Experiments were conducted to analyze effects of high temperature stress on wheat at pre-anthesis growth stage. Twenty four wheat genotypes exposed to a sub optimal temperature (>35°C) which showed altered phy...Experiments were conducted to analyze effects of high temperature stress on wheat at pre-anthesis growth stage. Twenty four wheat genotypes exposed to a sub optimal temperature (>35°C) which showed altered physiological, biochemical and agronomic characteristics. Accumulation of proline, presence of new protein bands and higher antioxidant enzyme activity in leaves of G.7 and G.17 reflects their better adaptive response under heat stress conditions. G.17 and G.19 showed least reduction in number of spikelets per spike, biological yield and 100 grain weight. It was inferred that the genotypes G.7, G.17 and G.19 exhibited greater heat tolerance and could be recommended for cultivation under heat stress conditions.展开更多
Background:The gut microbiota plays an important role in the colonisation resistance and invasion of pathogens.Salmonella Typhimurium has the potential to establish a niche by displacing the microbiota in the chicken ...Background:The gut microbiota plays an important role in the colonisation resistance and invasion of pathogens.Salmonella Typhimurium has the potential to establish a niche by displacing the microbiota in the chicken gut causing continuous faecal shedding that can result in contaminated eggs or egg products.In the current study,we investigated the dynamics of gut microbiota in laying chickens during Salmonella Typhimurium infection.The optimisation of the use of an infeed probiotic supplement for restoration of gut microbial balance and reduction of Salmonella Typhimurium load was also investigated.Results:Salmonella infection caused dysbiosis by decreasing(FDR<0.05)the abundance of microbial genera,such as Blautia,Enorma,Faecalibacterium,Shuttleworthia,Sellimonas,Intestinimonas and Subdoligranulum and increasing the abundance of genera such as Butyricicoccus,Erysipelatoclostridium,Oscillibacter and Flavonifractor.The higher Salmonella Typhimurium load resulted in lower(P<0.05)abundance of genera such as Lactobacillus,Alistipes,Bifidobacterium,Butyricimonas,Faecalibacterium and Romboutsia suggesting Salmonella driven gut microbiota dysbiosis.Higher Salmonella load led to increased abundance of genera such as Caproiciproducens,Acetanaerobacterium,Akkermansia,Erysipelatoclostridium,Eisenbergiella,EscherichiaShigella and Flavonifractor suggesting a positive interaction of these genera with Salmonella in the displaced gut microbiota.Probiotic supplementation improved the gut microbiota by balancing the abundance of most of the genera displaced by the Salmonella challenge with clearer effects observed with continuous supplementation of the probiotic.The levels of acetate and butyrate in the faeces were not affected(P>0.05)by Salmonella challenge and the butyrate level was increased by the continuous feeding of the probiotic.Probiotic supplementation in Salmonella challenged chickens resulted in higher level of propionate.Continuous probiotic supplementation decreased(P<0.05)the overall mean load of Salmonella in faeces and had a significant effect on Salmonella load reduction in internal organs.Conclusions:Salmonella challenge negatively impacts the diversity and abundance of many gut microbial genera involved in important functions such as organic acid and vitamin production.Strategic feeding of a Bacillus based probiotic helps in restoring many of the microbial genera displaced by Salmonella Typhimurium challenge.展开更多
Background:Gut microbiota plays a key role in health,immunity,digestion,and production in layers.Factors such as environment,diet,diseases,stress,and flock management significantly affect gut microbiota;however,it is ...Background:Gut microbiota plays a key role in health,immunity,digestion,and production in layers.Factors such as environment,diet,diseases,stress,and flock management significantly affect gut microbiota;however,it is not known how potential stressors such as intramuscular injections or feed withdrawal alter the composition of gut microbiota that result in increased the shedding level of foodborne pathogens.In the current study,the effects of intramuscular corticosterone injection and feed withdrawal were evaluated to understand their role in Salmonella Typhimurium shedding and changes in the composition of gut microbiota in layers.Results:Salmonella shedding was observed for 8 weeks post-infection.There was a significant increase in Salmonella Typhimurium count after intramuscular injection and feed withdrawal.The Salmonella infected and the negative control groups showed significant differences in the abundance of different genera in gut microbiota at week 1 and up to week 7 post infection.The infected group showed a significant reduction in alpha diversity of gut microbiota.Firmicutes reduced significantly(P<0.05)after intramuscular injection,while the feed withdrawal groups did not cause any significant changes in Proteobacteria-Firmicutes ratio.Furthermore,intramuscular injection resulted in a significant change in alpha diversity of gut microbiota.Conclusions:Exposure of chicks to relatively low dose of Salmonella Typhimurium can lead to persistent shedding in pullets.The Salmonella Typhimurium infection disrupted the gut microbiota composition immediately after infection.The potential stress of intramuscular injection and feed withdrawal significantly increased the Salmonella Typhimurium count in faeces.The intramuscular injection also resulted in a significant alteration of the Proteobacteria-Firmicutes ratio,which could increase the risk of dysbiosis.展开更多
This paper provides a proposal of implementation of latest technologies in photovoltaic installation and management system. Punjab Government Cooperative Housing Society was selected to find out suitability for photov...This paper provides a proposal of implementation of latest technologies in photovoltaic installation and management system. Punjab Government Cooperative Housing Society was selected to find out suitability for photovoltaic installation and its management after that. Google Earth imagery and scanned maps were selected for the preparation of spatial and attribute data of buildings in the study area by using ArcGIS software. In first stage data were digitized and suitability and potential for each building were estimated. In second stage all the tabular data which consisted of owner information, panel information, its potential and location were linked to each other for management purpose. Selected area for solar panels installation was linked to building information for query and visualization.展开更多
Throughout the mountainous part of Pakistan, Murree is considered to host the worst slide affected areas. Landslide risk assessment, mapping and analysis is a labour intensive and time consuming work by using conventi...Throughout the mountainous part of Pakistan, Murree is considered to host the worst slide affected areas. Landslide risk assessment, mapping and analysis is a labour intensive and time consuming work by using conventional field based methods. In this study Geomatics techniques have been applied on digital data such as satellite image and DEM, to investigate some possible causes of slope failure in selected landslide risk zones. The Remote sensing technology and GIS capabilities have been implemented using Landsat TM (30 m) multispectral data and Aster DEM (30 m). Satellite image and digital elevation model have been used to generate rock type map, aspect map, streams order map and slope map. The possible factors of slope failure for different zones of land sliding have been predicted by integrating information from all maps. It has been found that major causes of slope failure have been addressed, also it has been noted that water is the most dominant factor to cause land sliding in Murree area. Results are available for supporting hazard studies, disaster management and future development plans.展开更多
Pakistan has a severe electricity load shading problem. Government is trying to find out all ways for electricity generation. Alternative energy board is working to find out the energy potential using all alternative ...Pakistan has a severe electricity load shading problem. Government is trying to find out all ways for electricity generation. Alternative energy board is working to find out the energy potential using all alternative resources. Board has an objective to produce 9700 MW by 2030 to overcome load shading problem. A research was designed to find out the solar energy potential as an alternative source of energy from rooftops of residential areas in district Lahore. Punjab Governments servants housing society Lahore is selected. The society has minimum slope, aspect and shadows effects on the roofs. Also houses in PGSHS have same house structures and good town plan. A few portions of roofs are digitized to measure the available rooftop area for Photovoltaic panel’s installation. GIS models are used to find out solar energy potential monthly as well as yearly for the year of 2014. The potential estimated is 39,613,072 kWh/year. The monthly total energy consumption of the society is 347,140 kWh which is only 11% of energy production from PV solar panels. As the estimated energy is 9 times than the energy demand of the society, extra energy can be used in local/national electricity transmission grid. Solar PV energy would be supplement to compensate energy shortfall in local area.展开更多
This paper provides illustrated descriptions of micro-fungi newly found on Pandanaceae in China and Thailand.The fungi are accommodated in 31 families.New taxa described include a new family,seven new genera,65 new sp...This paper provides illustrated descriptions of micro-fungi newly found on Pandanaceae in China and Thailand.The fungi are accommodated in 31 families.New taxa described include a new family,seven new genera,65 new species,16 previously known species.A new family:Malaysiascaceae(Glomerellales).New genera are Acremoniisimulans(Plec-tosphaerellaceae),Pandanaceomyces,Pseudoachroiostachy(Nectriaceae),Pseudohyaloseta(Niessliaceae),Pseudoor-natispora(Stachybotriaceae)and Yunnanomyces(Sympoventuriaceae).New species are Acremoniisimulans thailandensis,Beltrania krabiensis,Beltraniella pandanicola,B.thailandicus,Canalisporium krabiense,C.thailandensis,Clonostachys krabiensis,Curvularia chonburiensis,C.pandanicola,C.thailandicum,C.xishuangbannaensis,Cylindrocladiella xishuangbannaensis,Dictyochaeta pandanicola,Dictyocheirospora nabanheensis,D.pandanicola,D.xishuangbannaen-sis,Dictyosporium appendiculatum,Di.guttulatum,Di.hongkongensis,Di.krabiense,Di.pandanicola,Distoseptispora thailandica,D.xishuangbannaensis,Helicoma freycinetiae,Hermatomyces biconisporus,Lasiodiplodia chonburiensis,L.pandanicola,Lasionectria krabiense,Menisporopsis pandanicola,Montagnula krabiensis,Musicillium pandanicola,Neofusicoccum pandanicola,Neohelicomyces pandanicola,Neooccultibambusa thailandensis,Neopestalotiopsis chiang-maiensis,N.pandanicola,N.phangngaensis,Pandanaceomyces krabiensis,Paracylindrocarpon nabanheensis,P.pan-danicola,P.xishuangbannaensis,Parasarcopodium hongkongensis,Pestalotiopsis krabiensis,P.pandanicola,Polyplosphaeria nabanheensis,P.pandanicola,P.xishuangbannaensis,Pseudoachroiostachys krabiense,Pseu-doberkleasmium pandanicola,Pseudochaetosphaeronema pandanicola,Pseudohyaloseta pandanicola,Pseudoornatispora krabiense,Pseudopithomyces pandanicola,Rostriconidium pandanicola,Sirastachys phangngaensis,Stictis pandanicola,Terriera pandanicola,Thozetella pandanicola,Tubeufia freycinetiae,T.parvispora,T.pandanicola,Vermiculariopsiella hongkongensis,Volutella krabiense,V.thailandensis and Yunnanomyces pandanicola.Previous studies of micro-fungi on Pandanaceae have not included phylogenetic support.Inspiration for this study came from the book Fungi Associated with Pandanaceae by Whitton,McKenzie and Hyde in 2012.Both studies reveal that the micro-fungi on Pandanaceae is particularly rich in hyphomycetes.All data presented herein are based on morphological examination of specimens,coupled with phylogenetic sequence data to better integrate taxa into appropriate taxonomic ranks and infer their evolu-tionary relationships.展开更多
文摘Experiments were conducted to analyze effects of high temperature stress on wheat at pre-anthesis growth stage. Twenty four wheat genotypes exposed to a sub optimal temperature (>35°C) which showed altered physiological, biochemical and agronomic characteristics. Accumulation of proline, presence of new protein bands and higher antioxidant enzyme activity in leaves of G.7 and G.17 reflects their better adaptive response under heat stress conditions. G.17 and G.19 showed least reduction in number of spikelets per spike, biological yield and 100 grain weight. It was inferred that the genotypes G.7, G.17 and G.19 exhibited greater heat tolerance and could be recommended for cultivation under heat stress conditions.
基金This research was financially supported by Australian Eggs under the grant number 1FS802UA.
文摘Background:The gut microbiota plays an important role in the colonisation resistance and invasion of pathogens.Salmonella Typhimurium has the potential to establish a niche by displacing the microbiota in the chicken gut causing continuous faecal shedding that can result in contaminated eggs or egg products.In the current study,we investigated the dynamics of gut microbiota in laying chickens during Salmonella Typhimurium infection.The optimisation of the use of an infeed probiotic supplement for restoration of gut microbial balance and reduction of Salmonella Typhimurium load was also investigated.Results:Salmonella infection caused dysbiosis by decreasing(FDR<0.05)the abundance of microbial genera,such as Blautia,Enorma,Faecalibacterium,Shuttleworthia,Sellimonas,Intestinimonas and Subdoligranulum and increasing the abundance of genera such as Butyricicoccus,Erysipelatoclostridium,Oscillibacter and Flavonifractor.The higher Salmonella Typhimurium load resulted in lower(P<0.05)abundance of genera such as Lactobacillus,Alistipes,Bifidobacterium,Butyricimonas,Faecalibacterium and Romboutsia suggesting Salmonella driven gut microbiota dysbiosis.Higher Salmonella load led to increased abundance of genera such as Caproiciproducens,Acetanaerobacterium,Akkermansia,Erysipelatoclostridium,Eisenbergiella,EscherichiaShigella and Flavonifractor suggesting a positive interaction of these genera with Salmonella in the displaced gut microbiota.Probiotic supplementation improved the gut microbiota by balancing the abundance of most of the genera displaced by the Salmonella challenge with clearer effects observed with continuous supplementation of the probiotic.The levels of acetate and butyrate in the faeces were not affected(P>0.05)by Salmonella challenge and the butyrate level was increased by the continuous feeding of the probiotic.Probiotic supplementation in Salmonella challenged chickens resulted in higher level of propionate.Continuous probiotic supplementation decreased(P<0.05)the overall mean load of Salmonella in faeces and had a significant effect on Salmonella load reduction in internal organs.Conclusions:Salmonella challenge negatively impacts the diversity and abundance of many gut microbial genera involved in important functions such as organic acid and vitamin production.Strategic feeding of a Bacillus based probiotic helps in restoring many of the microbial genera displaced by Salmonella Typhimurium challenge.
基金post graduate research scholarships from the Australian Eggs and the University of Adelaide。
文摘Background:Gut microbiota plays a key role in health,immunity,digestion,and production in layers.Factors such as environment,diet,diseases,stress,and flock management significantly affect gut microbiota;however,it is not known how potential stressors such as intramuscular injections or feed withdrawal alter the composition of gut microbiota that result in increased the shedding level of foodborne pathogens.In the current study,the effects of intramuscular corticosterone injection and feed withdrawal were evaluated to understand their role in Salmonella Typhimurium shedding and changes in the composition of gut microbiota in layers.Results:Salmonella shedding was observed for 8 weeks post-infection.There was a significant increase in Salmonella Typhimurium count after intramuscular injection and feed withdrawal.The Salmonella infected and the negative control groups showed significant differences in the abundance of different genera in gut microbiota at week 1 and up to week 7 post infection.The infected group showed a significant reduction in alpha diversity of gut microbiota.Firmicutes reduced significantly(P<0.05)after intramuscular injection,while the feed withdrawal groups did not cause any significant changes in Proteobacteria-Firmicutes ratio.Furthermore,intramuscular injection resulted in a significant change in alpha diversity of gut microbiota.Conclusions:Exposure of chicks to relatively low dose of Salmonella Typhimurium can lead to persistent shedding in pullets.The Salmonella Typhimurium infection disrupted the gut microbiota composition immediately after infection.The potential stress of intramuscular injection and feed withdrawal significantly increased the Salmonella Typhimurium count in faeces.The intramuscular injection also resulted in a significant alteration of the Proteobacteria-Firmicutes ratio,which could increase the risk of dysbiosis.
文摘This paper provides a proposal of implementation of latest technologies in photovoltaic installation and management system. Punjab Government Cooperative Housing Society was selected to find out suitability for photovoltaic installation and its management after that. Google Earth imagery and scanned maps were selected for the preparation of spatial and attribute data of buildings in the study area by using ArcGIS software. In first stage data were digitized and suitability and potential for each building were estimated. In second stage all the tabular data which consisted of owner information, panel information, its potential and location were linked to each other for management purpose. Selected area for solar panels installation was linked to building information for query and visualization.
文摘Throughout the mountainous part of Pakistan, Murree is considered to host the worst slide affected areas. Landslide risk assessment, mapping and analysis is a labour intensive and time consuming work by using conventional field based methods. In this study Geomatics techniques have been applied on digital data such as satellite image and DEM, to investigate some possible causes of slope failure in selected landslide risk zones. The Remote sensing technology and GIS capabilities have been implemented using Landsat TM (30 m) multispectral data and Aster DEM (30 m). Satellite image and digital elevation model have been used to generate rock type map, aspect map, streams order map and slope map. The possible factors of slope failure for different zones of land sliding have been predicted by integrating information from all maps. It has been found that major causes of slope failure have been addressed, also it has been noted that water is the most dominant factor to cause land sliding in Murree area. Results are available for supporting hazard studies, disaster management and future development plans.
文摘Pakistan has a severe electricity load shading problem. Government is trying to find out all ways for electricity generation. Alternative energy board is working to find out the energy potential using all alternative resources. Board has an objective to produce 9700 MW by 2030 to overcome load shading problem. A research was designed to find out the solar energy potential as an alternative source of energy from rooftops of residential areas in district Lahore. Punjab Governments servants housing society Lahore is selected. The society has minimum slope, aspect and shadows effects on the roofs. Also houses in PGSHS have same house structures and good town plan. A few portions of roofs are digitized to measure the available rooftop area for Photovoltaic panel’s installation. GIS models are used to find out solar energy potential monthly as well as yearly for the year of 2014. The potential estimated is 39,613,072 kWh/year. The monthly total energy consumption of the society is 347,140 kWh which is only 11% of energy production from PV solar panels. As the estimated energy is 9 times than the energy demand of the society, extra energy can be used in local/national electricity transmission grid. Solar PV energy would be supplement to compensate energy shortfall in local area.
文摘This paper provides illustrated descriptions of micro-fungi newly found on Pandanaceae in China and Thailand.The fungi are accommodated in 31 families.New taxa described include a new family,seven new genera,65 new species,16 previously known species.A new family:Malaysiascaceae(Glomerellales).New genera are Acremoniisimulans(Plec-tosphaerellaceae),Pandanaceomyces,Pseudoachroiostachy(Nectriaceae),Pseudohyaloseta(Niessliaceae),Pseudoor-natispora(Stachybotriaceae)and Yunnanomyces(Sympoventuriaceae).New species are Acremoniisimulans thailandensis,Beltrania krabiensis,Beltraniella pandanicola,B.thailandicus,Canalisporium krabiense,C.thailandensis,Clonostachys krabiensis,Curvularia chonburiensis,C.pandanicola,C.thailandicum,C.xishuangbannaensis,Cylindrocladiella xishuangbannaensis,Dictyochaeta pandanicola,Dictyocheirospora nabanheensis,D.pandanicola,D.xishuangbannaen-sis,Dictyosporium appendiculatum,Di.guttulatum,Di.hongkongensis,Di.krabiense,Di.pandanicola,Distoseptispora thailandica,D.xishuangbannaensis,Helicoma freycinetiae,Hermatomyces biconisporus,Lasiodiplodia chonburiensis,L.pandanicola,Lasionectria krabiense,Menisporopsis pandanicola,Montagnula krabiensis,Musicillium pandanicola,Neofusicoccum pandanicola,Neohelicomyces pandanicola,Neooccultibambusa thailandensis,Neopestalotiopsis chiang-maiensis,N.pandanicola,N.phangngaensis,Pandanaceomyces krabiensis,Paracylindrocarpon nabanheensis,P.pan-danicola,P.xishuangbannaensis,Parasarcopodium hongkongensis,Pestalotiopsis krabiensis,P.pandanicola,Polyplosphaeria nabanheensis,P.pandanicola,P.xishuangbannaensis,Pseudoachroiostachys krabiense,Pseu-doberkleasmium pandanicola,Pseudochaetosphaeronema pandanicola,Pseudohyaloseta pandanicola,Pseudoornatispora krabiense,Pseudopithomyces pandanicola,Rostriconidium pandanicola,Sirastachys phangngaensis,Stictis pandanicola,Terriera pandanicola,Thozetella pandanicola,Tubeufia freycinetiae,T.parvispora,T.pandanicola,Vermiculariopsiella hongkongensis,Volutella krabiense,V.thailandensis and Yunnanomyces pandanicola.Previous studies of micro-fungi on Pandanaceae have not included phylogenetic support.Inspiration for this study came from the book Fungi Associated with Pandanaceae by Whitton,McKenzie and Hyde in 2012.Both studies reveal that the micro-fungi on Pandanaceae is particularly rich in hyphomycetes.All data presented herein are based on morphological examination of specimens,coupled with phylogenetic sequence data to better integrate taxa into appropriate taxonomic ranks and infer their evolu-tionary relationships.
