BACKGROUND The term sudden unexpected infant death(SUID)is not always properly invoked.It refers to a broad range of conditions that sometimes defy classification.There is not only a strong emotional impact on the fam...BACKGROUND The term sudden unexpected infant death(SUID)is not always properly invoked.It refers to a broad range of conditions that sometimes defy classification.There is not only a strong emotional impact on the family,but such cases are also quite complex.Underlying causes may be multiple,not always readily apparent,and have potential repercussions,especially in terms of forensics.CASE SUMMARY A 5-month-old male baby was pronounced dead following acute lung failure and cardiopulmonary arrest.The parents had immediately rushed their child to the hospital,stating the baby was found prone and not breathing.Total-body postmortem computed tomography(PMCT)was performed,revealing a hypodense material of indeterminate nature within the main airways and areas of ground-glass parenchymal change.At autopsy,the respiratory tract mucosa appeared edematous and was coated with a whitish stringy material.There was widespread airspace reduction due to parenchymal collapse.Alveolar sacs and bronchial openings contained abundant amorphous material admixed with white blood cells.Immunohistochemical studies were performed,targeting CD15,CD68,and alpha-lactalbumin.Ultimately,the focus was on alpha-lactalbumin(milk protein),which showed marked immunopositivity within alveolar spaces.Cytoplasmic staining of macrophages was also particularly prominent.CONCLUSION Postmortem investigations are thus essential to identify causes of death and surrounding circumstances.PMCT is a useful tool in this setting,given the frequent dearth of autopsy findings and ambiguity as to cause of death in SUID cases.These findings,later confirmed by immunohistochemical investigations,were indicative of active pneumonia due to aspirated milk.The present account illustrates the importance a broad diagnostic approach to SUID in cases of forensic concern.PMCT is a very valuable aid in cases of forensic interest,as it can provide useful information in all those situations in which the cause of death is uncertain or there are no suggestive dynamics or lesions.展开更多
Oxidative stress is considered the principal mediator of myocardial injury under pathological conditions.It is well known that reactive oxygen(ROS)or nitrogen species(RNS)are involved in myocardial injury and repair a...Oxidative stress is considered the principal mediator of myocardial injury under pathological conditions.It is well known that reactive oxygen(ROS)or nitrogen species(RNS)are involved in myocardial injury and repair at the same time and that cellular damage is generally due to an unbalance between generation and elimination of the free radicals due to an inad-equate mechanism of antioxidant defense or to an increase in ROS and RNS.Major adverse cardiovascular events are often asso-ciated with drugs with associated findings such as fibrosis or inflammation of the myocardium.Despite efforts in the preclinical phase of the development of drugs,cardiotoxicity still remains a great concern.Cardiac toxicity due to second-generation anti-psychotics(clozapine,olanzapine,quetiapine)has been observed in preclinical studies and described in patients affected with mental disorders.A role of oxidative stress has been hypothesized but more evidence is needed to confirm a causal relationship.A better knowledge of cardiotoxicity mechanisms should address in the future to establish the right dose and length of treatment without impacting the physical health of the patients.展开更多
The treatment of neurodegenerative diseases presents a growing need for innovation in relation to recent evidence in the field of reconstructive therapy using stem cells. Understanding the molecular mechanisms underly...The treatment of neurodegenerative diseases presents a growing need for innovation in relation to recent evidence in the field of reconstructive therapy using stem cells. Understanding the molecular mechanisms underlying neurodegenerative disorders, and the advent of methods able to induce neuronal stem cell differentiation allowed to develop innovative therapeutic approaches offering the prospect of healthy and perfectly functional cell transplants, able to replace the sick ones. Hence the importance of deepening the state of the art regarding the clinical applications of advanced cell therapy products for the regeneration of nerve tissue. Besides representing a promising area of tissue transplant surgery and a great achievement in the field of neurodegenerative disease, stem cell research presents certain critical issues that need to be carefully examined from the ethical perspective. In fact, a subject so complex and not entirely explored requires a detailed scientific and ethical evaluation aimed at avoiding improper and ineffective use, rather than incorrect indications, technical inadequacies, and incongruous expectations. In fact, the clinical usefulness of stem cells will only be certain if able to provide the patient with safe, long-term and substantially more effective strategies than any other treatment available.The present paper provides an ethical assessment of tissue regeneration through mesenchymal stem cells in neurodegenerative diseases with the aim to rule out the fundamental issues related to research and clinical translation.展开更多
Background:COVID-19 caused by SARS-CoV-2 virus is characterized by respiratory compromise and immune system involvement,even leading to serious disorders,such as cytokine storm.Methods:We then conducted a literature r...Background:COVID-19 caused by SARS-CoV-2 virus is characterized by respiratory compromise and immune system involvement,even leading to serious disorders,such as cytokine storm.Methods:We then conducted a literature review on the topic of sepsis and covid-19,and in parallel conducted an experimental study on the histological finding of patients who died from SARS-Covid 19 infection and a control group.Results:Sepsis associated with covid-19 infection has some similarities and differences from that from other causes.Conclusion:In this paper the complex interplay between the 2 disorders was discussed,focusing on the similarities and on the effect that one could have on the other.A preliminary experimental section that demonstrates the multisystemic involvement in subjects who die from SARS-CoV-2 is also proposed.展开更多
文摘BACKGROUND The term sudden unexpected infant death(SUID)is not always properly invoked.It refers to a broad range of conditions that sometimes defy classification.There is not only a strong emotional impact on the family,but such cases are also quite complex.Underlying causes may be multiple,not always readily apparent,and have potential repercussions,especially in terms of forensics.CASE SUMMARY A 5-month-old male baby was pronounced dead following acute lung failure and cardiopulmonary arrest.The parents had immediately rushed their child to the hospital,stating the baby was found prone and not breathing.Total-body postmortem computed tomography(PMCT)was performed,revealing a hypodense material of indeterminate nature within the main airways and areas of ground-glass parenchymal change.At autopsy,the respiratory tract mucosa appeared edematous and was coated with a whitish stringy material.There was widespread airspace reduction due to parenchymal collapse.Alveolar sacs and bronchial openings contained abundant amorphous material admixed with white blood cells.Immunohistochemical studies were performed,targeting CD15,CD68,and alpha-lactalbumin.Ultimately,the focus was on alpha-lactalbumin(milk protein),which showed marked immunopositivity within alveolar spaces.Cytoplasmic staining of macrophages was also particularly prominent.CONCLUSION Postmortem investigations are thus essential to identify causes of death and surrounding circumstances.PMCT is a useful tool in this setting,given the frequent dearth of autopsy findings and ambiguity as to cause of death in SUID cases.These findings,later confirmed by immunohistochemical investigations,were indicative of active pneumonia due to aspirated milk.The present account illustrates the importance a broad diagnostic approach to SUID in cases of forensic concern.PMCT is a very valuable aid in cases of forensic interest,as it can provide useful information in all those situations in which the cause of death is uncertain or there are no suggestive dynamics or lesions.
文摘Oxidative stress is considered the principal mediator of myocardial injury under pathological conditions.It is well known that reactive oxygen(ROS)or nitrogen species(RNS)are involved in myocardial injury and repair at the same time and that cellular damage is generally due to an unbalance between generation and elimination of the free radicals due to an inad-equate mechanism of antioxidant defense or to an increase in ROS and RNS.Major adverse cardiovascular events are often asso-ciated with drugs with associated findings such as fibrosis or inflammation of the myocardium.Despite efforts in the preclinical phase of the development of drugs,cardiotoxicity still remains a great concern.Cardiac toxicity due to second-generation anti-psychotics(clozapine,olanzapine,quetiapine)has been observed in preclinical studies and described in patients affected with mental disorders.A role of oxidative stress has been hypothesized but more evidence is needed to confirm a causal relationship.A better knowledge of cardiotoxicity mechanisms should address in the future to establish the right dose and length of treatment without impacting the physical health of the patients.
文摘The treatment of neurodegenerative diseases presents a growing need for innovation in relation to recent evidence in the field of reconstructive therapy using stem cells. Understanding the molecular mechanisms underlying neurodegenerative disorders, and the advent of methods able to induce neuronal stem cell differentiation allowed to develop innovative therapeutic approaches offering the prospect of healthy and perfectly functional cell transplants, able to replace the sick ones. Hence the importance of deepening the state of the art regarding the clinical applications of advanced cell therapy products for the regeneration of nerve tissue. Besides representing a promising area of tissue transplant surgery and a great achievement in the field of neurodegenerative disease, stem cell research presents certain critical issues that need to be carefully examined from the ethical perspective. In fact, a subject so complex and not entirely explored requires a detailed scientific and ethical evaluation aimed at avoiding improper and ineffective use, rather than incorrect indications, technical inadequacies, and incongruous expectations. In fact, the clinical usefulness of stem cells will only be certain if able to provide the patient with safe, long-term and substantially more effective strategies than any other treatment available.The present paper provides an ethical assessment of tissue regeneration through mesenchymal stem cells in neurodegenerative diseases with the aim to rule out the fundamental issues related to research and clinical translation.
文摘Background:COVID-19 caused by SARS-CoV-2 virus is characterized by respiratory compromise and immune system involvement,even leading to serious disorders,such as cytokine storm.Methods:We then conducted a literature review on the topic of sepsis and covid-19,and in parallel conducted an experimental study on the histological finding of patients who died from SARS-Covid 19 infection and a control group.Results:Sepsis associated with covid-19 infection has some similarities and differences from that from other causes.Conclusion:In this paper the complex interplay between the 2 disorders was discussed,focusing on the similarities and on the effect that one could have on the other.A preliminary experimental section that demonstrates the multisystemic involvement in subjects who die from SARS-CoV-2 is also proposed.
