for this first mourn and more to come along time, will appear in the patient. Thanatology or health counsel will favor the patient to undertake illness control to have a better life quality.展开更多
文摘The goal was to compare body mass index (BMI), waist circumference (WC), waist to height ratio (WHtR), and relative fat mas (RFM), to identify the best predictor of overweight and obesity in university students from Mexico. This is a cross-sectional survey with 697 university students from northern and central Mexico (448 women, and 249 men aged 18 - 19 years). Data was collected during 2018. Overweight and obesity were calculated from those indices and for both, female and male students, the order of correlation between a pair of indices were WHtR vs. RFM > WHtR vs. WC > RFM vs. WC > WHtR vs. BMI > BMI vs. WC > RFM vs. BMI. It is concluded to use the WHtR and the RFM to better predict overweight and obesity in young Mexican university students.
文摘Angiotensin II (Ang II) is the main mediator of the Renin-Angiotensin-System acting on AT<sub>1</sub> and other AT receptors. It is regarded as a pleiotropic agent that induces many actions, including functioning as a growth factor, and as a contractile hormone, among others. The aim of this work was to examine the impact of Ang II on the expression and function of α<sub>1</sub>-adrenergic receptors (α<sub>1</sub>-ARs) in cultured rat aorta, and aorta-derived smooth muscle cells. Isolated Wistar rat aorta was incubated for 24 h in DMEM at 37˚C, then subjected to isometric tension and to the action of added norepinephrine, in concentration-response curves. Ang II was added (1 × 10<sup>−5</sup> M), and in some experiments, 5-Methylurapidil (α<sub>1A</sub>-AR antagonist), AH11110A (α<sub>1B</sub>-AR antagonist), or BMY-7378 (α<sub>1D</sub>-AR antagonist), were used to identify the α<sub>1</sub>-AR involved in the response. Desensitization of the contractile response to norepinephrine was observed due to incubation time, and by the Ang II action. α<sub>1D</sub>-AR was protected from desensitization by BMY-7378;while RS-100329 and prazosin partially mitigated desensitization. In another set of experiments, isolated aorta-derived smooth muscle cells were exposed to Ang II and α<sub>1</sub>-ARs proteins were evaluated. α<sub>1D</sub>-AR increased at 30 and 60 min post Ang II exposure, the α<sub>1A</sub>-AR diminished from 1 to 4 h, while α<sub>1B</sub>-AR remained unchanged over 24 h of Ang II exposure. Ang II induced an increase of α<sub>1D</sub>-AR at short times, and BMY-7378 protected α<sub>1D</sub>-AR from desensitization.
文摘Hypertension and metabolic syndrome, both of which increase with age, are multifactorial disorders. Their etiology is complex, making it challenging to isolate involved genes. This study aimed to characterize the hepatic gene expression in spontaneously hypertensive rats (SHR) at different ages. Blood pressure in SHR was determined by tail-cuff method at one and three months of age. Hepatic RNA was isolated and gene expression was compared using microarrays. Comparison between SHR and normotensive rats revealed significant variation in gene expression: 98 genes were upregulated and 122 were downregulated in SHR;while 88 genes were upregulated and 139 genes were downregulated in age-matched normotensive rats. Furthermore, within the SHR group, 110 genes were found to be upregulated and 168 genes downregulated across different ages. Analyses via the Gene Ontology, and Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes pathways revealed that several genes are potentially implicated in both, hypertension and metabolic syndrome. The results suggest that SHR display variations in gene expression due to aging, and when compared to normotensive rats. These variations could contribute to the development of hypertension and metabolic syndrome. Microarray studies involving older rats are necessary to further validate these findings.
文摘High blood pressure is the main risk factor for cardiovascular diseases, it affects many people worldwide and is a public health problem. This study explored the acute and chronic actions of a mixture of turmeric (95% curcumin) plus black pepper (95% piperine) extracts, in the blood pressure pattern in spontaneously hypertensive rats (SHR) along they age. For the acute study male adult (4 - 7 months old) SHR and their control Wistar Kyoto rats (WKY) were used. A single oral dose of the mixture of turmeric/black pepper extracts (200 mg/2mg, respectively) suspension was administered. Tail-cuff was used to determine blood pressure during 180 min. For the chronic study, young (1-month-old) male SHR and their control WKY rats were fed with standard chow, or standard chow combined with cocoa, or combined with cocoa plus the mixture of turmeric/black pepper extracts;tail-cuff was used to determine blood pressure once a week, along 12 weeks. In a second chronic assay adult (5 months old) male SHR and their control WKY rats were fed with standard chow, or standard chow combined with cocoa, or combined with cocoa plus the mixture of turmeric/black pepper extracts;tail-cuff was used to determine blood pressure once a week, along 12 weeks. In all three studies, a decrease in systolic, diastolic and mean blood pressure was observed, being higher in SHR and negligible in WKY rats. The mixture of turmeric/black pepper extracts showed antihypertensive actions in SHR rats with no effect on WKY rats. The mixture delayed the onset of hypertension in young SHR rats.
文摘Desensitization is a process characterized by the loss of cellular response to an agonist when this is present for a long time. α<sub>1D</sub>-adrenergic receptor (α<sub>1D</sub>-AR) desensitization is important since this receptor is involved in the contraction of large caliber arteries, such as the aorta. The aim of this research was to evaluate the desensitization of α<sub>1D</sub>-AR due to the endogenous release of norepinephrine in cultured rat aorta. Wistar rat aorta was incubated for 2 h or 24 h in DMEM at 37°C, and then subjected to isometric tension and the action of added norepinephrine, in concentration-response curve (CRC). In some experiments, BMY-7378 (α<sub>1D</sub>-AR antagonist) or 5-methylurapidil (α<sub>1A</sub>-AR antagonist) was used to identify the α<sub>1</sub>-AR involved in the response, or BMY-7378 to protect the α<sub>1D</sub>-AR from desensitization. Results showed that α<sub>1D</sub>-AR was desensitized when the aorta was incubated for 24 h, since the CRC to exogenous norepinephrine showed lower maximal contraction and the curve was displaced to the right, indicating that the receptor involved in contraction was not the α<sub>1D</sub>-AR, as compared to the aorta incubated 2 h. The receptor stimulated by norepinephrine at 24 h was neither the α<sub>1A</sub>-AR, as shown by the lack of displacement of the curve by 5-methylurapidil, but rather it seems that α<sub>1B</sub>-AR is inducing contraction. When the aorta was incubated with BMY-7378 for 24 h, the α<sub>1D</sub>-AR antagonist protected the receptor from desensitization. Endogenous norepinephrine desensitizes α<sub>1D</sub>-AR in the cultured aorta, and the α<sub>1D</sub>-AR is protected by BMY-7378.
文摘Health professionals and mainly nurses must be kept updated on context conditions where populations they have in charge, since this is the only way to maintain communication with those vulnerable groups avoiding barriers, there are topics of difficult approach such as the use and abuse of substances in adolescents, and currently adolescents communicate through social networks. We aimed to determine the influence of social networks as a pedagogic strategy in adolescents’ health education. Method: Qualitative and descriptive study with phenomenological design. Fifteen informants from nursing career participated, and selected by convenience. Data collection was through a semi-structured interview composed of 5 questions directed to informants, regarding their experience to make an informative video about use and abuse in adolescents;questions were about their experiences, found difficulties and any other element related with the making of the video, its spread, the login and acceptance that the audiovisual material had in social networks by students and the management of information with preventive goals. All final products were incorporated to a link where group members, as well as the student community, could revise the video and make comments, maintain a chat with others, and so on, a dynamic session of presentations on questions and comments was done. An informed consent was signed. Collected qualitative data were analyzed according to De Souza Minayo. Results: Three categories emerged with nine sub-categories, Category 1: Influence of social networks on students, sub-categories: 1.1) Perception about addictions, 1.2) Expectation on attention to addictions, 1.3) As educational strategy. Category 2: Experiences of students with social networks, sub-categories: 2.1) Motivates creativity, 2.2) Rescue learned skills and add others, 2.3) Motivates empathy. Category 3: Use of social networks by nurse students, sub-categories: 3.1) Constraint in videos production, 3.2) Advantage for spread in social networks, 3.3) Favors health education. Conclusion: Social networks are accepted and used by adolescents, they represent a recommendable pedagogic strategy as a way to inform, health education and prevention of use and abuse of legal and illegal substances in vulnerable groups, it is easy to access and is a good working tool for health professionals to help in prevent of this public health issue, and to keep and reach wider coverage in health education.
文摘Introduction: Nursing students’ experiences during the pandemic provoked social isolation, the way to learn and every context increasing their stress and anxiety leading to drug use and abuse, among others. Problem-based learning (PBL) is a pedagogic strategy to strengthen significant learning;then the objective was to establish PBL influence in nursing students’ experiences on drug use and abuse during COVID-19 contingency. Methods: Qualitative, phenomenological and descriptive paradigm, 12 female and male nursing students aged 20 - 24 years old from the 5<sup>th</sup> and 6<sup>th</sup> semesters participated. Information collection was through semi-structured interview and a deep one in four cases. A guide of questions about: How the pandemic impacted your life? How did you face it? And what did you learn during this process? Those questions were used. Qualitative data analysis was based on De Souza Minayo, and signed informed consent was obtained from participants. Results: Students’ experiences allowed four categories to emerge, with six sub-categories. Category I. Students’ experiences on drug use and abuse facing the sanitary contingency;Category II. Students’ skills development to identify a problem and design of appropriate solutions;Category III. Developing skills to favor interpersonal relationships;Category IV. Influence of PBL in nursing students’ experiences on drug use and abuse during the COVID-19 contingency. Conclusion: PBL favored analysis and thoughts in nursing students’ experiences on drug use and abuse during the COVID-19 contingency, they worked collaboratively, developed resilience to daily life situations, and implemented stress coping strategies with their significant learning, which diminished their risk behavior.
文摘<strong>Introduction: </strong>Problems-based learning (PBL) methodology seeks challenges in the daily life context, where students protagonise their own learning using new technologies as the ideal means to find updated and adequate information, for its processing and dissemination towards a better active and participative role. The aim was to analyze the usefulness and importance of PBL, as a strategy of significant learning in daily experiences of nursing students during the COVID-19 pandemic. <strong>Method: </strong>The study was qualitative and phenomenological, with 15 informant students of the Module “Attention to addictions in the health area” aged 20 - 25 years, enrolled in the sixth semester of nursing from a public university. Data were collected through oral testimonies, texts, and semi-structured interviews of relevant aspects to them in their everyday life facing the COVID-19 pandemic, telling their experiences. Students signed an informed consent, and the qualitative analysis followed De Souza Minayo. <strong>Results: </strong>Four categories emerged: Category 1. Students’ experiences along pandemic;1.1, Positive experiences;1.2, Negative experiences. Category 2. Students’ knowledge and abilities for self-care along pandemic. Category 3. Abilities to promote problem solving. Category 4. Impact and usefulness of PBL in students’ experiences for health education;4.1, Positive impact of PBL;4.2 Negative impact of PBL. <strong>Conclusion:</strong> PBL is very useful for significant learning. It opens knowledge, developing skills to face, support, debate, evaluate and make decisions;it does incorporate critical thinking and problem solving. PBL does encourage collaborative work.
文摘<strong>Background:</strong> Nursing is considered a science in the making that recognizes the nursing process (NP) as the scientific and methodological tool to provide care. The NP is composed of five stages of which the assessment is the first and fundamental to identify the health problems of the people. This research aimed to evaluate a pedagogical didactic strategy that is based on situated constructivism, the Based-Problem Learning (BPL), in order to improve significant learning. <strong>Methods:</strong> Quantitative research with an explanatory scope, was transversal, and it was applied to 30 students of the first year of the nursing career at the Faculty of Higher Studies Iztacala, National Autonomous University of Mexico. The sample was chosen considering the inclusion criteria. Data were collected using a Likert-type instrument validated in a previous investigation. <strong>Results: </strong>The average value obtained from the Likert scale to evaluate the intervention was 103.4, the highest score was 135 and the lowest was 83, which reflects that it was evaluated as good and particularly good. The grade given to the teacher as an agent of the ZPD, was between agree and totally agree, the highest percentages scored at 93%, since it provoked challenge in their thinking, and favored interaction among classmates. <strong>Conclusions:</strong> The application of the <em>in situ</em> teaching strategy, BPL favored significant learning of the assessment stage, the students were able to carry out the assessment in the hospital, the experience contributed to generate significant learning when students face real scenarios, which showed the effectiveness of the method.
文摘<strong>Background:</strong> Information and communication technologies have revolutionized education, due to development of didactic strategies to take advantage of them for maximizing learning. The aim was to analyze the influence of immersion tools as a strategy to improve adolescents’ mental health. <strong>Methods:</strong> Qualitative research was employed, and participants’ experiences, opinions, values, behaviors, emotions, feelings were recorded. Twenty six students of both sexes, aged 13 to 15 years, from the three grades of secondary school were selected by convenience, and supported by the school’s psychologist. A workshop on emotional intelligence (EI) based on educational technology was implemented using a video;students practiced a reflexive process to understand themselves and their surroundings, creating a video + audio as a product of the workshop. In it, students analyzed several problems they face and their relationship with their contextual situation. Data collection was through semi-structured interviews before and after the workshop on EI. Data analysis was according to Souza Minayo, and the theoretical framework according to Goleman, Tapia <em>et al.</em>, Gorostieta <em>et al.</em>, and Vigotsky. <strong>Results: </strong>Two categories emerged: Category <strong>I</strong>, EI as a risk factors transformer from living with addictions to protection factors in adolescents. Category <strong>II</strong>, EI development through immersion tools to improve mental health in adolescents. <strong>Conclusions: </strong>Immersion tools favor user to be closer, with a humanist focus where real necessities are studied after the vivid experience of the problem to solve or get a better situation. The goal is that students experience real situations inside controlled surroundings, in such a way that they learn from their experiences and acquire knowledge through self-learning. EI program through immersion tools favored to modulate feelings, and to get a better psychological and social adaptation. To identify self-emotions and others’ with higher precision in different situations allowed reflexive and clear thoughts on the contextual events, improving mental health. Nursing has an important role in prevention and health promotion programs, its participation in the health team to care for mental health, mainly in vulnerable groups, is very relevant.
基金financed by a grant from"Apoyo a la Mejora del Perfil Individual del profesorado de tiempo completo.(Fondo para la Consolidacin de las Universidades Públicas Estatales y con Apoyo Solidario Ejereicio 2009)"Faculty of Pharmacy budgets(2010 and 2011)grants from CONACyT-CIENCIA BASICA CB-2011-01(167044)
文摘Objective:To assess the relaxant effect of several organic extracts obtained from Agastache mexicana(A.mexicana),Cochlospermum vitifolium(C.vitifolium),Cordia morelosana(C.morelosana),Lepechinia caulescens(L.caulescens)and Talauma mexicana(71 mexicana)used in Mexican traditional medicine for the treatment of several diseases.Methods:Extracts were obtained by maceration at room temperature using hexane,dicliloromethane and methanol for each plant material.The organic extracts were evaluated ex vivo to determine their relaxant activity on the contractions induced by carbaehol(cholinergic receptor agonist,1μmol/L in isolated rat tracheal rings.Results:A total of 15 extracts were evaluated(three for each species).All test samples showed significant relaxant effect,in a concentration-dependent manner,on the contractions induced by 1μmol/L carbachol,with exception of extracts from C.morelosana.Active extracts were less potent than theophylline[phosphodiesterase inhibitor,EC_(50):(28.79±0.82)μg/mL]that was used as positive control.Concentration-response curves revealed that the extracts with more significant effects were dichloromethanic extracts of T.mexhxma[E_(max):(103.03±3.32)%and EC_(50):(159.39±3.72)μg/mL)and C.vitifolium[Emax:(106.58±2.42)%and EC_(50):(219.54±7.61)μg/mL].Finally,hexanic and dichloromethanic extracts from A.mexicana were fully effective but less potent than T.mexicana,and C.vitifolium.Conclusions:Less polar extracts obtained from A.mexicana,71 mexicana and C.vitifolium exhibited greater relaxant effect on tracheal rat rings,which allows us to suggest them as sources for the isolation of bioactive molecules with potential therapeutic value in the treatment of asthma.
文摘Objective: Metabolic Syndrome (MetS) is the leading cause to develop type 2 diabetes worldwide. We examined associations of MetS components early in life, and their use as risk factors of acquiring MetS. Method: We used an international definition of MetS. Subjects were categorized into “Healthy”/“Not Healthy”, altered parameters are low HDL-cholesterol, large waist circumference (WC), hypertriacylglycerolemia, hypertension, and hyperglycemia, in 32 combinations (2^5) with two values (altered/not altered). MetS was identified with three or more altered parameters. Results: A total of 3424 students (ages 17 - 24 years) participated in the survey, and 2475 were “Not Healthy” showing at least 1 parameter altered;from them 49.6% showed low blood HDL either alone or combined, 38.2% had altered waist circumference either alone or combined;while 18.1% showed hypertriacylglycero-lemia either alone or combined. Hypertension and hyperglycemia were the lowest in frequency. Conclusion: We propose that the binomium HDL/ Waist Circumference is the main prevalence factor to develop MetS in the asymptomatic young population, followed by hypertriacylglycerolemia which together define MetS;while hypertension and hyperglycemia seem to occur later in MetS.
文摘Objective: To analyze the body mass index (BMI) as an indicator of metabolic alterations, including the metabolic syndrome (MetS), at both individual level and public health level. Method: We recruited 3683 undergraduate students (17 - 24 years old) from México City identifying metabolic alterations, including the MetS, and comparing its prevalence by BMI ranges. We applied a sensitivity analysis to define BMI optimal cut-off point values. Results: We found 14.6% of MetS prevalence with a BMI average of 24.2%, and 34.5% of overweight prevalence (BMI ≥ 25). A BMI cut-off point value of 22.5 is suggested as an upper limit of a normal weight condition, only for public health purpose;while at individual level the BMI cut-off point of 25 was corroborated as the upper limit for a normal weight condition. A public health tool to estimate the MetS prevalence based on BMI percentages is proposed, and a study case is presented. Conclusion: BMI fails predicting at individual level both, healthy condition or metabolic alterations, when values are lower than 25. At population level, the BMI is a valuable public health tool to estimate MetS prevalence: based on the prevalence of MetS by BMI ranges of a sample of the population.
文摘Aim: Gastric diseases are a recent trend in morbidity in México. We aimed to identify most frequent life habits factors as risk for gastritis and colitis occurrence, in a Mexican mestizo population in Chabeklumil, Chiapas. Population: This study was observational, descriptive, transversal and prospective;346 questionnaires were applied to individuals of both genders from 11 years of age, with low income and socio-economic status, after they signed the informed consent. An individual file was created by the nurses in Chabeklumil. The predominant gender in the population was female (56.1%), with a distribution of 166 among adulthood (19 - 59 years of age);among males (43.9%), 133 included adults. Results: We identified the following environmental risk factors to develop gastritis and colitis: long periods of daily fasting > consumption of irritant food and drink > stress, in females;in contrast, males reported alcohol and tobacco consumption > irritant food and drink > long periods of daily fasting > stress. We found statistical differences (P < 0.05) in risk factors between females and males, in drugs and alcohol consumption, fasting, and stress, but not in consumption of irritant foods, nor in colitis and gastritis prevalence. Conclusions: Females are most affected by life habits risk factors for gastritis/colitis, which occurs mainly due to lifestyle and “macho” culture, since women are precluded of a better living standard, they work hard in the field, and start early in the day without consuming a meal, which they eat late in the day once arriving home. People in Chabeklumil eat/drink a lot of irritant food like hot pepper and coffee, which damage the gastrointestinal system leading to gastritis and colitis. Furthermore, men started to consume drugs at early ages, a condition also involved in developing gastritis.
文摘Background: New normality is uncertain in every sense, specifically in education and for many health disciplines. Being immersed in COVID-19 pandemics brought serious consequences for mental health, and is very important to handle emotions and stress coping strategies to obtain positive outcomes. Objective: To identify the most frequent emotions, as well as the adaptation strategies to the new normality faced by the students of nursing. Methods: Qualitative and phenomenological research, with the participation of 20 students from both genders in the middle term of nursing career at Faculty of Higher Studies Iztacala, National Autonomous University of Mexico, from August to November 2021. Information was collected from a focal group for ten sessions;analysis was according to De Souza Minayo, and there was a signed informed consent letter from participants. Results: Four categories emerged with sub-categories. Category I Maximized emotions. Sub-categories: 1) Frustration, anger, disappointment;2) Personal disappointment, hopelessness, uncertainty;3) Depression. Category II Support elements close to the new normality. Sub-categories: 1) Family communication;2) Education for mental and physical health. Category III Stressing situations that exceeded the student. Sub-category: Disease in lovely ones. Category IV Stress coping strategies. Sub-categories: 1) Friends and relatives that help to get better;2) Family values. Informers pointed out to have maximized emotion, and having no self-control on its negative outcomes occurred;in addition, the situation was not favorable at home with several losses of loved ones, as well as a poor economy that threatened students to give up studies. Conclusion: Emotions facing this new normality are very important and should be attended to, their proper handling will result in a new learning of socio-emotional abilities, stress coping strategies development, better adaptation and informed decisions taken.
文摘A person living with diabetes mellitus is conscious that this pathology will not cause its death in the short term, but they face losses and experience grief on multiple occasions along with the chronicity of the disease. In most cases, the partner or close relative also experiences a great impact since they become a family caregiver. The goal of this study was: to analyze the perception of losses experienced by the diabetic patient along with the chronicity of the illness. Method: This was qualitative research, with a phenomenological method under the philosophical view of Husserl and the theoretical support of Kübler-Ross with a descriptive design. Four diabetic patients aged 18 to 75 years old of both genders participated;they asked for hospital attention due to complications of the disease. Selection of participants was by convenience up to reach saturation. Data were collected through semi-structured interviews, field notes and observation. The setting of the first contact was in a third-level hospital in Mexico City;the second one was through programmed home visits. These occurred by a chronogram agreed upon by the participants, and a room was selected with conditions of privacy to conduct the interviews;respect was always observed. Participants signed informed consent. Data analysis was according to Miles and Huberman, by means of three tasks: information acquisition, data transcription and codification, and conclusions. Results: After the qualitative analysis four categories emerged, as well as sub-categories, as follows: Category 1: Self-losses perceived by the patient, sub-categories 1.1 Beginning the mourn step: Negation;1.2 Silent illness that produces severe damage;1.3 Complicated/chronic mourn. Category 2: Emotions along the disease chronicity, sub-categories 2.1 Negation of emotions/distortion of natural emotions;2.2 Decisions taken based on feelings. Category 3: Changes in the diabetic patient’s nutrition, sub-categories 3.1 Culture: positive reinforcement from childhood;3.2 Constant mourn;3.3 Pleasure by forbidden foods. Category 4: Benefits in the diabetic patient, sub-categories 4.1 Need to be in a support net;4.2 Bonding ties and love by relatives. Conclusion: Self, relational, material, and extensive losses that add to the diabetes mellitus chronicity accompany the patient with long-term negative emotions, but to accomplish the goals of care and limit the damage nourish its positive emotions;the starting point is from the perception of the first news knowing the diagnostic, if this reality is accompanied by thanatology counsel to diminish the negation and anger steps, when realizing the change in health, then a positive perception for this first mourn and more to come along time, will appear in the patient. Thanatology or health counsel will favor the patient to undertake illness control to have a better life quality.
