Lithium-ion batteries are considered the substantial electrical storage element for electric vehicles(EVs). The battery model is the basis of battery monitoring, efficient charging, and safety management. Non-linearmo...Lithium-ion batteries are considered the substantial electrical storage element for electric vehicles(EVs). The battery model is the basis of battery monitoring, efficient charging, and safety management. Non-linearmodelling is the key to representing the battery and its dynamic internal parameters and performance. This paperproposes a smart scheme to model the lithium-polymer ion battery while monitoring its present charging currentand terminal voltage at various ambient conditions (temperature and relative humidity). Firstly, the suggestedframework investigated the impact of temperature and relative humidity on the charging process using the constantcurrent-constant voltage (CC-CV) charging protocol. This will be followed by monitoring the battery at thesurrounding operating temperature and relative humidity. Hence, efficient non-linear modelling of the EV batterydynamic behaviour using the Hammerstein-Wiener (H-W) model is implemented. The H-W model is considered ablack box model that can represent the battery without any mathematical equivalent circuit model which reducesthe computation complexity. Finally, the model beholds the boundaries of the charging process, not affecting onthe lifetime of the battery. Several dynamic models are applied and tested experimentally to ensure theeffectiveness of the proposed scheme under various ambient conditions where the temperature is fixed at40°C and the relative humidity (RH) at 35%, 52%, and 70%. The best fit using the H-W model reached 91.83% todescribe the dynamic behaviour of the battery with a maximum percentage of error 0.1 V which is in goodagreement with the literature survey. Besides, the model has been scaled up to represent a real EV and expressedthe significance of the proposed H-W model.展开更多
Over the course of industrial manufacturing,additional heat within the extract systems is usually released into the atmosphere and its intrinsic energy is wasted.This paper investigated a cold abatement smoke extract ...Over the course of industrial manufacturing,additional heat within the extract systems is usually released into the atmosphere and its intrinsic energy is wasted.This paper investigated a cold abatement smoke extract system for a fire testing wall furnace to determine the viability in recovering heat from the hot smoke.Three scenarios were investigated:1)the extract system was closed and only 300°C smoke was present;2)the system took in ambient air around the furnace and heat recovery occurred at 80°C in smoky air;3)the smoke had been removed from the air and the temperature was 60°C.It was found that there was a significant build-up of soot on Scenarios 1&2 with a build-up rate of 0.25𝜇m/s which totalled 2.7 mm of soot after a three-hour test.The soot had a low heat transfer rate and therefore acted as an insulator on the heat exchanger which reduced the efficiency significantly of it over time.Due to this loss in efficiency,it was more viable to recover heat in Scenario 3 at 60°C in clean air than it was to recover heat at 300°C or 80°C in smoky air.The results show that having clean air was more important than a higher temperature when it came from recovering heat from a cold abatement system for a fire testing furnace.This paper contributes to reveal the possibilities of harnessing the“waste heat”for use in other applications in the vicinity of the manufacturing processes,such as heating water within a central heating plant,domestic hot water or electricity generation,or re-cycled within the industrial plant itself.展开更多
文摘Lithium-ion batteries are considered the substantial electrical storage element for electric vehicles(EVs). The battery model is the basis of battery monitoring, efficient charging, and safety management. Non-linearmodelling is the key to representing the battery and its dynamic internal parameters and performance. This paperproposes a smart scheme to model the lithium-polymer ion battery while monitoring its present charging currentand terminal voltage at various ambient conditions (temperature and relative humidity). Firstly, the suggestedframework investigated the impact of temperature and relative humidity on the charging process using the constantcurrent-constant voltage (CC-CV) charging protocol. This will be followed by monitoring the battery at thesurrounding operating temperature and relative humidity. Hence, efficient non-linear modelling of the EV batterydynamic behaviour using the Hammerstein-Wiener (H-W) model is implemented. The H-W model is considered ablack box model that can represent the battery without any mathematical equivalent circuit model which reducesthe computation complexity. Finally, the model beholds the boundaries of the charging process, not affecting onthe lifetime of the battery. Several dynamic models are applied and tested experimentally to ensure theeffectiveness of the proposed scheme under various ambient conditions where the temperature is fixed at40°C and the relative humidity (RH) at 35%, 52%, and 70%. The best fit using the H-W model reached 91.83% todescribe the dynamic behaviour of the battery with a maximum percentage of error 0.1 V which is in goodagreement with the literature survey. Besides, the model has been scaled up to represent a real EV and expressedthe significance of the proposed H-W model.
文摘Over the course of industrial manufacturing,additional heat within the extract systems is usually released into the atmosphere and its intrinsic energy is wasted.This paper investigated a cold abatement smoke extract system for a fire testing wall furnace to determine the viability in recovering heat from the hot smoke.Three scenarios were investigated:1)the extract system was closed and only 300°C smoke was present;2)the system took in ambient air around the furnace and heat recovery occurred at 80°C in smoky air;3)the smoke had been removed from the air and the temperature was 60°C.It was found that there was a significant build-up of soot on Scenarios 1&2 with a build-up rate of 0.25𝜇m/s which totalled 2.7 mm of soot after a three-hour test.The soot had a low heat transfer rate and therefore acted as an insulator on the heat exchanger which reduced the efficiency significantly of it over time.Due to this loss in efficiency,it was more viable to recover heat in Scenario 3 at 60°C in clean air than it was to recover heat at 300°C or 80°C in smoky air.The results show that having clean air was more important than a higher temperature when it came from recovering heat from a cold abatement system for a fire testing furnace.This paper contributes to reveal the possibilities of harnessing the“waste heat”for use in other applications in the vicinity of the manufacturing processes,such as heating water within a central heating plant,domestic hot water or electricity generation,or re-cycled within the industrial plant itself.
