With an extensive range of distinctive features at nano meter-scale thicknesses,two-dimensional(2D)materials drawn the attention of the scientific community.Despite tremendous advancements in exploratory research on 2...With an extensive range of distinctive features at nano meter-scale thicknesses,two-dimensional(2D)materials drawn the attention of the scientific community.Despite tremendous advancements in exploratory research on 2D materials,knowledge of 2D electrical transport and carrier dynamics still in its infancy.Thus,here we highlighted the electrical characteristics of 2D materials with electronic band structure,electronic transport,dielectric constant,carriers mobility.The atomic thinness of 2D materials makes substantially scaled field-effect transistors(FETs)with reduced short-channel effects conceivable,even though strong carrier mobility required for high performance,low-voltage device operations.We also discussed here about factors affecting 2D materials which easily enhanced the activity of those materials for various applications.Presently,Those 2D materials used in state-of-the-art electrical and optoelectronic devices because of the extensive nature of their electronic band structure.2D materials offer unprecedented freedom for the design of novel p-n junction device topologies in contrast to conventional bulk semiconductors.We also,describe the numerous 2D p-n junctions,such as homo junction and hetero junction including mixed dimensional junctions.Finally,we talked about the problems and potential for the future.展开更多
Magnesium(Mg)and its alloys have recently gained increasing attention in the biomedical field as promising biodegradable materials with harmless degradation products.Magnesium-based alloys have a wide range of biomedi...Magnesium(Mg)and its alloys have recently gained increasing attention in the biomedical field as promising biodegradable materials with harmless degradation products.Magnesium-based alloys have a wide range of biomedical applications because of their outstanding biocompatibility and unique mechanical properties.Widespread use of Mg-based biomedical devices eliminates the need for post-healing biomaterial removal surgery and minimizes the negative consequences of the implantation of permanent biomaterials,including stress shielding and undesired metal ion release in the body.This paper provides a literature review on the properties and manufacturing methods of Mgbased alloys for biomedical applications,including orthopedic implants,cardiovascular applications,surgical wires and staplers,and antitumor activities.Each application of Mg-based biomaterials is investigated from a biological perspective,including matching functional properties,biocompatibility,host tissue responses,and anti-microbial strategies,along with potential additive manufacturing technologies for these applications.Finally,an outlook is presented to provide recommendations for Mg-based biomaterials in the future.展开更多
Biopolymers are promising environmentally benign materials applicable in multifarious applications.They are especially favorable in implantable biomedical devices thanks to their excellent unique properties,including ...Biopolymers are promising environmentally benign materials applicable in multifarious applications.They are especially favorable in implantable biomedical devices thanks to their excellent unique properties,including bioactivity,renewability,bioresorbability,biocompatibility,biodegradability and hydrophilicity.Additive manufacturing(AM)is a flexible and intricate manufacturing technology,which is widely used to fabricate biopolymer-based customized products and structures for advanced healthcare systems.Three-dimensional(3D)printing of these sustainable materials is applied in functional clinical settings including wound dressing,drug delivery systems,medical implants and tissue engineering.The present review highlights recent advancements in different types of biopolymers,such as proteins and polysaccharides,which are employed to develop different biomedical products by using extrusion,vat polymerization,laser and inkjet 3D printing techniques in addition to normal bioprinting and four-dimensional(4D)bioprinting techniques.It also incorporates the influence of nanoparticles on the biological and mechanical performances of 3D-printed tissue scaffolds,and addresses current challenges as well as future developments of environmentally friendly polymeric materials manufactured through the AMtechniques.Ideally,there is a need for more focused research on the adequate blending of these biodegradable biopolymers for achieving useful results in targeted biomedical areas.We envision that biopolymer-based 3D-printed composites have the potential to revolutionize the biomedical sector in the near future.展开更多
We conceptualize bioresource upgrade for sustainable energy,environment,and biomedicine with a focus on circular economy,sustainability,and carbon neutrality using high availability and low utilization biomass(HALUB)....We conceptualize bioresource upgrade for sustainable energy,environment,and biomedicine with a focus on circular economy,sustainability,and carbon neutrality using high availability and low utilization biomass(HALUB).We acme energy-efficient technologies for sustainable energy and material recovery and applications.The technologies of thermochemical conversion(TC),biochemical conversion(BC),electrochemical conversion(EC),and photochemical conversion(PTC)are summarized for HALUB.Microalgal biomass could contribute to a biofuel HHV of 35.72 MJ Kg^(-1)and total benefit of 749$/ton biomass via TC.Specific surface area of biochar reached 3000 m^(2)g^(-1)via pyrolytic carbonization of waste bean dregs.Lignocellulosic biomass can be effectively converted into bio-stimulants and biofertilizers via BC with a high conversion efficiency of more than 90%.Besides,lignocellulosic biomass can contribute to a current density of 672 mA m^(-2)via EC.Bioresource can be 100%selectively synthesized via electrocatalysis through EC and PTC.Machine learning,techno-economic analysis,and life cycle analysis are essential to various upgrading approaches of HALUB.Sustainable biomaterials,sustainable living materials and technologies for biomedical and multifunctional applications like nano-catalysis,microfluidic and micro/nanomotors beyond are also highlighted.New techniques and systems for the complete conversion and utilization of HALUB for new energy and materials are further discussed.展开更多
Pr_(0.5)Sr_(0.5)FeO_(3)(PSFO)and La_(0.25)Pr_(0.25)Sr_(0.5)FeO_(3)(LPSFO)nanofibers are prepared by electrospinning followed by calcination,and their morphologies,microstructures,electronic transports,and magnetic pro...Pr_(0.5)Sr_(0.5)FeO_(3)(PSFO)and La_(0.25)Pr_(0.25)Sr_(0.5)FeO_(3)(LPSFO)nanofibers are prepared by electrospinning followed by calcination,and their morphologies,microstructures,electronic transports,and magnetic properties are studied systematically.The temperature-dependent resistance curves of PSFO and LPSFO nanofibers are measured in a temperature range from 300 K to 10 K.With the temperature lowering,the resistance increases gradually and then decreases sharply due to the occurrence of ferromagnetic metal phase.The metal-insulator transition temperatures are about 110 K and 180 K for PSFO and LPSFO nanofibers,respectively.The electronic conduction behavior above the transition temperature can be described by one-dimensional Mott’s variable-range hopping(VRH)model.The hysteresis loops and the field-cooled(FC)and zero-field-cooled(ZFC)curves show that both PSFO nanofiber and LPSFO nanofiber exhibit ferromagnetism.Although the doping of La reduces the overall magnetization intensity of the material,it increases the ferromagnetic ratio of the system,which may improve the performance of LPSFO in solid oxide fuel cell.展开更多
Commercially pure titanium and titanium alloys have been among the most commonly used materials for biomedical applications since the 1950 s.Due to the excellent mechanical tribological properties,corrosion resistance...Commercially pure titanium and titanium alloys have been among the most commonly used materials for biomedical applications since the 1950 s.Due to the excellent mechanical tribological properties,corrosion resistance,biocompatibility,and antibacterial properties of titanium,it is getting much attention as a biomaterial for implants.Furthermore,titanium promotes osseointegration without any additional adhesives by physically bonding with the living bone at the implant site.These properties are crucial for producing high-strength metallic alloys for biomedical applications.Titanium alloys are manufactured into the three types ofα,β,andα+β.The scientific and clinical understanding of titanium and its potential applications,especially in the biomedical field,are still in the early stages.This review aims to establish a credible platform for the current and future roles of titanium in biomedicine.We first explore the developmental history of titanium.Then,we review the recent advancement of the utility of titanium in diverse biomedical areas,its functional properties,mechanisms of biocompatibility,host tissue responses,and various relevant antimicrobial strategies.Future research will be directed toward advanced manufacturing technologies,such as powder-based additive manufacturing,electron beam melting and laser melting deposition,as well as analyzing the effects of alloying elements on the biocompatibility,corrosion resistance,and mechanical properties of titanium.Moreover,the role of titania nanotubes in regenerative medicine and nanomedicine applications,such as localized drug delivery system,immunomodulatory agents,antibacterial agents,and hemocompatibility,is investigated,and the paper concludes with the future outlook of titanium alloys as biomaterials.展开更多
Three-dimensional(3D)organoids derived from pluripotent or adult tissue stem cells seem to possess excellent potential for studying development and disease mechanisms alongside having a myriad of applications in regen...Three-dimensional(3D)organoids derived from pluripotent or adult tissue stem cells seem to possess excellent potential for studying development and disease mechanisms alongside having a myriad of applications in regenerative therapies.However,lack of precise architectures and large-scale tissue sizes are some of the key limitations of current organoid technologies.3D bioprinting of organoids has recently emerged to address some of these impediments.In this review,we discuss 3D bioprinting with respect to the use of bioinks and bioprinting methods and highlight recent studies that have shown success in bioprinting of stem cells and organoids.We also summarize the use of several vascularization strategies for the bioprinted organoids,that are critical for a complex tissue organization.To fully realize the translational applications of organoids in disease modeling and regenerative medicine,these areas in 3D bioprinting need to be appropriately harnessed and channelized.展开更多
Potential engineering applications of magnesium(Mg)and Mg-based alloys,as the lightest structural metal,have made them a popular subject of study.However,the inferior corrosion and wear characteristics significantly l...Potential engineering applications of magnesium(Mg)and Mg-based alloys,as the lightest structural metal,have made them a popular subject of study.However,the inferior corrosion and wear characteristics significantly limit their application range.It is widely recognized that surface treatment is the most commonly utilized technique for remarkably improving a substrate’s surface characteristics.Numerous methods have been introduced for the surface treatment of Mg and Mg-based alloys to improve their corrosion behavior and tribological performance.Among these,thermal spray(TS)technology provides several methods for deposition of various functional metallic,ceramic,cermet,or other coatings tailored to particular conditions.Recent researches have shown the tremendous potential for thermal spray coated Mg alloys for biomedical and industrial applications.In this context,the cold spray(CS)method,as a comparatively new TS coating technique,can generate the coating layer using kinetic energy rather than combined thermal and kinetic energies,like the high-velocity oxy-fuel(HVOF)spray method.Moreover,the CS process,as a revolutionary method,is able to repair and refurbish with a faster turnaround time;it also provides solutions that do not require dealing with the thermal stresses that are part of the other repair processes,such as welding or other TS processes using a high-temperature flame.In this review paper,the recently designed coatings that are specifically applied to Mg alloys(primarily for industrial applications)employing various coating processes are reviewed.Because of the increased utilization of CS technology for both 3D printed(additively manufactured)coatings and repair of structurally critical components,the most recent CS methods for the surface treatment,repair,and refurbishment of Mg alloys as well as their benefits and restrictions are then discussed and reviewed in detail.Lastly,the prospects of this field of study are briefly discussed,along with a summary of the presented work.展开更多
Bridging the performance gap of the electrocatalyst between the rotating disk electrode(RDE) and membrane electrode assembly(MEA) level testing is the key to reducing the total cost of proton exchange membrane fuel ce...Bridging the performance gap of the electrocatalyst between the rotating disk electrode(RDE) and membrane electrode assembly(MEA) level testing is the key to reducing the total cost of proton exchange membrane fuel cell(PEMFC) vehicles. Presently, platinum metal accounts for ~42% of the total cost of the PEMFC vehicles for usage in the cathode catalyst layer, where the sluggish oxygen reduction reaction(ORR) occurs. An alternative to the platinum catalyst, the Fe-N-C catalyst has attracted considerable interest for PEMFC due to its cost-effectiveness and high catalytic activity towards ORR. However, the excellent ORR activity of Fe-N-C obtained from RDE studies rarely translates the same performance into MEA operating conditions. Such a performance gap is mainly attributed to the lack of atomic-level understanding of Fe-N-C active sites and their ORR mechanism. Besides, unless the cost of expensive electrocatalyst is reduced, the total operation cost of the PEMFC vehicles remains constant. Therefore,developing highly efficient Fe-N-C catalysts from academic and industrial perspectives is critical for commercializing PEMFC vehicles. Here, the scope of the review is three-fold. First, we discussed the atomiclevel insights of Fe-N-C active sites and ORR mechanism, followed by unraveling the different iron-based nanostructured ORR electrocatalysts, including oxide, carbide, nitride, phosphide, sulfide, and singleatom catalysts. And then we bridged their ORR catalytic performance gap between the RDE and MEA tests for real operating conditions of PEMFC vehicles. Second, we focused on bridging the cost barriers of PEMFC vehicles between capital, operation, and end-user. Finally, we provided the path to achieve sustainable development goals by commercializing PEMFC vehicles for a better world.展开更多
AIM: To facilitate engineering of suitable biomaterials to meet the challenges associated with myocardial infarction. METHODS: Poly (glycerol sebacate)/collagen (PGS/ collagen) core/shell fibers were fabricated by cor...AIM: To facilitate engineering of suitable biomaterials to meet the challenges associated with myocardial infarction. METHODS: Poly (glycerol sebacate)/collagen (PGS/ collagen) core/shell fibers were fabricated by core/ shell electrospinning technique, with core as PGS and shell as collagen polymer; and the scaffolds were characterized by scanning electron microscope (SEM), fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), contact angle and tensile testing for cardiac tissue engineering. Collagen nanofibers were also fabricated by electrospinning for comparison with core/shell fibers. Studies on cell-scaffold interaction were carriedout using cardiac cells and mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) co-culture system with cardiac cells and MSCs separately serving as positive and negative controls respectively. The co-culture system was characterized for cell proliferation and differentiation of MSCs into cardiomyogenic lineage in the co-culture environment using dual immunocytochemistry. The co-culture cells were stained with cardiac specific marker proteins like actinin and troponin and MSC specific marker protein CD 105 for proving the cardiogenic differentiation of MSCs. Further the morphology of cells was analyzed using SEM.RESULTS: PGS/collagen core/shell fibers, core is PGS polymer having an elastic modulus related to that of cardiac fibers and shell as collagen, providing natural environment for cellular activities like cell adhesion, proliferation and differentiation. SEM micrographs of electrospun fibrous scaffolds revealed porous, beadless, uniform fibers with a fiber diameter in the range of 380 ± 77 nm and 1192 ± 277 nm for collagen fibers and PGS/collagen core/shell fibers respectively. The obtained PGS/collagen core/shell fibrous scaffolds were hydrophilic having a water contact angle of 17.9 ± 4.6° compared to collagen nanofibers which had a contact angle value of 30 ± 3.2°. The PGS/collagen core/shell fibers had mechanical properties comparable to that of native heart muscle with a young's modulus of 4.24 ± 0.7 MPa, while that of collagen nanofibers was comparatively higher around 30.11 ± 1.68 MPa. FTIR spectrum was performed to confirm the functional groups present in the electrospun scaffolds. Amide Ⅰ and amide Ⅱ of collagen were detected at 1638.95 cm -1 and 1551.64 cm -1 in the electrospun collagen fibers and at 1646.22 cm -1 and 1540.73 cm -1 for PGS/collagen core/shell fibers respectively. Cell culture studies performed using MSCs and cardiac cells co-culture environment, indicated that the cellproliferation significantly increased on PGS/collagen core/shell scaffolds compared to collagen fibers and the cardiac marker proteins actinin and troponin were expressed more on PGS/collagen core/shell scaffolds compared to collagen fibers alone. Dual immunofluorescent staining was performed to further confirm the cardiogenic differentiation of MSCs by employing MSC specific marker protein, CD 105 and cardiac specific marker protein, actinin. SEM observations of cardiac cells showed normal morphology on PGS/collagen fibers and providing adequate tensile strength for the regeneration of myocardial infarction. CONCLUSION: Combination of PGS/collagen fibers and cardiac cells/MSCs co-culture system providing natural microenvironments to improve cell survival and differentiation, could bring cardiac tissue engineering to clinical application.展开更多
Stem cells are unspecialized cells that can self renew indefinitely and differentiate into several somatic cells given the correct environmental cues.In the stem cell niche,stem cell-extracellular matrix(ECM)interacti...Stem cells are unspecialized cells that can self renew indefinitely and differentiate into several somatic cells given the correct environmental cues.In the stem cell niche,stem cell-extracellular matrix(ECM)interactions are crucial for different cellular functions,such as adhesion,proliferation,and differentiation.Recently, in addition to chemical surface modifications,the importance of nanometric scale surface topography and roughness of biomaterials has increasingly becoming recognized as a crucial factor for cell survival and host tissue acceptance in synthetic ECMs.This review describes the influence of nanotopography on stem cell phenotypes.展开更多
Tissue engineering is a multidisciplinary field that applies the principles of engineering and life-sciencesfor regeneration of damaged tissues. Stem cells have attracted much interest in tissue engineering as a cell ...Tissue engineering is a multidisciplinary field that applies the principles of engineering and life-sciencesfor regeneration of damaged tissues. Stem cells have attracted much interest in tissue engineering as a cell source due to their ability to proliferate in an undifferentiated state for prolonged time and capability of differentiating to different cell types after induction. Scaffolds play an important role in tissue engineering as a substrate that can mimic the native extracellular matrix and the properties of scaffolds have been shown to affect the cell behavior such as the cell attachment, proliferation and differentiation. Here, we focus on the recent reports that investigated the various aspects of scaffolds including the materials used for scaffold fabrication, surface modification of scaffolds, topography and mechanical properties of scaffolds towards stem cells differentiation effect. We will present a more detailed overview on the effect of mechanical properties of scaffolds on stem cells fate.展开更多
In the present study,a novel method of surface finish improvement is proposed using shot blasting of soda lime(SBSL)beads on the Mg-AZ31 alloy.The effect of the soda blasting process parameters,such as blast pressure,...In the present study,a novel method of surface finish improvement is proposed using shot blasting of soda lime(SBSL)beads on the Mg-AZ31 alloy.The effect of the soda blasting process parameters,such as blast pressure,stand-off distance,and blast duration,have been studied in-response of material removal rate(MRR)and surface roughness(SR)and corresponding statistical models have been obtained.The multi-objective optimization has also been performed to obtain parameters for maximum MRR and minimum SR.The corrosion behavior of the treated specimens has been performed to study their in-vitro biodegradability in simulated body fluid(SBF)for 1,3,7,10,15,and 21 days.The wettability study of the SBSL treated samples has been investigated using sessile drop methodology.Further,cell adhesion test has also been performed to study the biocompatibility characteristics of the SBSL treated samples using Huh7 liver cell lines.Based on obtained quantitative data as well as scanning electron microscopy analysis of treated samples,the SBSL treatment of the AZ31 alloy has been found highly useful in producing biocompatibility surfaces along with desirable morphological features.展开更多
As a bone scaffold,meeting all basic requirements besides dealing with other bone-related issues-bone cancer and accelerated regeneration-is not expected from traditional scaffolds,but a newer class of scaffolds calle...As a bone scaffold,meeting all basic requirements besides dealing with other bone-related issues-bone cancer and accelerated regeneration-is not expected from traditional scaffolds,but a newer class of scaffolds called multifunctional.From a clinical point of view,being a multifunctional scaffold means reducing in healing time,direct costs-medicine,surgery,and hospitalization-and indirect costs-loss of mobility,losing job,and pain.The main aim of the present review is following the multifunctional bone scaffolds trend to deal with both bone regeneration and cancer therapy.Special consideration is given to different fabrication techniques which have been applied to yield these materials spanning from traditional to modern ones.Moreover,the hierarchical structure of bone plus bone cancers and available medicines to them are introduced to familiarize the potential reader of review with the pluri-disciplinary essence of the field.Eventually,a brief discussion relating to the future trend of these materials is provided.展开更多
Conductive polyanilines are synthesized by doping with inorganic and organic acids, namely Hydrochloric acid (HCl) and ±10-camphor sulfonic acid (CSA). The direct current (DC) conductivities (σDC) are found to b...Conductive polyanilines are synthesized by doping with inorganic and organic acids, namely Hydrochloric acid (HCl) and ±10-camphor sulfonic acid (CSA). The direct current (DC) conductivities (σDC) are found to be about 9.5 ′ 10-8, 1.8, and 95.8 S/cm for PANI base, PANI(HCl) and PANI(CSA), respectively. σDC is measured down to a temperature of ~100 K and the apparent change in the activation energies are found to be 98.16, 74.40, and 57.24 meV for PANI base, HCl, and CSA dopings respectively. σDC is less temperature dependent near room temperature, further decrease in temperature the σDC is strongly dependent. Upon the inspection of AC conductivities (σAC) versus frequency curves, it can be inferred that the conduction process is noticeably influenced upon doping and within the dopants. σAC has shown classical plateau (DC-AC crossover) region, nonetheless shifted crossover frequency (critical frequency) upon doping is rather interesting. Critical frequencies (wc) are obtained from universal power-law for all samples. The variation in the dielectric properties can be attributed to the dopant incorporation. In material characterization, successful doping is corroborated by FTIR, UV-vis spectroscopy and slight influence upon doping can also be seen in thermal properties. Intense photoluminescence (PL) peaks at 322.5, 581.4 and 644.2 nm are observed. PANI(CSA) exhibited highest peak intensity followed by PANI(HCl) and PANI base.展开更多
The global energy system needs a revolutionary transition from today’s fossil fuel to a low carbon energy system by having deep carbonization in all energy demand sectors.Especially in the transport sector,fossil fue...The global energy system needs a revolutionary transition from today’s fossil fuel to a low carbon energy system by having deep carbonization in all energy demand sectors.Especially in the transport sector,fossil fuel-based vehicles contribute to a more massive amount of greenhouse gas emissions(GHG),mainly carbon dioxide(CO_(2))and particulate matter(PM2.5),affecting human health,society,and the climate system.Hydrogen and fuel cell technology is a promising low carbon transition pathway that supports GHG mitigation and achieves sustainable development.Although hydrogen and fuel cells are assuring,fuel cell vehicle expensiveness and the high cost of hydrogen production with the low carbon footprint are significant hindrances for its widespread deployment.Besides the situation above,the present corona virus(COVID-19)has devastated our global economy and ramps down the future of fossil fuel.It provides opportunities to rethink and reshape our energy system to a low carbon footprint.By utilizing the situation,governments and policymakers need to eliminate fossil fuel and invest in the hydrogen and fuel cell technologies deployment as future energy systems.This review article provides a technical overview of a low carbon energy system,production,and end-use service in a hydrogen economy perspective for developing a sustainable energy future.The techno-economic analysis of the different hydrogen production routines and fuel cell vehicles and their infrastructures are primarily focused.Finally,a long-term policy alignment was outlined to advance the hydrogen energy system for post-COVID-19 in the United Nation’s(UN)sustainable development goals framework.展开更多
Various nanosized zinc aluminate(ZnAl2O4) samples were prepared by a conventional and a mi- crowave method both with and without using Opuntia dilenii haw plant extract,and were charac- terized by X-ray diffraction(XR...Various nanosized zinc aluminate(ZnAl2O4) samples were prepared by a conventional and a mi- crowave method both with and without using Opuntia dilenii haw plant extract,and were charac- terized by X-ray diffraction(XRD),Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy(FT-IR),high resolution scanning electron microscopy(HRSEM),energy dispersion scanning(EDX),temperature dependent conductance measurements, thermoelectric power measurements, ultraviolet-visible (UV-Vis) diffuse reflectance spectroscopy,and photoluminescence spectroscopy.The formation of a pure ZnAl2O4 phase was confirmed by XRD and FT-IR.A change in morphology from nanosized plates to nanosized sheets with,respectively,the conventional and microwave heating methods was clearly shown by HRSEM.UV-Vis diffusion reflectance spectroscopy measured the band gaps of ZnAl2O4 nanosized plates and nanosized sheets as 3.5 and 3.9 eV,respectively.The synthesized ZnAl2O4 was single crystalline and has three photoluminescence emissions at 482,528,and 540 nm.ZnAl2O4 nanosized sheets prepared by the microwave method showed higher catalytic activity for the oxida- tion of benzyl alcohol(85% conversion) than ZnAl2O4 nanosized plates prepared by the convention- al method(60% conversion).展开更多
Wind energy witnessed tremendous growth in the past decade and emerged as the most sought renewable energy source after solar energy. Though the Horizontal Axis Wind Turbines (HAWT) is preferred for multi-megawatt pow...Wind energy witnessed tremendous growth in the past decade and emerged as the most sought renewable energy source after solar energy. Though the Horizontal Axis Wind Turbines (HAWT) is preferred for multi-megawatt power generation, Vertical Axis Wind Turbines (VAWT) is as competitive as HAWT. The current study aims to summarize the development of VAWT, in particular, Darrieus turbine from the past to the project that is underway. The reason for the technical challenges and past failures are discussed. Various configurations of VAWT have been assessed in terms of reliability, components and low wind speed performance. Innovative concepts and the feasibility to scale up for megawatt electricity generation, especially in offshore environments are investigated. This paper is a modest attempt to highlight the state-of-the-art information on the ongoing developments focusing on decentralized power generation. This review is envisioned as an information hub for the major developments in VAWT and its technical advancements so far.展开更多
Diseases and disorders associated with nervous system such as injuries by trauma and neurodegeneration are shown to be one of the most serious problems in medicine, requiring innovative strategies to trigger and enhan...Diseases and disorders associated with nervous system such as injuries by trauma and neurodegeneration are shown to be one of the most serious problems in medicine, requiring innovative strategies to trigger and enhance the nerve regeneration. Tissue engineering aims to provide a highly biomimetic environment by using a combination of cells, materials and suitable biological cues, by which the lost body part may be regenerated or even fully rebuilt. Electrospinning, being able to produce extracellular matrix （ECM）-like nanostructures with great flexibility in design and choice of materials, have demonstrated their great po- tential for fabrication of nerve tissue engineered scaffolds. The review here begins with a brief description of the anatomy of native nervous system, which provides basic knowledge and ideas for the design of nerve tissue scaffolds, followed by five main parts in the design of electrospun nerve tissue engineered scaffolds including materials selection, structural design, in vitro bioreactor, functionalization and cellular support. Performances of biomimetic electrospun nanofibrous nerve implant devices are also reviewed. Finally, future directions for advanced electrospun nerve tissue engineered scaffolds are discussed.展开更多
文摘With an extensive range of distinctive features at nano meter-scale thicknesses,two-dimensional(2D)materials drawn the attention of the scientific community.Despite tremendous advancements in exploratory research on 2D materials,knowledge of 2D electrical transport and carrier dynamics still in its infancy.Thus,here we highlighted the electrical characteristics of 2D materials with electronic band structure,electronic transport,dielectric constant,carriers mobility.The atomic thinness of 2D materials makes substantially scaled field-effect transistors(FETs)with reduced short-channel effects conceivable,even though strong carrier mobility required for high performance,low-voltage device operations.We also discussed here about factors affecting 2D materials which easily enhanced the activity of those materials for various applications.Presently,Those 2D materials used in state-of-the-art electrical and optoelectronic devices because of the extensive nature of their electronic band structure.2D materials offer unprecedented freedom for the design of novel p-n junction device topologies in contrast to conventional bulk semiconductors.We also,describe the numerous 2D p-n junctions,such as homo junction and hetero junction including mixed dimensional junctions.Finally,we talked about the problems and potential for the future.
基金supported by National Research Foundation of Korea(NRF)grants funded by the Korean Government(MSIT)[grant numbers RS-2023-00207763 and NRF-2022R1A2C2010350].
文摘Magnesium(Mg)and its alloys have recently gained increasing attention in the biomedical field as promising biodegradable materials with harmless degradation products.Magnesium-based alloys have a wide range of biomedical applications because of their outstanding biocompatibility and unique mechanical properties.Widespread use of Mg-based biomedical devices eliminates the need for post-healing biomaterial removal surgery and minimizes the negative consequences of the implantation of permanent biomaterials,including stress shielding and undesired metal ion release in the body.This paper provides a literature review on the properties and manufacturing methods of Mgbased alloys for biomedical applications,including orthopedic implants,cardiovascular applications,surgical wires and staplers,and antitumor activities.Each application of Mg-based biomaterials is investigated from a biological perspective,including matching functional properties,biocompatibility,host tissue responses,and anti-microbial strategies,along with potential additive manufacturing technologies for these applications.Finally,an outlook is presented to provide recommendations for Mg-based biomaterials in the future.
文摘Biopolymers are promising environmentally benign materials applicable in multifarious applications.They are especially favorable in implantable biomedical devices thanks to their excellent unique properties,including bioactivity,renewability,bioresorbability,biocompatibility,biodegradability and hydrophilicity.Additive manufacturing(AM)is a flexible and intricate manufacturing technology,which is widely used to fabricate biopolymer-based customized products and structures for advanced healthcare systems.Three-dimensional(3D)printing of these sustainable materials is applied in functional clinical settings including wound dressing,drug delivery systems,medical implants and tissue engineering.The present review highlights recent advancements in different types of biopolymers,such as proteins and polysaccharides,which are employed to develop different biomedical products by using extrusion,vat polymerization,laser and inkjet 3D printing techniques in addition to normal bioprinting and four-dimensional(4D)bioprinting techniques.It also incorporates the influence of nanoparticles on the biological and mechanical performances of 3D-printed tissue scaffolds,and addresses current challenges as well as future developments of environmentally friendly polymeric materials manufactured through the AMtechniques.Ideally,there is a need for more focused research on the adequate blending of these biodegradable biopolymers for achieving useful results in targeted biomedical areas.We envision that biopolymer-based 3D-printed composites have the potential to revolutionize the biomedical sector in the near future.
基金the support from Harvard/MITthe support funded by the National Research Foundation(NRF),Prime Minister’s Office,Singapore,under its Campus for Research Excellence and Technological Enterprise(CREATE)program,Grant Number R-706-001-102-281the funding support from Harbin Institute of Technology,China,Grant Number FRFCU5710053121。
文摘We conceptualize bioresource upgrade for sustainable energy,environment,and biomedicine with a focus on circular economy,sustainability,and carbon neutrality using high availability and low utilization biomass(HALUB).We acme energy-efficient technologies for sustainable energy and material recovery and applications.The technologies of thermochemical conversion(TC),biochemical conversion(BC),electrochemical conversion(EC),and photochemical conversion(PTC)are summarized for HALUB.Microalgal biomass could contribute to a biofuel HHV of 35.72 MJ Kg^(-1)and total benefit of 749$/ton biomass via TC.Specific surface area of biochar reached 3000 m^(2)g^(-1)via pyrolytic carbonization of waste bean dregs.Lignocellulosic biomass can be effectively converted into bio-stimulants and biofertilizers via BC with a high conversion efficiency of more than 90%.Besides,lignocellulosic biomass can contribute to a current density of 672 mA m^(-2)via EC.Bioresource can be 100%selectively synthesized via electrocatalysis through EC and PTC.Machine learning,techno-economic analysis,and life cycle analysis are essential to various upgrading approaches of HALUB.Sustainable biomaterials,sustainable living materials and technologies for biomedical and multifunctional applications like nano-catalysis,microfluidic and micro/nanomotors beyond are also highlighted.New techniques and systems for the complete conversion and utilization of HALUB for new energy and materials are further discussed.
基金Project supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Grant Nos.51973100 and 11904193)the Fund from the State Key Laboratory of Bio-Fibers and Eco-Textiles,Qingdao University,China(Grant No.RZ2000003334)the National Key Research and Development Project,China(Grant No.2019YFC0121402)。
文摘Pr_(0.5)Sr_(0.5)FeO_(3)(PSFO)and La_(0.25)Pr_(0.25)Sr_(0.5)FeO_(3)(LPSFO)nanofibers are prepared by electrospinning followed by calcination,and their morphologies,microstructures,electronic transports,and magnetic properties are studied systematically.The temperature-dependent resistance curves of PSFO and LPSFO nanofibers are measured in a temperature range from 300 K to 10 K.With the temperature lowering,the resistance increases gradually and then decreases sharply due to the occurrence of ferromagnetic metal phase.The metal-insulator transition temperatures are about 110 K and 180 K for PSFO and LPSFO nanofibers,respectively.The electronic conduction behavior above the transition temperature can be described by one-dimensional Mott’s variable-range hopping(VRH)model.The hysteresis loops and the field-cooled(FC)and zero-field-cooled(ZFC)curves show that both PSFO nanofiber and LPSFO nanofiber exhibit ferromagnetism.Although the doping of La reduces the overall magnetization intensity of the material,it increases the ferromagnetic ratio of the system,which may improve the performance of LPSFO in solid oxide fuel cell.
基金supported by the University of Malaya(UM)Research Grant:(FRGS/1/2020/TK0/UM/02/40)。
文摘Commercially pure titanium and titanium alloys have been among the most commonly used materials for biomedical applications since the 1950 s.Due to the excellent mechanical tribological properties,corrosion resistance,biocompatibility,and antibacterial properties of titanium,it is getting much attention as a biomaterial for implants.Furthermore,titanium promotes osseointegration without any additional adhesives by physically bonding with the living bone at the implant site.These properties are crucial for producing high-strength metallic alloys for biomedical applications.Titanium alloys are manufactured into the three types ofα,β,andα+β.The scientific and clinical understanding of titanium and its potential applications,especially in the biomedical field,are still in the early stages.This review aims to establish a credible platform for the current and future roles of titanium in biomedicine.We first explore the developmental history of titanium.Then,we review the recent advancement of the utility of titanium in diverse biomedical areas,its functional properties,mechanisms of biocompatibility,host tissue responses,and various relevant antimicrobial strategies.Future research will be directed toward advanced manufacturing technologies,such as powder-based additive manufacturing,electron beam melting and laser melting deposition,as well as analyzing the effects of alloying elements on the biocompatibility,corrosion resistance,and mechanical properties of titanium.Moreover,the role of titania nanotubes in regenerative medicine and nanomedicine applications,such as localized drug delivery system,immunomodulatory agents,antibacterial agents,and hemocompatibility,is investigated,and the paper concludes with the future outlook of titanium alloys as biomaterials.
文摘Three-dimensional(3D)organoids derived from pluripotent or adult tissue stem cells seem to possess excellent potential for studying development and disease mechanisms alongside having a myriad of applications in regenerative therapies.However,lack of precise architectures and large-scale tissue sizes are some of the key limitations of current organoid technologies.3D bioprinting of organoids has recently emerged to address some of these impediments.In this review,we discuss 3D bioprinting with respect to the use of bioinks and bioprinting methods and highlight recent studies that have shown success in bioprinting of stem cells and organoids.We also summarize the use of several vascularization strategies for the bioprinted organoids,that are critical for a complex tissue organization.To fully realize the translational applications of organoids in disease modeling and regenerative medicine,these areas in 3D bioprinting need to be appropriately harnessed and channelized.
文摘Potential engineering applications of magnesium(Mg)and Mg-based alloys,as the lightest structural metal,have made them a popular subject of study.However,the inferior corrosion and wear characteristics significantly limit their application range.It is widely recognized that surface treatment is the most commonly utilized technique for remarkably improving a substrate’s surface characteristics.Numerous methods have been introduced for the surface treatment of Mg and Mg-based alloys to improve their corrosion behavior and tribological performance.Among these,thermal spray(TS)technology provides several methods for deposition of various functional metallic,ceramic,cermet,or other coatings tailored to particular conditions.Recent researches have shown the tremendous potential for thermal spray coated Mg alloys for biomedical and industrial applications.In this context,the cold spray(CS)method,as a comparatively new TS coating technique,can generate the coating layer using kinetic energy rather than combined thermal and kinetic energies,like the high-velocity oxy-fuel(HVOF)spray method.Moreover,the CS process,as a revolutionary method,is able to repair and refurbish with a faster turnaround time;it also provides solutions that do not require dealing with the thermal stresses that are part of the other repair processes,such as welding or other TS processes using a high-temperature flame.In this review paper,the recently designed coatings that are specifically applied to Mg alloys(primarily for industrial applications)employing various coating processes are reviewed.Because of the increased utilization of CS technology for both 3D printed(additively manufactured)coatings and repair of structurally critical components,the most recent CS methods for the surface treatment,repair,and refurbishment of Mg alloys as well as their benefits and restrictions are then discussed and reviewed in detail.Lastly,the prospects of this field of study are briefly discussed,along with a summary of the presented work.
基金the financial support from the National Natural Science Foundations of China (21374008)the Beijing Forbidden City Scholarship (2018420021)。
文摘Bridging the performance gap of the electrocatalyst between the rotating disk electrode(RDE) and membrane electrode assembly(MEA) level testing is the key to reducing the total cost of proton exchange membrane fuel cell(PEMFC) vehicles. Presently, platinum metal accounts for ~42% of the total cost of the PEMFC vehicles for usage in the cathode catalyst layer, where the sluggish oxygen reduction reaction(ORR) occurs. An alternative to the platinum catalyst, the Fe-N-C catalyst has attracted considerable interest for PEMFC due to its cost-effectiveness and high catalytic activity towards ORR. However, the excellent ORR activity of Fe-N-C obtained from RDE studies rarely translates the same performance into MEA operating conditions. Such a performance gap is mainly attributed to the lack of atomic-level understanding of Fe-N-C active sites and their ORR mechanism. Besides, unless the cost of expensive electrocatalyst is reduced, the total operation cost of the PEMFC vehicles remains constant. Therefore,developing highly efficient Fe-N-C catalysts from academic and industrial perspectives is critical for commercializing PEMFC vehicles. Here, the scope of the review is three-fold. First, we discussed the atomiclevel insights of Fe-N-C active sites and ORR mechanism, followed by unraveling the different iron-based nanostructured ORR electrocatalysts, including oxide, carbide, nitride, phosphide, sulfide, and singleatom catalysts. And then we bridged their ORR catalytic performance gap between the RDE and MEA tests for real operating conditions of PEMFC vehicles. Second, we focused on bridging the cost barriers of PEMFC vehicles between capital, operation, and end-user. Finally, we provided the path to achieve sustainable development goals by commercializing PEMFC vehicles for a better world.
基金Supported by NRF-Technion, No. R-398-001-065-592Ministry of Education, No. R-265-000-318-112NUSNNI, National University of Singapore
文摘AIM: To facilitate engineering of suitable biomaterials to meet the challenges associated with myocardial infarction. METHODS: Poly (glycerol sebacate)/collagen (PGS/ collagen) core/shell fibers were fabricated by core/ shell electrospinning technique, with core as PGS and shell as collagen polymer; and the scaffolds were characterized by scanning electron microscope (SEM), fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), contact angle and tensile testing for cardiac tissue engineering. Collagen nanofibers were also fabricated by electrospinning for comparison with core/shell fibers. Studies on cell-scaffold interaction were carriedout using cardiac cells and mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) co-culture system with cardiac cells and MSCs separately serving as positive and negative controls respectively. The co-culture system was characterized for cell proliferation and differentiation of MSCs into cardiomyogenic lineage in the co-culture environment using dual immunocytochemistry. The co-culture cells were stained with cardiac specific marker proteins like actinin and troponin and MSC specific marker protein CD 105 for proving the cardiogenic differentiation of MSCs. Further the morphology of cells was analyzed using SEM.RESULTS: PGS/collagen core/shell fibers, core is PGS polymer having an elastic modulus related to that of cardiac fibers and shell as collagen, providing natural environment for cellular activities like cell adhesion, proliferation and differentiation. SEM micrographs of electrospun fibrous scaffolds revealed porous, beadless, uniform fibers with a fiber diameter in the range of 380 ± 77 nm and 1192 ± 277 nm for collagen fibers and PGS/collagen core/shell fibers respectively. The obtained PGS/collagen core/shell fibrous scaffolds were hydrophilic having a water contact angle of 17.9 ± 4.6° compared to collagen nanofibers which had a contact angle value of 30 ± 3.2°. The PGS/collagen core/shell fibers had mechanical properties comparable to that of native heart muscle with a young's modulus of 4.24 ± 0.7 MPa, while that of collagen nanofibers was comparatively higher around 30.11 ± 1.68 MPa. FTIR spectrum was performed to confirm the functional groups present in the electrospun scaffolds. Amide Ⅰ and amide Ⅱ of collagen were detected at 1638.95 cm -1 and 1551.64 cm -1 in the electrospun collagen fibers and at 1646.22 cm -1 and 1540.73 cm -1 for PGS/collagen core/shell fibers respectively. Cell culture studies performed using MSCs and cardiac cells co-culture environment, indicated that the cellproliferation significantly increased on PGS/collagen core/shell scaffolds compared to collagen fibers and the cardiac marker proteins actinin and troponin were expressed more on PGS/collagen core/shell scaffolds compared to collagen fibers alone. Dual immunofluorescent staining was performed to further confirm the cardiogenic differentiation of MSCs by employing MSC specific marker protein, CD 105 and cardiac specific marker protein, actinin. SEM observations of cardiac cells showed normal morphology on PGS/collagen fibers and providing adequate tensile strength for the regeneration of myocardial infarction. CONCLUSION: Combination of PGS/collagen fibers and cardiac cells/MSCs co-culture system providing natural microenvironments to improve cell survival and differentiation, could bring cardiac tissue engineering to clinical application.
基金Supported by The National University of Singapore,Grant No.R-224-000-035-133 and NMRC/1151/2008,Singapore
文摘Stem cells are unspecialized cells that can self renew indefinitely and differentiate into several somatic cells given the correct environmental cues.In the stem cell niche,stem cell-extracellular matrix(ECM)interactions are crucial for different cellular functions,such as adhesion,proliferation,and differentiation.Recently, in addition to chemical surface modifications,the importance of nanometric scale surface topography and roughness of biomaterials has increasingly becoming recognized as a crucial factor for cell survival and host tissue acceptance in synthetic ECMs.This review describes the influence of nanotopography on stem cell phenotypes.
文摘Tissue engineering is a multidisciplinary field that applies the principles of engineering and life-sciencesfor regeneration of damaged tissues. Stem cells have attracted much interest in tissue engineering as a cell source due to their ability to proliferate in an undifferentiated state for prolonged time and capability of differentiating to different cell types after induction. Scaffolds play an important role in tissue engineering as a substrate that can mimic the native extracellular matrix and the properties of scaffolds have been shown to affect the cell behavior such as the cell attachment, proliferation and differentiation. Here, we focus on the recent reports that investigated the various aspects of scaffolds including the materials used for scaffold fabrication, surface modification of scaffolds, topography and mechanical properties of scaffolds towards stem cells differentiation effect. We will present a more detailed overview on the effect of mechanical properties of scaffolds on stem cells fate.
文摘In the present study,a novel method of surface finish improvement is proposed using shot blasting of soda lime(SBSL)beads on the Mg-AZ31 alloy.The effect of the soda blasting process parameters,such as blast pressure,stand-off distance,and blast duration,have been studied in-response of material removal rate(MRR)and surface roughness(SR)and corresponding statistical models have been obtained.The multi-objective optimization has also been performed to obtain parameters for maximum MRR and minimum SR.The corrosion behavior of the treated specimens has been performed to study their in-vitro biodegradability in simulated body fluid(SBF)for 1,3,7,10,15,and 21 days.The wettability study of the SBSL treated samples has been investigated using sessile drop methodology.Further,cell adhesion test has also been performed to study the biocompatibility characteristics of the SBSL treated samples using Huh7 liver cell lines.Based on obtained quantitative data as well as scanning electron microscopy analysis of treated samples,the SBSL treatment of the AZ31 alloy has been found highly useful in producing biocompatibility surfaces along with desirable morphological features.
文摘As a bone scaffold,meeting all basic requirements besides dealing with other bone-related issues-bone cancer and accelerated regeneration-is not expected from traditional scaffolds,but a newer class of scaffolds called multifunctional.From a clinical point of view,being a multifunctional scaffold means reducing in healing time,direct costs-medicine,surgery,and hospitalization-and indirect costs-loss of mobility,losing job,and pain.The main aim of the present review is following the multifunctional bone scaffolds trend to deal with both bone regeneration and cancer therapy.Special consideration is given to different fabrication techniques which have been applied to yield these materials spanning from traditional to modern ones.Moreover,the hierarchical structure of bone plus bone cancers and available medicines to them are introduced to familiarize the potential reader of review with the pluri-disciplinary essence of the field.Eventually,a brief discussion relating to the future trend of these materials is provided.
文摘Conductive polyanilines are synthesized by doping with inorganic and organic acids, namely Hydrochloric acid (HCl) and ±10-camphor sulfonic acid (CSA). The direct current (DC) conductivities (σDC) are found to be about 9.5 ′ 10-8, 1.8, and 95.8 S/cm for PANI base, PANI(HCl) and PANI(CSA), respectively. σDC is measured down to a temperature of ~100 K and the apparent change in the activation energies are found to be 98.16, 74.40, and 57.24 meV for PANI base, HCl, and CSA dopings respectively. σDC is less temperature dependent near room temperature, further decrease in temperature the σDC is strongly dependent. Upon the inspection of AC conductivities (σAC) versus frequency curves, it can be inferred that the conduction process is noticeably influenced upon doping and within the dopants. σAC has shown classical plateau (DC-AC crossover) region, nonetheless shifted crossover frequency (critical frequency) upon doping is rather interesting. Critical frequencies (wc) are obtained from universal power-law for all samples. The variation in the dielectric properties can be attributed to the dopant incorporation. In material characterization, successful doping is corroborated by FTIR, UV-vis spectroscopy and slight influence upon doping can also be seen in thermal properties. Intense photoluminescence (PL) peaks at 322.5, 581.4 and 644.2 nm are observed. PANI(CSA) exhibited highest peak intensity followed by PANI(HCl) and PANI base.
基金the financial support from the Beijing Forbidden City scholarship(2018420021)。
文摘The global energy system needs a revolutionary transition from today’s fossil fuel to a low carbon energy system by having deep carbonization in all energy demand sectors.Especially in the transport sector,fossil fuel-based vehicles contribute to a more massive amount of greenhouse gas emissions(GHG),mainly carbon dioxide(CO_(2))and particulate matter(PM2.5),affecting human health,society,and the climate system.Hydrogen and fuel cell technology is a promising low carbon transition pathway that supports GHG mitigation and achieves sustainable development.Although hydrogen and fuel cells are assuring,fuel cell vehicle expensiveness and the high cost of hydrogen production with the low carbon footprint are significant hindrances for its widespread deployment.Besides the situation above,the present corona virus(COVID-19)has devastated our global economy and ramps down the future of fossil fuel.It provides opportunities to rethink and reshape our energy system to a low carbon footprint.By utilizing the situation,governments and policymakers need to eliminate fossil fuel and invest in the hydrogen and fuel cell technologies deployment as future energy systems.This review article provides a technical overview of a low carbon energy system,production,and end-use service in a hydrogen economy perspective for developing a sustainable energy future.The techno-economic analysis of the different hydrogen production routines and fuel cell vehicles and their infrastructures are primarily focused.Finally,a long-term policy alignment was outlined to advance the hydrogen energy system for post-COVID-19 in the United Nation’s(UN)sustainable development goals framework.
文摘Various nanosized zinc aluminate(ZnAl2O4) samples were prepared by a conventional and a mi- crowave method both with and without using Opuntia dilenii haw plant extract,and were charac- terized by X-ray diffraction(XRD),Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy(FT-IR),high resolution scanning electron microscopy(HRSEM),energy dispersion scanning(EDX),temperature dependent conductance measurements, thermoelectric power measurements, ultraviolet-visible (UV-Vis) diffuse reflectance spectroscopy,and photoluminescence spectroscopy.The formation of a pure ZnAl2O4 phase was confirmed by XRD and FT-IR.A change in morphology from nanosized plates to nanosized sheets with,respectively,the conventional and microwave heating methods was clearly shown by HRSEM.UV-Vis diffusion reflectance spectroscopy measured the band gaps of ZnAl2O4 nanosized plates and nanosized sheets as 3.5 and 3.9 eV,respectively.The synthesized ZnAl2O4 was single crystalline and has three photoluminescence emissions at 482,528,and 540 nm.ZnAl2O4 nanosized sheets prepared by the microwave method showed higher catalytic activity for the oxida- tion of benzyl alcohol(85% conversion) than ZnAl2O4 nanosized plates prepared by the convention- al method(60% conversion).
文摘Wind energy witnessed tremendous growth in the past decade and emerged as the most sought renewable energy source after solar energy. Though the Horizontal Axis Wind Turbines (HAWT) is preferred for multi-megawatt power generation, Vertical Axis Wind Turbines (VAWT) is as competitive as HAWT. The current study aims to summarize the development of VAWT, in particular, Darrieus turbine from the past to the project that is underway. The reason for the technical challenges and past failures are discussed. Various configurations of VAWT have been assessed in terms of reliability, components and low wind speed performance. Innovative concepts and the feasibility to scale up for megawatt electricity generation, especially in offshore environments are investigated. This paper is a modest attempt to highlight the state-of-the-art information on the ongoing developments focusing on decentralized power generation. This review is envisioned as an information hub for the major developments in VAWT and its technical advancements so far.
文摘Diseases and disorders associated with nervous system such as injuries by trauma and neurodegeneration are shown to be one of the most serious problems in medicine, requiring innovative strategies to trigger and enhance the nerve regeneration. Tissue engineering aims to provide a highly biomimetic environment by using a combination of cells, materials and suitable biological cues, by which the lost body part may be regenerated or even fully rebuilt. Electrospinning, being able to produce extracellular matrix （ECM）-like nanostructures with great flexibility in design and choice of materials, have demonstrated their great po- tential for fabrication of nerve tissue engineered scaffolds. The review here begins with a brief description of the anatomy of native nervous system, which provides basic knowledge and ideas for the design of nerve tissue scaffolds, followed by five main parts in the design of electrospun nerve tissue engineered scaffolds including materials selection, structural design, in vitro bioreactor, functionalization and cellular support. Performances of biomimetic electrospun nanofibrous nerve implant devices are also reviewed. Finally, future directions for advanced electrospun nerve tissue engineered scaffolds are discussed.
