Epidemiological studies have reported an increased risk of Parkinson’s disease(PD)development in amphetamine-type stimulant users during their lifetime(Garwood et al.,2006;Rumpf et al.,2017).Protein inclusions mainly...Epidemiological studies have reported an increased risk of Parkinson’s disease(PD)development in amphetamine-type stimulant users during their lifetime(Garwood et al.,2006;Rumpf et al.,2017).Protein inclusions mainly composed of misfolded and aggregatedα-synuclein are the pathological hallmark of PD and other disorders known as synucleinopathies.Molecular studies present evidence that amphetamine upregulatesα-synuclein synthesis in substantia nigra.The increment ofα-synuclein levels promotes its aggregation and amyloid fibril formation,increasing reactive oxygen species(ROS),and consequently dopamine oxidation(Wang and Witt,2014),known to be toxic for dopaminergic neurons involved in motor function and limbicmotor integration.Over the years,these damaged cells lose their functionality and may die precociously,depleting the reserve of neural cells necessary for the normal neurological function which contributes to the onset of PD,when a critical number of cells are lost(Garwood et al.,2006).Therefore,the use of amphetamine-type stimulants may be a trigger event in the development of PD and parkinsonism,in conjugation to other risk factors that a given individual may hold.Despite the evidence,a previous study suggests that there is not enough data to corroborate the loss of dopamine neurons due to human amphetamine-type stimulant exposure,and consequently its implication in the PD development(Kish et al.,2017).展开更多
基金supported by Egas Moniz Cooperativa de Ensino Superior.ST was supported by Fundação para a Ciência e Tecnologia project 02/SAICT/2017/029656 and iNOVA4Health-UIDB/04462/2020a program financially supported by Fundação para a Ciência e Tecnologia/Ministério da Educação e Ciência,Portugal,through national funds and co-funded by FEDER under the PT2020 Partnership Agreement.
文摘Epidemiological studies have reported an increased risk of Parkinson’s disease(PD)development in amphetamine-type stimulant users during their lifetime(Garwood et al.,2006;Rumpf et al.,2017).Protein inclusions mainly composed of misfolded and aggregatedα-synuclein are the pathological hallmark of PD and other disorders known as synucleinopathies.Molecular studies present evidence that amphetamine upregulatesα-synuclein synthesis in substantia nigra.The increment ofα-synuclein levels promotes its aggregation and amyloid fibril formation,increasing reactive oxygen species(ROS),and consequently dopamine oxidation(Wang and Witt,2014),known to be toxic for dopaminergic neurons involved in motor function and limbicmotor integration.Over the years,these damaged cells lose their functionality and may die precociously,depleting the reserve of neural cells necessary for the normal neurological function which contributes to the onset of PD,when a critical number of cells are lost(Garwood et al.,2006).Therefore,the use of amphetamine-type stimulants may be a trigger event in the development of PD and parkinsonism,in conjugation to other risk factors that a given individual may hold.Despite the evidence,a previous study suggests that there is not enough data to corroborate the loss of dopamine neurons due to human amphetamine-type stimulant exposure,and consequently its implication in the PD development(Kish et al.,2017).
