Objective:The objective of this study was to verify the lipid-lowering effect of Juhe Fang extract(JHFE)and to determine its characteristic chemical profile in vitro and in vivo.Methods:A hyperlipidemia model was esta...Objective:The objective of this study was to verify the lipid-lowering effect of Juhe Fang extract(JHFE)and to determine its characteristic chemical profile in vitro and in vivo.Methods:A hyperlipidemia model was established by feeding mice a high-fat diet(HFD).After treatment for 30 days,serum total cholesterol(TC),triglyceride(TG),high-density lipoprotein cholesterol(HDL-C)and low-density lipoprotein cholesterol(LDL-C)levels were measured with an automatic biochemistry analyzer.The components from JHFE obtained from in vivo and in vitro experiments were investigated using an UPLC-Q Exactive-Orbitrap MS/MS.Results:The TC,TG,and LDL-C in the serum significantly decreased and the HDL-C significantly increased after JHFE treatment.A total of 95 compounds from JHEF including 15 phenolic acids(PA),4 phenylethanoid glycosides(PG),24 flavonoids(F),14 triterpenoids(T),10 diterpenoid glycosides(D),18 alkaloids(A)and 10 others(O)were identified.Trigonelline was discovered for the first time in a herbal medicine of Juhe Fang.Furthermore,68 compounds were identified in vivo including 28 prototype compounds and 40 metabolites.The metabolic characteristics of these components were revealed including identification of new metabolites of 4-hydroxyphenyl ethyl-8-O-[a-L-arabinopyranosyl-(1/6)]-b-D-glucopyranoside(PEG)and lirinidine.A total of 43 components from JHFE were absorbed and/or metabolized.The contribution rate of each type of chemical component from JHFE to its lipidlowering effect from high to low were A,F,PG,PA,D and T.Conclusion:The results of this study showed that JHFE demonstrated a significant lipid-lowering effect in a high-fat diet(HFD)-induced hyperlipidemia mouse model.Specific types of PA,PG,F,D,T and A formed the pharmaceutical architecture of the lipid-lowering effect of JHFE.This study should prove useful for clarifying the components responsible for the lipid-lowering effect of JHFE and provide a basis for precision quality control research.展开更多
Objectives:To investigate the pharmacokinetics (PK) and pharmacodynamics (PD)of index components of Zisu Fang preparations and additionally analysis the anti-dementia drug system characteristics.Methods:A PK-PD-drug i...Objectives:To investigate the pharmacokinetics (PK) and pharmacodynamics (PD)of index components of Zisu Fang preparations and additionally analysis the anti-dementia drug system characteristics.Methods:A PK-PD-drug interaction (DI) method was applied to determine the characteristics of index components of Zisu Fong preparations in vivo.Results:In the PK study,maximum plasma concentration,area under the plasma concentration-time curve,and mean residence time of index components of Zisu Fang preparations were higher in the memory-deficit model group than in the control group.This suggested that the index components of Zisu Fang preparations had an affinity for the state of dementia in this model.In the PD study,at the peak time points of anti-dementia efficacy (0.17 h and 1 h),the plasma concentrations of index components of Zisu Fang preparations reached the first or second largest plasma concentration peak or were close to the plasma concentration peak,and showed positive correlation between these two peaks,indicating that the index components of Zisu Fang synergistically exerted an anti-dementia effect.According to the association analysis of PK-PD-DI,baicalin,rosmarinic acid,salvianolic acid B,matrine,and tanshinone ⅡA were the main active ingredients of the anti-dementia drug system of Zisu Fang preparations in vivo,but were only efficacious against dementia when all five components were present at a specific concentration and proportion.Conclusions:Based on the PK and PD correlation analysis,baicalin,rosmarinic acid,salvianolic acid B,matrine,and tanshinone ⅡA are the main active ingredients of Zisu Fang preparations with regard to its anti-dementia effects,and represent the basic characteristics of drug system:natures,synergy,and affinity.展开更多
This paper argues that“the fear of having two sons”is a gender structure phenom-enon that causes anxiety for some Chinese families.To prove the existence of such a fear in some families,this paper considers three as...This paper argues that“the fear of having two sons”is a gender structure phenom-enon that causes anxiety for some Chinese families.To prove the existence of such a fear in some families,this paper considers three aspects:the ideal gender structure of children,women’s childbearing plan for second children and their actual child-bearing behavior.Data for nine provinces is taken from the China Fertility Survey of 2017.This paper finds that:(1)except for having no children,2 sons and 0 daughters is the most undesired gender structure;(2)among those who expect 1 son and 1 daughter,women whose first child is a son are less likely to plan to have a second child than those whose first child is a daughter;(3)among those who expect 1 son and 1 daughter,women with a son as the first child are less likely to have a second child than those with a daughter.These findings prove that,at present,the phenom-enon of the fear of having two sons does exist in some Chinese families.Finally,this paper summarizes how the attitudes of Chinese families towards having sons have changed since the 1950s from“a hope for having many sons”to“a desire for at least one son”and finally to“the fear of having two sons.”The paper also discusses the significance of the fear of having two sons phenomenon in terms of improving the proximate determinants of low fertility model.展开更多
Taking data from the China Fertility Survey 2017 for nine provinces in southwestern and south-central China,we calculated differences in C-section rates among women of different ages,and with different types of hukou ...Taking data from the China Fertility Survey 2017 for nine provinces in southwestern and south-central China,we calculated differences in C-section rates among women of different ages,and with different types of hukou and different levels of educa-tion.We used the Cox proportional hazards model and a binary logistic regression method to examine the impact of C-section at the first birth on the intention of hav-ing a second child and actually giving birth to a second child under the Universal Two-child Policy.This study comes to the following conclusions:(1)the C-section rate is generally high among women,especially among those who are older,have non-agricultural hukou,or have a junior college or above education level;(2)sim-ilar to the research findings of scholars in other countries,women having C-sec-tion at first birth are 16-20%less likely to have a second child than women having no C-section at first birth;and(3)women having C-section at first birth are less inclined to have a second child.展开更多
基金the innovative research team of the Twelfth Five-Year National Science and Technology Support Program(Grant no.2012BAI29B06)the Beijing University of Chinese Medicine of China(Grant no.2011-CXTD-12).
文摘Objective:The objective of this study was to verify the lipid-lowering effect of Juhe Fang extract(JHFE)and to determine its characteristic chemical profile in vitro and in vivo.Methods:A hyperlipidemia model was established by feeding mice a high-fat diet(HFD).After treatment for 30 days,serum total cholesterol(TC),triglyceride(TG),high-density lipoprotein cholesterol(HDL-C)and low-density lipoprotein cholesterol(LDL-C)levels were measured with an automatic biochemistry analyzer.The components from JHFE obtained from in vivo and in vitro experiments were investigated using an UPLC-Q Exactive-Orbitrap MS/MS.Results:The TC,TG,and LDL-C in the serum significantly decreased and the HDL-C significantly increased after JHFE treatment.A total of 95 compounds from JHEF including 15 phenolic acids(PA),4 phenylethanoid glycosides(PG),24 flavonoids(F),14 triterpenoids(T),10 diterpenoid glycosides(D),18 alkaloids(A)and 10 others(O)were identified.Trigonelline was discovered for the first time in a herbal medicine of Juhe Fang.Furthermore,68 compounds were identified in vivo including 28 prototype compounds and 40 metabolites.The metabolic characteristics of these components were revealed including identification of new metabolites of 4-hydroxyphenyl ethyl-8-O-[a-L-arabinopyranosyl-(1/6)]-b-D-glucopyranoside(PEG)and lirinidine.A total of 43 components from JHFE were absorbed and/or metabolized.The contribution rate of each type of chemical component from JHFE to its lipidlowering effect from high to low were A,F,PG,PA,D and T.Conclusion:The results of this study showed that JHFE demonstrated a significant lipid-lowering effect in a high-fat diet(HFD)-induced hyperlipidemia mouse model.Specific types of PA,PG,F,D,T and A formed the pharmaceutical architecture of the lipid-lowering effect of JHFE.This study should prove useful for clarifying the components responsible for the lipid-lowering effect of JHFE and provide a basis for precision quality control research.
文摘Objectives:To investigate the pharmacokinetics (PK) and pharmacodynamics (PD)of index components of Zisu Fang preparations and additionally analysis the anti-dementia drug system characteristics.Methods:A PK-PD-drug interaction (DI) method was applied to determine the characteristics of index components of Zisu Fong preparations in vivo.Results:In the PK study,maximum plasma concentration,area under the plasma concentration-time curve,and mean residence time of index components of Zisu Fang preparations were higher in the memory-deficit model group than in the control group.This suggested that the index components of Zisu Fang preparations had an affinity for the state of dementia in this model.In the PD study,at the peak time points of anti-dementia efficacy (0.17 h and 1 h),the plasma concentrations of index components of Zisu Fang preparations reached the first or second largest plasma concentration peak or were close to the plasma concentration peak,and showed positive correlation between these two peaks,indicating that the index components of Zisu Fang synergistically exerted an anti-dementia effect.According to the association analysis of PK-PD-DI,baicalin,rosmarinic acid,salvianolic acid B,matrine,and tanshinone ⅡA were the main active ingredients of the anti-dementia drug system of Zisu Fang preparations in vivo,but were only efficacious against dementia when all five components were present at a specific concentration and proportion.Conclusions:Based on the PK and PD correlation analysis,baicalin,rosmarinic acid,salvianolic acid B,matrine,and tanshinone ⅡA are the main active ingredients of Zisu Fang preparations with regard to its anti-dementia effects,and represent the basic characteristics of drug system:natures,synergy,and affinity.
文摘This paper argues that“the fear of having two sons”is a gender structure phenom-enon that causes anxiety for some Chinese families.To prove the existence of such a fear in some families,this paper considers three aspects:the ideal gender structure of children,women’s childbearing plan for second children and their actual child-bearing behavior.Data for nine provinces is taken from the China Fertility Survey of 2017.This paper finds that:(1)except for having no children,2 sons and 0 daughters is the most undesired gender structure;(2)among those who expect 1 son and 1 daughter,women whose first child is a son are less likely to plan to have a second child than those whose first child is a daughter;(3)among those who expect 1 son and 1 daughter,women with a son as the first child are less likely to have a second child than those with a daughter.These findings prove that,at present,the phenom-enon of the fear of having two sons does exist in some Chinese families.Finally,this paper summarizes how the attitudes of Chinese families towards having sons have changed since the 1950s from“a hope for having many sons”to“a desire for at least one son”and finally to“the fear of having two sons.”The paper also discusses the significance of the fear of having two sons phenomenon in terms of improving the proximate determinants of low fertility model.
文摘Taking data from the China Fertility Survey 2017 for nine provinces in southwestern and south-central China,we calculated differences in C-section rates among women of different ages,and with different types of hukou and different levels of educa-tion.We used the Cox proportional hazards model and a binary logistic regression method to examine the impact of C-section at the first birth on the intention of hav-ing a second child and actually giving birth to a second child under the Universal Two-child Policy.This study comes to the following conclusions:(1)the C-section rate is generally high among women,especially among those who are older,have non-agricultural hukou,or have a junior college or above education level;(2)sim-ilar to the research findings of scholars in other countries,women having C-sec-tion at first birth are 16-20%less likely to have a second child than women having no C-section at first birth;and(3)women having C-section at first birth are less inclined to have a second child.
