Therapeutic experiments are commonly performed on laboratory animals to inves-tigate the possible mechanism(s)of action of toxic agents as well as drugs or sub-stances under consideration.The use of toxins in laborato...Therapeutic experiments are commonly performed on laboratory animals to inves-tigate the possible mechanism(s)of action of toxic agents as well as drugs or sub-stances under consideration.The use of toxins in laboratory animal models,including rats,is intended to cause toxicity.This study aimed to investigate different models of hepatotoxicity and nephrotoxicity in laboratory animals to help researchers advance their research goals.The current narrative review used databases such as Medline,Web of Science,Scopus,and Embase and appropriate keywords until June 2021.Nephrotoxicity and hepatotoxicity models derived from some toxic agents such as cisplatin,acetaminophen,doxorubicin,some anticancer drugs,and other materials through various signaling pathways are investigated.To understand the models of renal or hepatotoxicity in laboratory animals,we have provided a list of toxic agents and their toxicity procedures in this review.展开更多
Background:The dorsomedial periaqueductal gray(dmPAG)is a mesencephalic area and has numerous functions including cardiovascular regulation.Because nitric oxide(NO)is present in the dmPAG,here we investigate,the proba...Background:The dorsomedial periaqueductal gray(dmPAG)is a mesencephalic area and has numerous functions including cardiovascular regulation.Because nitric oxide(NO)is present in the dmPAG,here we investigate,the probable cardiovascular effect of NO in the dmPAG.Methods:Five groups(n=6 for each group)were used as follows:(1)control;(2)L-NAME(N^(G)-nitro-L-arginine methyl ester,a NO synthase inhibitor,90 nmol);(3)Larginine(L-Arg,a precursor for NO,60 nmol);(4)Sodium nitroprusside(SNP,a NO donor,27 nmol);and(5)L-Arg+L-NAME.The cardiovascular parameters were recorded by a Power Lab device after cannulation of the femoral artery.Drugs were injected using a stereotaxic instrument.The changes(Δ)in systolic blood pressure(SBP),mean arterial pressure(MAP),and heart rate(HR)were calculated at different times and compared to the control group.Results:Microinjection of L-NAME significantly increased ΔSBP,ΔMAP,and ΔHR more than saline(from p<0.05 to p<0.001).L-Arg only significantly increased ΔHR(p<0.05).In the L-Arg+L-NAME group,the above parameters also significantly increased(from p<0.01 to p<0.05)but not as significantly as with L-NAME alone.Microinjection of SNP significantly decreased ΔSBP and ΔMAP more than in the control and L-NAME groups(from p<0.01 to p<0.001),but ΔHR did not change significantly.Conclusion:The results indicated that NO in dmPAG has an inhibitory effect on cardiovascular responses in anesthetized rats.展开更多
文摘Therapeutic experiments are commonly performed on laboratory animals to inves-tigate the possible mechanism(s)of action of toxic agents as well as drugs or sub-stances under consideration.The use of toxins in laboratory animal models,including rats,is intended to cause toxicity.This study aimed to investigate different models of hepatotoxicity and nephrotoxicity in laboratory animals to help researchers advance their research goals.The current narrative review used databases such as Medline,Web of Science,Scopus,and Embase and appropriate keywords until June 2021.Nephrotoxicity and hepatotoxicity models derived from some toxic agents such as cisplatin,acetaminophen,doxorubicin,some anticancer drugs,and other materials through various signaling pathways are investigated.To understand the models of renal or hepatotoxicity in laboratory animals,we have provided a list of toxic agents and their toxicity procedures in this review.
文摘Background:The dorsomedial periaqueductal gray(dmPAG)is a mesencephalic area and has numerous functions including cardiovascular regulation.Because nitric oxide(NO)is present in the dmPAG,here we investigate,the probable cardiovascular effect of NO in the dmPAG.Methods:Five groups(n=6 for each group)were used as follows:(1)control;(2)L-NAME(N^(G)-nitro-L-arginine methyl ester,a NO synthase inhibitor,90 nmol);(3)Larginine(L-Arg,a precursor for NO,60 nmol);(4)Sodium nitroprusside(SNP,a NO donor,27 nmol);and(5)L-Arg+L-NAME.The cardiovascular parameters were recorded by a Power Lab device after cannulation of the femoral artery.Drugs were injected using a stereotaxic instrument.The changes(Δ)in systolic blood pressure(SBP),mean arterial pressure(MAP),and heart rate(HR)were calculated at different times and compared to the control group.Results:Microinjection of L-NAME significantly increased ΔSBP,ΔMAP,and ΔHR more than saline(from p<0.05 to p<0.001).L-Arg only significantly increased ΔHR(p<0.05).In the L-Arg+L-NAME group,the above parameters also significantly increased(from p<0.01 to p<0.05)but not as significantly as with L-NAME alone.Microinjection of SNP significantly decreased ΔSBP and ΔMAP more than in the control and L-NAME groups(from p<0.01 to p<0.001),but ΔHR did not change significantly.Conclusion:The results indicated that NO in dmPAG has an inhibitory effect on cardiovascular responses in anesthetized rats.
