In this work,We are looking at the characteristics of micropolar flow in a porous channel that’s being driven by suction or injection.The working of the fluid is described in the flowmodel.We can reduce the governing...In this work,We are looking at the characteristics of micropolar flow in a porous channel that’s being driven by suction or injection.The working of the fluid is described in the flowmodel.We can reduce the governing nonlinear partial differential equations(PDEs)to a model of coupled systems of nonlinear ordinary differential equations using similarity variables(ODEs).In order to obtain the results of a coupled system of nonlinear ODEs,we discuss a method which is known as the differential transform method(DTM).The concern transform is an excellent mathematical tool to obtain the analytical series solution to the nonlinear ODEs.To observe beast agreement between analytical method and numerical method,we compare our result with the Rung-Kutta method of order four(RK4).We also provide simulation plots to the obtained result by using Mathematica.Onthese plots,we discuss the effect of different parameters which arise during the calculation of the flow model equations.展开更多
With rapid development of 5G communication technologies,electromagnetic interference(EMI)shielding for electronic devices has become an urgent demand in recent years,where the development of corresponding EMI shieldin...With rapid development of 5G communication technologies,electromagnetic interference(EMI)shielding for electronic devices has become an urgent demand in recent years,where the development of corresponding EMI shielding materials against detrimental electromagnetic radiation plays an essential role.Meanwhile,the EMI shielding materials with high flexibility and functional integrity are highly demanded for emerging shielding applications.Hitherto,a variety of flexible EMI shielding materials with lightweight and multifunctionalities have been developed.In this review,we not only introduce the recent development of flexible EMI shielding materials,but also elaborate the EMI shielding mechanisms and the index for"green EMI shielding"performance.In addition,the construction strategies for sophisticated multifunctionalities of flexible shielding materials are summarized.Finally,we propose several possible research directions for flexible EMI shielding materials in near future,which could be inspirational to the fast-growing next-generation flexible electronic devices with reliable and multipurpose protections as offered by EMI shielding materials.展开更多
Objective: To understand the impact of platelet associated immunoglobulin G(PAIg G)/platelet associated immunoglobulin M(PAIg M) on severity of dengue virus infection leading to thrombocytopenia.Methods: In this study...Objective: To understand the impact of platelet associated immunoglobulin G(PAIg G)/platelet associated immunoglobulin M(PAIg M) on severity of dengue virus infection leading to thrombocytopenia.Methods: In this study we examined a total of 52 patients who were having secondary infection of dengue in acute phase by using competitive ELISA.Results: A decrease in the platelet count was observed at the acute phase of infection while all along the recovery stage the count of platelet was significantly increased. A significant decrease was observed in PAIg G and PAIg M in these subjects. Inverse correlation was found between platelets count and PAIg G/PAIg M among the subjects studied. In the platelets elution from ten subjects, anti-dengue virus immunoglobulin G and immunoglobulin M were observed. PAIg G and PAIg M with inclined levels were higher in dengue hemorrhagic fever than the classical dengue fever. In the development of dengue hemorrhagic fever PAIg M inclined level was independently associated with high specificity, showing a possible indication of dengue hemorrhagic fever.Conclusions: This study suggests that in secondary dengue virus infection, the PAIg G and PAIg M levels, and the activity of anti-dengue virus play key roles, both in the development and severity of the disease.展开更多
Recent advances in Micro-Electro-Mechanical Systems (MEMS) technology, integrated circuits, and wireless communication have allowed the realization of Wireless Body Area Networks (WBANs). WBANs promise unobtrusive amb...Recent advances in Micro-Electro-Mechanical Systems (MEMS) technology, integrated circuits, and wireless communication have allowed the realization of Wireless Body Area Networks (WBANs). WBANs promise unobtrusive ambulatory health monitoring for a long period of time, and provide real-time updates of the patient’s status to the physician. They are widely used for ubiquitous healthcare, entertainment, and military applications. This paper reviews the key aspects of WBANs for numerous applications. We present a WBAN infrastructure that provides solutions to on-demand, emergency, and normal traffic. We further discuss in-body antenna design and low-power MAC protocol for a WBAN. In addition, we briefly outline some of the WBAN applications with examples. Our discussion realizes a need for new power-efficient solu-tions towards in-body and on-body sensor networks.展开更多
The coupling of zero-valent iron(ZVI)with common oxidants has recently achieved very rapid and highly efficient removal of Heavy metals from wastewater.However,the uniform activation of ZVI throughout the column and t...The coupling of zero-valent iron(ZVI)with common oxidants has recently achieved very rapid and highly efficient removal of Heavy metals from wastewater.However,the uniform activation of ZVI throughout the column and the proportional removal of target contaminants are urgently required for the prevention of premature filter clogging and the extension of the effective column operational time.In this study,we successfully achieved this objective by simply doping granular sand with ZVI at appropriate weight ratios.When pure ZVI packed column was spiked with oxidants,the majority of As trapping occurred between the column inlet and the first sampling point.In a packed column with a 1:20 mixture of ZVI and sand,the average As removal efficiency was 36(1st),13.1(2nd),18.5(3rd),19.2(4th)and 5.9%(5th outlet).The overall arsenic removal performance of the composite filling system of ZVI/sand was equally as efficient as that of the previous pure ZVI-packed system.Moreover,the leaching of Fe was significantly reduced with an increased sand ratio,resulting in clearer water with less turbidity.The results of X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy(XPS)demonstrated that more than 54%of the arsenic was reduced to As(III).X-ray diffraction(XRD)and scanning electron microscopy(SEM)confirmed the extensive corrosion of the ZVI surface,which resulted in various species of iron oxyhydroxides responsible for the highly efficient sequester of arsenic through reduction,adsorption,and coprecipitation.展开更多
Green reactions not only provide us chemical products without any pollution,but also offer us the viable technology to realize difficult tasks in normal conditions.Photo-,photoelectro-,and electrocatalytic reactions a...Green reactions not only provide us chemical products without any pollution,but also offer us the viable technology to realize difficult tasks in normal conditions.Photo-,photoelectro-,and electrocatalytic reactions are indeed powerful tools to help us to embrace bright future.Especially,some gas-involved reactions are extremely useful to change our life environments from energy systems to liquid fuels and cost-effective products,such as H2 evolution(H2 production),02 evolution/reduction,CO2 reduction,N2 reduction(or N2 fixation) reactions.We can provide fuel cells clean H2 for electric vehicles from H2 evolution reaction(HER),at the same time,we also need highly efficient 02 reduction reaction(ORR) in fuel cells for improving the reaction kinetics.Moreover,we can get the clean oxidant O2 from water through O2 evolution reaction(OER),and carry out some reactions without posing any pollution to reaction systems.Furthermore,we can translate the greenhouse gas CO2 into useful liquid fuels through CO2 reduction reaction(CRR).Last but not the least,we can get ammonia from N2 reduction reaction(NRR),which can decrease energy input compared to the traditional Hubble process.These reactions,such as HER,ORR,OER,CRR and NRR could be realized through solar-,photoelectro-and electro-assisted ways.For them,the catalysts used play crucial roles in determining the efficiency and kinds of products,so we should consider the efficiency of catalysts.However,the cost,synthetic methods of catalysts should also be considered.Nowadays,significant progress has been achieved,however,many challenges still exist,reaction systems,catalysts underlying mechanisms,and so on.As extremely active fields,we should pay attention to them.Under the background,it has motivated us to contribute with a roadmap on ’GasInvolved Photo-and Electro-Catalysis’.展开更多
Conspicuous coloration in animals serves many functions such as anti-predation.Anti-predation strategies include motion dazzle and flash behavior.Motion dazzle markings can reduce the probability of being preyed on be...Conspicuous coloration in animals serves many functions such as anti-predation.Anti-predation strategies include motion dazzle and flash behavior.Motion dazzle markings can reduce the probability of being preyed on because the predators misjudge their movement.In flash behavior,prey demonstrate conspicuous cue while fleeing;the predators follow them;however,the prey hide their markings and the predators assume that the prey has vanished.To investigate whether bovids use conspicuous hindquarter markings as an anti-predatory behavior,we undertook phylogenetically controlled analyses to explore under what physiological characteristics and environmental factors bovids might have this color pattern.The results suggested that rump patches and tail markings were more prevalent in bovids living in larger-sized groups,which supports the hypothesis of intraspecific communication.Moreover,we observed the occurrence of conspicuous white hindquarter markings in bovids having smaller body size and living in larger groups,suggesting a motion dazzle function.However,the feature of facultative exposing color patterns(flash markings)was not associated with body size,which was inconsistent with predictions and implied that bovids may not adopt this as an anti-predator strategy.It was concluded that species in bovids with conspicuous white hindquarter markings adopt motion dazzle as an anti-predation strategy while fleeing and escaping from being prey on.展开更多
Zero-valent iron(ZVI)technology has recently gained significant interest in the efficient sequestration of a wide variety of contaminants.However,surface passivation of ZVI because of its intrinsic passive layer would...Zero-valent iron(ZVI)technology has recently gained significant interest in the efficient sequestration of a wide variety of contaminants.However,surface passivation of ZVI because of its intrinsic passive layer would lead to the inferior reactivity of ZVI and its lower efficacy in contaminant removal.Therefore,to activate the ZVI surface cheaply,continuously,and efficiently is an important challenge that ZVI technology must overcome before its wide-scale application.To date,several physical and chemical approaches have been extensively applied to increase the reactivity of the ZVI surface toward the elimination of broad-spectrum pollutants.Nevertheless,these techniques have several limitations such as low efficacy,narrow working pH,eco-toxicity,and high installation cost.The objective of this mini-review paper is to identify the critical role of oxygen in determining the reactivity of ZVI toward contaminant removal.Subsequently,the effect of three typical oxidants(H2O2,KMnO4,and NaClO)on broad-spectrum contaminants removal by ZV1 has been documented and discussed.The reaction mechanism and sequestration efficacies of the ZVI/oxidant system were evaluated and reviewed.The technical basis of the ZVI/oxidant approach is based on the half-reaction of the cathodic reduction of the oxidants.The oxidants commonly used in the water treatment industry,i.e.,NaClO,O3,and H2O2,can be served as an ideal coupling electron receptor.With the combination of these oxidants,the surface corrosion of ZVI can be continuously driven.The ZVI/oxidants technology has been compared with other conventional technologies and conclusions have been drawn.展开更多
基金Princess Nourah bint Abdulrahman University Researchers Supporting Project No. (PNURSP2023R14)。
文摘In this work,We are looking at the characteristics of micropolar flow in a porous channel that’s being driven by suction or injection.The working of the fluid is described in the flowmodel.We can reduce the governing nonlinear partial differential equations(PDEs)to a model of coupled systems of nonlinear ordinary differential equations using similarity variables(ODEs).In order to obtain the results of a coupled system of nonlinear ODEs,we discuss a method which is known as the differential transform method(DTM).The concern transform is an excellent mathematical tool to obtain the analytical series solution to the nonlinear ODEs.To observe beast agreement between analytical method and numerical method,we compare our result with the Rung-Kutta method of order four(RK4).We also provide simulation plots to the obtained result by using Mathematica.Onthese plots,we discuss the effect of different parameters which arise during the calculation of the flow model equations.
基金This work was financially supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(51725101,11727807,51672050,61790581,52102368,52101213)the Ministry of Science and Technology of China(973 Project No.2018YFA0209102)+6 种基金University Development Fund(UDF0100152)the Program for Guangdong Introducing Innovative and Entrepreneurial Teams(Grant No.2017ZT07C291)Shenzhen Science and Technology Program(Grant No.KQTD20170810141424366)China Postdoctoral Science Foundation(Grant No.2020M680085)Regional Joint Fund for Basic Research and Applied Basic Research of Guangdong Province(No.2020SA001515110905)Science and Technology Department of Jiangsu Province of China(Grant No.BK20210261)Open access funding provided by Shanghai Jiao Tong University
文摘With rapid development of 5G communication technologies,electromagnetic interference(EMI)shielding for electronic devices has become an urgent demand in recent years,where the development of corresponding EMI shielding materials against detrimental electromagnetic radiation plays an essential role.Meanwhile,the EMI shielding materials with high flexibility and functional integrity are highly demanded for emerging shielding applications.Hitherto,a variety of flexible EMI shielding materials with lightweight and multifunctionalities have been developed.In this review,we not only introduce the recent development of flexible EMI shielding materials,but also elaborate the EMI shielding mechanisms and the index for"green EMI shielding"performance.In addition,the construction strategies for sophisticated multifunctionalities of flexible shielding materials are summarized.Finally,we propose several possible research directions for flexible EMI shielding materials in near future,which could be inspirational to the fast-growing next-generation flexible electronic devices with reliable and multipurpose protections as offered by EMI shielding materials.
基金Partly supported by the Directorate of Science and Technology KPK,Pakistan[project no(1-22/2011-12-4326)]Pakistan Medical Research Council[project No:(4-23-8/11/Dengue/RDC/IBGE/3476)
文摘Objective: To understand the impact of platelet associated immunoglobulin G(PAIg G)/platelet associated immunoglobulin M(PAIg M) on severity of dengue virus infection leading to thrombocytopenia.Methods: In this study we examined a total of 52 patients who were having secondary infection of dengue in acute phase by using competitive ELISA.Results: A decrease in the platelet count was observed at the acute phase of infection while all along the recovery stage the count of platelet was significantly increased. A significant decrease was observed in PAIg G and PAIg M in these subjects. Inverse correlation was found between platelets count and PAIg G/PAIg M among the subjects studied. In the platelets elution from ten subjects, anti-dengue virus immunoglobulin G and immunoglobulin M were observed. PAIg G and PAIg M with inclined levels were higher in dengue hemorrhagic fever than the classical dengue fever. In the development of dengue hemorrhagic fever PAIg M inclined level was independently associated with high specificity, showing a possible indication of dengue hemorrhagic fever.Conclusions: This study suggests that in secondary dengue virus infection, the PAIg G and PAIg M levels, and the activity of anti-dengue virus play key roles, both in the development and severity of the disease.
文摘Recent advances in Micro-Electro-Mechanical Systems (MEMS) technology, integrated circuits, and wireless communication have allowed the realization of Wireless Body Area Networks (WBANs). WBANs promise unobtrusive ambulatory health monitoring for a long period of time, and provide real-time updates of the patient’s status to the physician. They are widely used for ubiquitous healthcare, entertainment, and military applications. This paper reviews the key aspects of WBANs for numerous applications. We present a WBAN infrastructure that provides solutions to on-demand, emergency, and normal traffic. We further discuss in-body antenna design and low-power MAC protocol for a WBAN. In addition, we briefly outline some of the WBAN applications with examples. Our discussion realizes a need for new power-efficient solu-tions towards in-body and on-body sensor networks.
基金Authors greatly acknowledge the support from the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Grant No.21876011)National Key Research and Development Program of China(Grant No.2017YFA0605001)Fund for Innovative Research Group of the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Grant No.51721093).
文摘The coupling of zero-valent iron(ZVI)with common oxidants has recently achieved very rapid and highly efficient removal of Heavy metals from wastewater.However,the uniform activation of ZVI throughout the column and the proportional removal of target contaminants are urgently required for the prevention of premature filter clogging and the extension of the effective column operational time.In this study,we successfully achieved this objective by simply doping granular sand with ZVI at appropriate weight ratios.When pure ZVI packed column was spiked with oxidants,the majority of As trapping occurred between the column inlet and the first sampling point.In a packed column with a 1:20 mixture of ZVI and sand,the average As removal efficiency was 36(1st),13.1(2nd),18.5(3rd),19.2(4th)and 5.9%(5th outlet).The overall arsenic removal performance of the composite filling system of ZVI/sand was equally as efficient as that of the previous pure ZVI-packed system.Moreover,the leaching of Fe was significantly reduced with an increased sand ratio,resulting in clearer water with less turbidity.The results of X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy(XPS)demonstrated that more than 54%of the arsenic was reduced to As(III).X-ray diffraction(XRD)and scanning electron microscopy(SEM)confirmed the extensive corrosion of the ZVI surface,which resulted in various species of iron oxyhydroxides responsible for the highly efficient sequester of arsenic through reduction,adsorption,and coprecipitation.
基金The financial support from the National Natural Science Foundation of China (Nos. 51772312, 21671197)
文摘Green reactions not only provide us chemical products without any pollution,but also offer us the viable technology to realize difficult tasks in normal conditions.Photo-,photoelectro-,and electrocatalytic reactions are indeed powerful tools to help us to embrace bright future.Especially,some gas-involved reactions are extremely useful to change our life environments from energy systems to liquid fuels and cost-effective products,such as H2 evolution(H2 production),02 evolution/reduction,CO2 reduction,N2 reduction(or N2 fixation) reactions.We can provide fuel cells clean H2 for electric vehicles from H2 evolution reaction(HER),at the same time,we also need highly efficient 02 reduction reaction(ORR) in fuel cells for improving the reaction kinetics.Moreover,we can get the clean oxidant O2 from water through O2 evolution reaction(OER),and carry out some reactions without posing any pollution to reaction systems.Furthermore,we can translate the greenhouse gas CO2 into useful liquid fuels through CO2 reduction reaction(CRR).Last but not the least,we can get ammonia from N2 reduction reaction(NRR),which can decrease energy input compared to the traditional Hubble process.These reactions,such as HER,ORR,OER,CRR and NRR could be realized through solar-,photoelectro-and electro-assisted ways.For them,the catalysts used play crucial roles in determining the efficiency and kinds of products,so we should consider the efficiency of catalysts.However,the cost,synthetic methods of catalysts should also be considered.Nowadays,significant progress has been achieved,however,many challenges still exist,reaction systems,catalysts underlying mechanisms,and so on.As extremely active fields,we should pay attention to them.Under the background,it has motivated us to contribute with a roadmap on ’GasInvolved Photo-and Electro-Catalysis’.
基金This study received support from the Tibet Major Science and Technology Project(XZ201901-GA-06).
文摘Conspicuous coloration in animals serves many functions such as anti-predation.Anti-predation strategies include motion dazzle and flash behavior.Motion dazzle markings can reduce the probability of being preyed on because the predators misjudge their movement.In flash behavior,prey demonstrate conspicuous cue while fleeing;the predators follow them;however,the prey hide their markings and the predators assume that the prey has vanished.To investigate whether bovids use conspicuous hindquarter markings as an anti-predatory behavior,we undertook phylogenetically controlled analyses to explore under what physiological characteristics and environmental factors bovids might have this color pattern.The results suggested that rump patches and tail markings were more prevalent in bovids living in larger-sized groups,which supports the hypothesis of intraspecific communication.Moreover,we observed the occurrence of conspicuous white hindquarter markings in bovids having smaller body size and living in larger groups,suggesting a motion dazzle function.However,the feature of facultative exposing color patterns(flash markings)was not associated with body size,which was inconsistent with predictions and implied that bovids may not adopt this as an anti-predator strategy.It was concluded that species in bovids with conspicuous white hindquarter markings adopt motion dazzle as an anti-predation strategy while fleeing and escaping from being prey on.
基金Authors greatly acknowledge the support from the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Grant No.21876011)the National Key Research and Development Program of China(No.2017YFA0605001)the Fund for Innovative Research Group of the National Natural Science Foundation of China(No.51721093).
文摘Zero-valent iron(ZVI)technology has recently gained significant interest in the efficient sequestration of a wide variety of contaminants.However,surface passivation of ZVI because of its intrinsic passive layer would lead to the inferior reactivity of ZVI and its lower efficacy in contaminant removal.Therefore,to activate the ZVI surface cheaply,continuously,and efficiently is an important challenge that ZVI technology must overcome before its wide-scale application.To date,several physical and chemical approaches have been extensively applied to increase the reactivity of the ZVI surface toward the elimination of broad-spectrum pollutants.Nevertheless,these techniques have several limitations such as low efficacy,narrow working pH,eco-toxicity,and high installation cost.The objective of this mini-review paper is to identify the critical role of oxygen in determining the reactivity of ZVI toward contaminant removal.Subsequently,the effect of three typical oxidants(H2O2,KMnO4,and NaClO)on broad-spectrum contaminants removal by ZV1 has been documented and discussed.The reaction mechanism and sequestration efficacies of the ZVI/oxidant system were evaluated and reviewed.The technical basis of the ZVI/oxidant approach is based on the half-reaction of the cathodic reduction of the oxidants.The oxidants commonly used in the water treatment industry,i.e.,NaClO,O3,and H2O2,can be served as an ideal coupling electron receptor.With the combination of these oxidants,the surface corrosion of ZVI can be continuously driven.The ZVI/oxidants technology has been compared with other conventional technologies and conclusions have been drawn.
