Escalation in population over time triggered the abrupt exploitation of natural resources for human survival trough industrialization that ultimately caused splendid increase in the waste generation. This industrial d...Escalation in population over time triggered the abrupt exploitation of natural resources for human survival trough industrialization that ultimately caused splendid increase in the waste generation. This industrial development resulted in the migration of rural community toward urban areas. Management of urban waste is a great challenge for the urban administration. However, technologies have been developed to manage the waste in environmental friendly and sustainable manner. Sanitary landfill sites are one of the latest methods of disposing the municipal solid waste in an environment friendly and sustainable manner. Government and administrative authorities are adopting this technology for the management of urban solid waste. Present study is about identifying landfill sites for the Sahiwal city with an area of 1160 square kilometer and projected population of 1.57 million persons in 2016. Geographical Information System (GIS) is used for the identification of appropriate landfill site (LFS) that can fulfill the need of city in future and is selected based on the sustainable and eco-friendly criteria. The criteria are developed keeping in view the proximity from several land-use features i.e. water bodies, roads, settlements, agricultural land, bare land and existing disposal sites. The weights of the criteria are quantified using pair-wise comparison method in Analytic Hierarchy Process (AHP). The weights are incorporated in GIS spatial data environment and are assigned to proximity threshold of each criterion. Ultimately a map for each criterion is developed highlighting suitable, least suitable, less suitable and un-suitable areas with respect to each specific criterion. These maps are spatially overlaid which result in a final map that identifies most suitable landfill sites for solid waste disposal. The five identified sites are then prioritized based on their distances from the city center and area available. All identified sites are on the bare land and contain considerable buffer from environmentally sensitive receptors.展开更多
Background: Forests are fundamental in maintaining water supplies, providing economic goods, mitigating climate change, and maintaining biodiversity, thus providing many of the world's poorest with income, food an...Background: Forests are fundamental in maintaining water supplies, providing economic goods, mitigating climate change, and maintaining biodiversity, thus providing many of the world's poorest with income, food and medicine.Too often, forested lands are treated as "wastelands" or "free" and are easily cleared for agricultural and infrastructure expansion.Methods: In this paper, the sustainability of two forest ecosystems(state and community/private owned) was evaluated using SPOT-5 satellite images of 2005 and 2011. This study was conducted in a sub-watershed area covering 468 km2, of which 201 km2 is managed by the state and 267 km2 by community/private ownership in the Murree Galliat region of Punjab Province of Pakistan. A participatory approach was adopted for the delineation and demarcation of forest boundaries. The Geographic Object-Based Image Analysis(GEOBIA) technique was used for identification and mapping of ten Land Cover(LC) features.Results: The results show that between the years 2005 to 2011, a total of 55 km2(24 km2 in state-owned forest and 31km2 in community/private forest) was converted from forest to non-forest. The conclusion is that conservation is more effective in state-owned forests than in the community/private forests.Conclusions: These findings may help to mobilize community awareness and identify effective initiatives for improved management of community/private forest land for other regions of Pakistan.展开更多
This paper provides a proposal of implementation of latest technologies in photovoltaic installation and management system. Punjab Government Cooperative Housing Society was selected to find out suitability for photov...This paper provides a proposal of implementation of latest technologies in photovoltaic installation and management system. Punjab Government Cooperative Housing Society was selected to find out suitability for photovoltaic installation and its management after that. Google Earth imagery and scanned maps were selected for the preparation of spatial and attribute data of buildings in the study area by using ArcGIS software. In first stage data were digitized and suitability and potential for each building were estimated. In second stage all the tabular data which consisted of owner information, panel information, its potential and location were linked to each other for management purpose. Selected area for solar panels installation was linked to building information for query and visualization.展开更多
Flood is one of a kind of disasters which harms human and animal life around the globe. Pakistan has been observing massive floods for many years because of daily and seasonal variation in the temperature levels. Whea...Flood is one of a kind of disasters which harms human and animal life around the globe. Pakistan has been observing massive floods for many years because of daily and seasonal variation in the temperature levels. Wheat, rice, sugarcane and cotton are major crops cultivated in Punjab region of Pakistan in which rice and sugarcane are mostly effected by floods. In this research paper, damage assessment of cultivated land in district Hafizabad along Chenab River has been calculated. Supervised Classification and Soil Adjusted Vegetation Index (SAVI) methods are applied. Pre-flood 2014, post-flood 2014, and pre-flood 2015 Landsat 8 images have been used to calculate the extent of damages to cultivated lands. Water, sand, silt, bare soil and vegetation are classified to identify damage. Results show that vegetation cover has plummeted to 50% after the arrival of flood 2014 in the Chenab. Similarly, 6.7047% of sand and 15.7339% of bare soil deposits have surfaced which have not yet been removed from fertile lands in 2015. 18.4376% standing crop damage has been analyzed under this study. 14.0245% silt deposits have been calculated as post-flood effects. 46.4260% land has been cultivated in 2015 which is 15.5024% lower than 2014 cultivated land. Furthermore, field verification survey has given promising results and has a great correlation with satellite based recovery results.展开更多
Throughout the mountainous part of Pakistan, Murree is considered to host the worst slide affected areas. Landslide risk assessment, mapping and analysis is a labour intensive and time consuming work by using conventi...Throughout the mountainous part of Pakistan, Murree is considered to host the worst slide affected areas. Landslide risk assessment, mapping and analysis is a labour intensive and time consuming work by using conventional field based methods. In this study Geomatics techniques have been applied on digital data such as satellite image and DEM, to investigate some possible causes of slope failure in selected landslide risk zones. The Remote sensing technology and GIS capabilities have been implemented using Landsat TM (30 m) multispectral data and Aster DEM (30 m). Satellite image and digital elevation model have been used to generate rock type map, aspect map, streams order map and slope map. The possible factors of slope failure for different zones of land sliding have been predicted by integrating information from all maps. It has been found that major causes of slope failure have been addressed, also it has been noted that water is the most dominant factor to cause land sliding in Murree area. Results are available for supporting hazard studies, disaster management and future development plans.展开更多
World energy consumption increased by 56 percent, from 524 quadrillion Btu in 2010 to 820 quadrillion Btu in 2040. The increased demand in energy consumption is fulfilled by different renewable and non-renewable sourc...World energy consumption increased by 56 percent, from 524 quadrillion Btu in 2010 to 820 quadrillion Btu in 2040. The increased demand in energy consumption is fulfilled by different renewable and non-renewable sources such as petroleum, natural gas, electricity, nuclear etc. Natural gas is one of the most important sources of energy. SNGPL has been managing a 94,263 km long gas pipelines network covering approximately the northern part of Pakistan. In this paper we have presented the use of condition based maintenance (CBM) management techniques with a?geographical information system (GIS) for asset management of a gas distribution network of?SNGPL. The continuous monitoring and updating of asset data reveal where the assets are located and which needs maintenance or which lies in critical condition. The system helps to save time and reduce visits to the sites and labour reduction.展开更多
This paper presents a systematic view of most up-to-date tools, technologies and techniques which is appropriate not only for effective decision making, but also helpful for competent administration to provide efficie...This paper presents a systematic view of most up-to-date tools, technologies and techniques which is appropriate not only for effective decision making, but also helpful for competent administration to provide efficient resolution for spatial troubles of Khasra and Parcel management. Different Data collection techniques have been applied on different data sources. Worldview II of 0.5 resolution image, scanned Master Plan and Cadastral/Khasra Maps was used for development of geodatabase for spatial and non-spatial entities using ArcGIS 10.2. Multiple processing on Satellite Imagery using ERDAS Imagine was performed like Image enhancement, Mosaicking and Color Balancing, Image Geo-referencing and Raster Cataloging. Development of Customize Graphical User Interface (GUI) for DHA’s officials and administrator makes efficient decision in society matters. This is the first spatial GUI, for DHA to plan and maintain society’s activities efficiently, in the form of ArcMap Add-Ins. These Add-Ins are written in C#.Net using ArcObjects APIs within MSVS 2012.展开更多
Jaalwala Distributary was selected to see the consequences of concrete lining on the underlying saline groundwater table. Its middle and tail portions were concrete lined whereas the head portion was still unlined. Vi...Jaalwala Distributary was selected to see the consequences of concrete lining on the underlying saline groundwater table. Its middle and tail portions were concrete lined whereas the head portion was still unlined. Visual MODFLOW 2011.1 was used to simulate the effects of concrete lining on saline groundwater in two-dimensional format. Simulation results showed a gradual rise of electrical conductivity (EC) up to 7000 μS/cm and decline in water table depth to nine feet (2.74 m). It observed negligible inflows from the distributary through its western boundary due to formation of a permanent barrier in the way of seepage of any kind. Results have further predicted that freshwater layer available beneath the Jaalwala Distributary (before its lining) will finish ultimately and the below present saline water also move upward to take this vacated place. Hence it was concluded to line the canals of saline water areas from their sides which will not only protect them from erosion but canal water theft as well.展开更多
Pakistan has a severe electricity load shading problem. Government is trying to find out all ways for electricity generation. Alternative energy board is working to find out the energy potential using all alternative ...Pakistan has a severe electricity load shading problem. Government is trying to find out all ways for electricity generation. Alternative energy board is working to find out the energy potential using all alternative resources. Board has an objective to produce 9700 MW by 2030 to overcome load shading problem. A research was designed to find out the solar energy potential as an alternative source of energy from rooftops of residential areas in district Lahore. Punjab Governments servants housing society Lahore is selected. The society has minimum slope, aspect and shadows effects on the roofs. Also houses in PGSHS have same house structures and good town plan. A few portions of roofs are digitized to measure the available rooftop area for Photovoltaic panel’s installation. GIS models are used to find out solar energy potential monthly as well as yearly for the year of 2014. The potential estimated is 39,613,072 kWh/year. The monthly total energy consumption of the society is 347,140 kWh which is only 11% of energy production from PV solar panels. As the estimated energy is 9 times than the energy demand of the society, extra energy can be used in local/national electricity transmission grid. Solar PV energy would be supplement to compensate energy shortfall in local area.展开更多
文摘Escalation in population over time triggered the abrupt exploitation of natural resources for human survival trough industrialization that ultimately caused splendid increase in the waste generation. This industrial development resulted in the migration of rural community toward urban areas. Management of urban waste is a great challenge for the urban administration. However, technologies have been developed to manage the waste in environmental friendly and sustainable manner. Sanitary landfill sites are one of the latest methods of disposing the municipal solid waste in an environment friendly and sustainable manner. Government and administrative authorities are adopting this technology for the management of urban solid waste. Present study is about identifying landfill sites for the Sahiwal city with an area of 1160 square kilometer and projected population of 1.57 million persons in 2016. Geographical Information System (GIS) is used for the identification of appropriate landfill site (LFS) that can fulfill the need of city in future and is selected based on the sustainable and eco-friendly criteria. The criteria are developed keeping in view the proximity from several land-use features i.e. water bodies, roads, settlements, agricultural land, bare land and existing disposal sites. The weights of the criteria are quantified using pair-wise comparison method in Analytic Hierarchy Process (AHP). The weights are incorporated in GIS spatial data environment and are assigned to proximity threshold of each criterion. Ultimately a map for each criterion is developed highlighting suitable, least suitable, less suitable and un-suitable areas with respect to each specific criterion. These maps are spatially overlaid which result in a final map that identifies most suitable landfill sites for solid waste disposal. The five identified sites are then prioritized based on their distances from the city center and area available. All identified sites are on the bare land and contain considerable buffer from environmentally sensitive receptors.
文摘Background: Forests are fundamental in maintaining water supplies, providing economic goods, mitigating climate change, and maintaining biodiversity, thus providing many of the world's poorest with income, food and medicine.Too often, forested lands are treated as "wastelands" or "free" and are easily cleared for agricultural and infrastructure expansion.Methods: In this paper, the sustainability of two forest ecosystems(state and community/private owned) was evaluated using SPOT-5 satellite images of 2005 and 2011. This study was conducted in a sub-watershed area covering 468 km2, of which 201 km2 is managed by the state and 267 km2 by community/private ownership in the Murree Galliat region of Punjab Province of Pakistan. A participatory approach was adopted for the delineation and demarcation of forest boundaries. The Geographic Object-Based Image Analysis(GEOBIA) technique was used for identification and mapping of ten Land Cover(LC) features.Results: The results show that between the years 2005 to 2011, a total of 55 km2(24 km2 in state-owned forest and 31km2 in community/private forest) was converted from forest to non-forest. The conclusion is that conservation is more effective in state-owned forests than in the community/private forests.Conclusions: These findings may help to mobilize community awareness and identify effective initiatives for improved management of community/private forest land for other regions of Pakistan.
文摘This paper provides a proposal of implementation of latest technologies in photovoltaic installation and management system. Punjab Government Cooperative Housing Society was selected to find out suitability for photovoltaic installation and its management after that. Google Earth imagery and scanned maps were selected for the preparation of spatial and attribute data of buildings in the study area by using ArcGIS software. In first stage data were digitized and suitability and potential for each building were estimated. In second stage all the tabular data which consisted of owner information, panel information, its potential and location were linked to each other for management purpose. Selected area for solar panels installation was linked to building information for query and visualization.
文摘Flood is one of a kind of disasters which harms human and animal life around the globe. Pakistan has been observing massive floods for many years because of daily and seasonal variation in the temperature levels. Wheat, rice, sugarcane and cotton are major crops cultivated in Punjab region of Pakistan in which rice and sugarcane are mostly effected by floods. In this research paper, damage assessment of cultivated land in district Hafizabad along Chenab River has been calculated. Supervised Classification and Soil Adjusted Vegetation Index (SAVI) methods are applied. Pre-flood 2014, post-flood 2014, and pre-flood 2015 Landsat 8 images have been used to calculate the extent of damages to cultivated lands. Water, sand, silt, bare soil and vegetation are classified to identify damage. Results show that vegetation cover has plummeted to 50% after the arrival of flood 2014 in the Chenab. Similarly, 6.7047% of sand and 15.7339% of bare soil deposits have surfaced which have not yet been removed from fertile lands in 2015. 18.4376% standing crop damage has been analyzed under this study. 14.0245% silt deposits have been calculated as post-flood effects. 46.4260% land has been cultivated in 2015 which is 15.5024% lower than 2014 cultivated land. Furthermore, field verification survey has given promising results and has a great correlation with satellite based recovery results.
文摘Throughout the mountainous part of Pakistan, Murree is considered to host the worst slide affected areas. Landslide risk assessment, mapping and analysis is a labour intensive and time consuming work by using conventional field based methods. In this study Geomatics techniques have been applied on digital data such as satellite image and DEM, to investigate some possible causes of slope failure in selected landslide risk zones. The Remote sensing technology and GIS capabilities have been implemented using Landsat TM (30 m) multispectral data and Aster DEM (30 m). Satellite image and digital elevation model have been used to generate rock type map, aspect map, streams order map and slope map. The possible factors of slope failure for different zones of land sliding have been predicted by integrating information from all maps. It has been found that major causes of slope failure have been addressed, also it has been noted that water is the most dominant factor to cause land sliding in Murree area. Results are available for supporting hazard studies, disaster management and future development plans.
文摘World energy consumption increased by 56 percent, from 524 quadrillion Btu in 2010 to 820 quadrillion Btu in 2040. The increased demand in energy consumption is fulfilled by different renewable and non-renewable sources such as petroleum, natural gas, electricity, nuclear etc. Natural gas is one of the most important sources of energy. SNGPL has been managing a 94,263 km long gas pipelines network covering approximately the northern part of Pakistan. In this paper we have presented the use of condition based maintenance (CBM) management techniques with a?geographical information system (GIS) for asset management of a gas distribution network of?SNGPL. The continuous monitoring and updating of asset data reveal where the assets are located and which needs maintenance or which lies in critical condition. The system helps to save time and reduce visits to the sites and labour reduction.
文摘This paper presents a systematic view of most up-to-date tools, technologies and techniques which is appropriate not only for effective decision making, but also helpful for competent administration to provide efficient resolution for spatial troubles of Khasra and Parcel management. Different Data collection techniques have been applied on different data sources. Worldview II of 0.5 resolution image, scanned Master Plan and Cadastral/Khasra Maps was used for development of geodatabase for spatial and non-spatial entities using ArcGIS 10.2. Multiple processing on Satellite Imagery using ERDAS Imagine was performed like Image enhancement, Mosaicking and Color Balancing, Image Geo-referencing and Raster Cataloging. Development of Customize Graphical User Interface (GUI) for DHA’s officials and administrator makes efficient decision in society matters. This is the first spatial GUI, for DHA to plan and maintain society’s activities efficiently, in the form of ArcMap Add-Ins. These Add-Ins are written in C#.Net using ArcObjects APIs within MSVS 2012.
文摘Jaalwala Distributary was selected to see the consequences of concrete lining on the underlying saline groundwater table. Its middle and tail portions were concrete lined whereas the head portion was still unlined. Visual MODFLOW 2011.1 was used to simulate the effects of concrete lining on saline groundwater in two-dimensional format. Simulation results showed a gradual rise of electrical conductivity (EC) up to 7000 μS/cm and decline in water table depth to nine feet (2.74 m). It observed negligible inflows from the distributary through its western boundary due to formation of a permanent barrier in the way of seepage of any kind. Results have further predicted that freshwater layer available beneath the Jaalwala Distributary (before its lining) will finish ultimately and the below present saline water also move upward to take this vacated place. Hence it was concluded to line the canals of saline water areas from their sides which will not only protect them from erosion but canal water theft as well.
文摘Pakistan has a severe electricity load shading problem. Government is trying to find out all ways for electricity generation. Alternative energy board is working to find out the energy potential using all alternative resources. Board has an objective to produce 9700 MW by 2030 to overcome load shading problem. A research was designed to find out the solar energy potential as an alternative source of energy from rooftops of residential areas in district Lahore. Punjab Governments servants housing society Lahore is selected. The society has minimum slope, aspect and shadows effects on the roofs. Also houses in PGSHS have same house structures and good town plan. A few portions of roofs are digitized to measure the available rooftop area for Photovoltaic panel’s installation. GIS models are used to find out solar energy potential monthly as well as yearly for the year of 2014. The potential estimated is 39,613,072 kWh/year. The monthly total energy consumption of the society is 347,140 kWh which is only 11% of energy production from PV solar panels. As the estimated energy is 9 times than the energy demand of the society, extra energy can be used in local/national electricity transmission grid. Solar PV energy would be supplement to compensate energy shortfall in local area.
